Japanese · Lesson 23
Lesson 23
Sounds, kana, and the first conversations
Houses and people in pictures · Dialogue 1 of 4
Three houses on the right
The speakers study a picture with three houses on its right side. *みぎの 方に 家が 三げん あります* means "There are three houses on the right-hand side."
Two are Japanese houses. *もう 一けんは ようかんです* means "the other one is a western-style building."
Counting houses and shops
The counter *けん* counts houses and shops. Its sound changes after some numerals.
In *家が 三げん あります*, *三げん* means "three houses." *二けん* means "two houses," and *一けん* means "one house."
Kanji: 家, 草
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
Kanji: 本
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 1
このえをごらんなさい。みぎのほうになにがありますか。
Please look at this picture. What's there on the right-hand side?
このthisえpictureをobjectごらんlookなさい。pleaseみぎrightのof方sideにon何whatがsubjectありexistますpoliteか。question - 2
みぎのほうにいえがさんげんあります。
There are three houses on the right-hand side.
みぎrightのof方sideにon家houseがsubject三three housesげんthree housesありexistます。polite - 3
それはみんなにほんのいえですか。
Are they all Japanese houses?
それtheyはtopicみんなall日本Japaneseのof家houseですareか。question - 4
いいえ、にけんはにほんのいえですが、もういっけんはようかんです。
No, two are Japanese houses, but the other one is a western-style building.
いいえ、no二two housesけんtwo housesはtopic日本Japaneseのof家houseですareが、butもうother一one houseけんone houseはtopicようかんwestern-style buildingです。is - 5
ようかんのまえにひとがふたりいますね。ふたりともくさのうえにすわっていますか。
There are two people in front of the western-style building, aren’t there? Are both of them sitting on the grass?
ようかんwestern-style buildingのof前frontにin人peopleがsubject二人two people居existますpoliteね。right?二人two peopleともboth草grassのof上topにonすわっare sittingてare sittingいare sittingますare sittingか。question
TE IMASU (state of being)
In Lesson 12, we found that the verb IMASU is an existential verb ’to exist, to be, or to stay,’ and it is used normally when the subject is animate or living, e.g.,
TANAKA-SAN WA TŌKYŌ NI IMASU. "Mr. Tanaka is in Tokyo."
YAMADA-SAN WA UCHI NI IMASU. "Mr. Yamada is (at) home."
In Lesson 22, we found that TE + IMASU means ’an action is now taking place,’ e.g.,
WATAKUSHI WA KANJI O KAITE IMASU. "I am writing KANJI."
The TE + IMASU has another meaning. The most usual meaning of this construction is ’the present result of an action that has already taken place.’ That is, this verb phrase expresses ’the present state of either a living being or an inanimate object resulting from an action that has already taken place.’ This meaning is more common among intransitive verbs which do not take a direct object, e.g.,
SUMISU-SAN WA TŌKYŌ NI ITTE IMASU.
(IKU ’to go,’ v.i.)
"Mr. Smith is in Tokyo."
(Lit: Mr. Smith has gone to Tokyo and is now staying there.)
YAMADA-SAN WA UCHI NI KAETTE IMASU.
(KAERU ’to return,’ v.i.)
"Mr. Yamada is home."
(Lit: Mr. Yamada has returned and is now staying at home.)
TAROO WA SOTO NI DETE IMASU.
(DERU ’to go out,’ v.i.)
"Taro is outside."
(Lit: Taro has gone outside and is now staying there.)
ANO KATA WA GAKKOO NI KITE IMASU.
(KURU ’to come,’ v.i.)
"He is in school."
(Lit: He has come to school and is now staying there.)
KOSHIKAKETE IMASU.
"--- is seated."
BOOSHI O KABUTTE IMASU.
"-- has a hat on."
BURAUN-SAN WA NIHONGO O SHITTE IMASU. "Mr. Brown knows the Japanese language."
* The negative of SHITTE IMASU is SHIRIMASEN.Adjective Clause
We have learned so far four kinds of adjectival modifiers:
I-adjectives
MIJIKAI ENPITSU ’short pencil’
AKAI HON ’red book’
NO-adjectives
CHAIRO NO HAKO ’brown box’
ANATA NO HON ’your book’
NIPPONGO NO SENSEI ’Japanese language teacher’
NA-adjectives
KIREI NA HANA ’pretty flower’
Pre-substantives
KONO HON ’this book’
ARU SEITO ’certain student’
Thus, in Japanese all adjectival modifiers precede the word they modify.
e In this lesson, another kind of adjectival modifier is introduced. These modifiers are called adjectival clauses. In English, adjectival clauses follow the word they modify, but in Japanese all adjectival clauses precede the word they modify, e.g.,
KOSHIKAKETE IRU HITO ’a person who is seated’
TŌKYŌ NI ARU GAKKOO ’school which is in Tokyo’
WATAKUSHI-TACHI GA MAINICHI IKU TOKORO ’the place where we go everyday’
Notice that the adjectival clause may end informally in the basic ending like:
IRU for IMASU
ARU for ARIMASU
IKU for IKIMASUTE KARA ’after’
The particle KARA after the TE-ending of verbs means ’after.’ So the construction TE-ending of verbs plus KARA means ’after doing such-and-such.’
Examples:
UCHI E KAETTE KARA SHINBUN O YOMIMASU. "I read newspapers after I go home."
ASAHAN O TABETE KARA GAKKOO E IKIMASU. "I go to school after I eat breakfast."
BENKYOO SHITE KARA ASOBIMASU. "I play after I study."TE-ending at the end of a clause
The TE-ending is used at the end of a clause to mean ’(does) and’ or ’(did) and,’ ’(will do) and’ or (is doing) and.’ In other words, it is used medially in a sentence and its time mode is determined by the inflected forms occurring at the end of the sentence.
Examples:
YAMAMOTO-SAN WA KIMONO O KITE, GETA O HAITE IMASU. "Mr. Yamamoto is wearing a KIMONO and has wooden clogs on."
TANAKA-SAN GA KITE, HONDA-SAN GA KAERIMASHITA. "Mr. Tanaka came and Mr. Honda went home."
TE-endings are also used in series to show a sequence of action.
Examples:
ASA OKITE, ASAHAN O TABETE, GAKKOO NI IKIMASU. "I get up in the morning, eat breakfast, and go to school."
UCHI E KAETTE, SHINBUN O YONDE, YUUHAN O TABEMASHITA. "I went home, read the papers, and ate supper."
The particle KARA may be used after the last medial TE-ending also to show a sequence of action, e.g.,
ASA OKITE, ASAHAN O TABETE KARA, GAKKOO NI IKIMASU. "After I get up in the morning and eat breakfast, I go to school."Verbs of locomotion and particle O
In this lesson, the particle O is used to indicate that the preceding word is the place ’through’ or ’along’ which the following locomotive action takes place.
Examples:
TORI GA KI NO UE O TONDE IMASU. "Birds are flying over the trees."
YAMADA-SAN WA HIROI MICHI O SANPO SHITE IMASU. "Mr. Yamada is strolling along a wide road."
Other verbs of locomotion introduced thus far are:
ARUKU to walk
KAERU to return
IKU to go
KURU to come-WA ’bird counter’
The word -WA is a numerical counter to count birds. Note that phonetic changes take place when it is placed after certain numerals:
|
ICHI-WA | 1 bird
NI-WA | 2 birds
SAN-BA | 3 "
SHI-WA (YON-BA) | 4 "
GO-WA | 5 "
ROKU-WA (ROP-PA) | 6 "
SHICHI-WA | 7 "
HACHI-WA | 8 "
KU-WA (KYUU-WA) | 9 "
JIP-PA | 10 birds
NIJIP-PA | 20 "
HYAP-PA | 100 "
SEN-BA | 1,000 birds
NAN-BA | how many birds?
IKU-WA | how many birds?-KEN ’counter for houses and shops’
The word -KEN is a counter to count houses and shops. It also undergoes phonetic changes when placed after certain numerals.
Examples:
|
IK-KEN | 1 house
NI-KEN | 2 houses
SAN-GEN | 3 "
SHI-KEN(YON-KEN) | 4 "
GO-KEN | 5 "
ROK-KEN | 6 "
SHICHI-KEN (NANA-KEN) | 7 "
HACHI-KEN (HAK-KEN) | 8 "
KU-KEN (KYUU-KEN) | 9 "
JIK-KEN | 10 "
HYAK-KEN | 100 "
SEN-GEN | 1,000 "
IKU-KEN | how many houses?
NAN-GEN | how many houses?-KI ’counter for airplanes’
The word -KI is a counter to count airplanes and helicopters and other flying machines.
|
IK-KI | 1 plane
NI-KI | 2 planes
SAN-KI | 3 "
YON-KI | 4 "
GO-KI | 5 "
ROK-KI | 6 "
SHICHI-KI (NANA-KI) | 7 "
HACHI-KI (HAK-KI) | 8 "
KU-KI | 9 "
JIK-KI | 10 "- を
- particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)
- みぎ
- right
- の
- See Grammar Notes
- に
- on (See Gram. Notes)
- が
- but (See Gram. Notes)
- か。
- either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
- 家
- house, home
- 三
- three
- みんな
- all
- 二
- two
- けん
- numerical counter for houses (See Gram. Notes)
- 一
- one
- ようかん
- western-style building
- 前
- before, front
- 人
- people
- 二人
- 2 people
- ね。
- isn't it (See Grammar Notes)
Identifying a working family · Dialogue 2 of 4
The working person
The speakers identify a man, his wife, and their children. *はたらいている 人は 女の 人ですか、 男の 人ですか* means "Is the person who is working a woman or man?"
In *はたらいている 人*, the action comes before *人*. *草の上に すわっているのが おくさんです* means "The one seated on the grass is his wife."
Kanji: 供
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 6
いいえ、ひとりははたらいています。
No, one is working.
いいえ、no一人one personはtopicはたらいis workingてis workingいis workingます。is working - 7
はたらいているひとはおんなのひとですか、おとこのひとですか。
Is the person who is working a woman or man?
はたらいworkingてworkingいるworking人personはtopic女womanのwoman人womanですisか、question男manのman人manですisか。question - 8
おとこのひとです。
It is a man.
男manのman人manです。is - 9
そのひとはかぞくがありますか。
Does he have a family?
そのthat人personはtopic家ぞくfamilyがsubjectありhaveますpoliteか。question - 10
はい、おくさんとこどもがさんにんあります。くさのうえにすわっているのがおくさんです。
Yes, he has a wife and three children. The one sitting on the grass is his wife.
はい、yesおくwifeさんwifeとand子供childrenがsubject三three people人three peopleありhaveます。polite草grassのof上topにonすわっsittingてsittingいるsittingのoneがsubjectおくwifeさんwifeです。is
- 一人
- one person
- 女
- female
- か、
- either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
- 男
- male
- 家ぞく
- family
- と
- and (See Gram. Notes)
Family walks and after-work routines · Dialogue 3 of 4
After coming home and along the road
The speakers discuss what a man does at home and where his family walks. *うちへ かえってから* means "after he comes home."
In *ひろい 道を 人が あるいています*, *を* marks the road along which people walk. The line means "People are walking on the wide road."
Kanji: 山
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 11
そのかたはうちへかえってからなにをしますか。
What does he do after he comes home?
そのthat方personはtopicうちhomeへtowardかえっreturnsてreturnsからafter何whatをobjectしdoますpoliteか。question - 12
たいていべんきょうをします。たまにはそとにでてはたらきます。
He usually studies. Once in a while he goes outside and works.
大ていusuallyべんきょうstudyをobjectしdoます。politeたまにoccasionallyはtopicそとoutsideにtoでgoes outてgoes outはたらきworksます。polite - 13
ようかんのまえのひろいみちをひとがあるいていますね。
People are walking on the wide road in front of the western-style building, aren’t they?
ようかんwestern-style buildingのof前frontのofひろいwide道roadをalong人peopleがsubjectあるいare walkingてare walkingいare walkingますare walkingね。right? - 14
はい、やまもとさんとそのかぞくがさんぽしています。
Yes. Mr. Yamamoto and his family are taking a stroll.
はい、yes山本YamamotoさんMr.とandそのhis家ぞくfamilyがsubjectさんぽare strollingしare strollingてare strollingいare strollingます。are strolling - 15
やまもとさんはなにをきていますか。
What is Mr. Yamamoto wearing?
山本YamamotoさんMr.はtopic何whatをobjectきis wearingてis wearingいis wearingますis wearingか。question
- うち
- home, house
- へ
- to (See Gram. Notes)
- から
- from (See Gram. Notes)
- し
- city
- たまに
- rarely, once in a while
- で
- --is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
- ひろい
- wide
- 道
- road, street
- さんぽ
- strolling
- き
- counter for airplanes (See Gram. Notes)
Clothing, birds and airplanes · Dialogue 4 of 4
Clothing and three birds
The speakers describe Mr. Yamamoto, then look at the sky. *山本さんは ようふくを きています* means "Mr. Yamamoto is wearing a suit."
*ぼうしを かぶって います* means "he is wearing a hat." The form describes the state after putting it on.
The counter *WA* counts birds, and its sound changes after some numerals. In *とりが 三ば*, *三ば* means "three birds."
One aircraft in the sky
The counter *き* counts airplanes, helicopters, and other flying machines.
In *ひこうきが 一き とんでいます*, *一き* means "one airplane." The line says that three birds and one airplane are flying.
Kanji: 木
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 16
やまもとさんはようふくをきています。そして、ぼうしをかぶっています。
Mr. Yamamoto is wearing a suit. And he is wearing a hat.
山本YamamotoさんMr.はtopicようふくsuitをobjectきis wearingてis wearingいis wearingます。is wearingそして、andぼうしhatをobjectかぶっis wearingてis wearingいis wearingます。is wearing - 17
そらをなにがとんでいますか。
What is flying in the sky?
そらskyをthrough何whatがsubjectとんis flyingでis flyingいis flyingますis flyingか。question - 18
とりがさんばとひこうきがいっきとんでいます。
Three birds and an airplane are flying.
とりbirdsがsubject三three birdsばthree birdsとandひこうairplaneきairplaneがsubject一one planeきone planeとんare flyingでare flyingいare flyingます。are flying - 19
とりはどこをとんでいますか。
Where are birds flying?
とりbirdsはtopicどこwhereをthroughとんare flyingでare flyingいare flyingますare flyingか。question - 20
とりはみちばたのきのうえをとんでいます。
The birds are flying above the trees by the road.
とりbirdsはtopic道ばたroadsideのof木treesのof上aboveをthroughとんare flyingでare flyingいare flyingます。are flying
- ようふく
- suit, western-style clothes
- そら
- sky
- 道ばた
- by the road, roadside
- 木
- tree, wood
States after completed actions · Perception drill, Block 1
A present state after an action
*私は たっています* means "I am standing." The TE-ending plus *います* can name a present state caused by an earlier action.
*はい、 おぼえています* means "Yes, I remember it." The remembering remains as the present result.
Holding and remaining
The same form describes what someone now holds or where someone remains. *えんぴつを もっています* means "I am holding a pencil."
*二人 のこっています* means "two of them are still here." Each line describes the state at the time of speaking.
- 21
あなたはたっていますか、こしかけていますか。
Are you standing or sitting?
あなたyouはtopicたっare standingてare standingいare standingますare standingか、questionこしかけare sittingてare sittingいare sittingますare sittingか。question - 22
わたくしはたっています。
I am standing.
私Iはtopicたっam standingてam standingいam standingます。am standing - 23
あなたはあのかたのなまえをおぼえていますか。
Do you remember that person's name?
あなたyouはtopicあのthat方personの'sなまえnameをobjectおぼえrememberてrememberいrememberますrememberか。question - 24
はい、おぼえています。
Yes, I remember it.
はい、yesおぼえrememberてrememberいrememberます。remember - 25
あなたはいまてになにをもっていますか。
What are you holding in your hand now?
あなたyouはtopic今now手handにin何whatをobjectもっare holdingてare holdingいare holdingますare holdingか。question - 26
えんぴつをもっています。
I am holding a pencil.
えんぴつpencilをobjectもっam holdingてam holdingいam holdingます。am holding - 27
となりのきょうしつのせいとはみんなまちへいきませんでしたか。
Didn't all the students in the next classroom go into town?
となりnextのofきょうしつclassroomのof生徒studentsはtopicみんなall町townへtoward行きgoませnotんnotでしdidたpastか。question - 28
はい、ふたりのこっています。
Yes, two of them are still here.
はい、yes二人two peopleのこっremainてremainいremainます。remain
- なまえ
- name
- 町
- town
Identifying people by actions · Perception drill, Block 2
The action comes before the person
*そこで 本を 読んでいる人* means "the person reading a book over there." The clause ending in *読んでいる* comes before *人*.
A clause used this way identifies a noun by an action or location. Its verb uses the plain form.
A location before a noun
*あの つくえの 上に ある 本* refers to an item on that desk. The location clause ends in *ある* and precedes *本*.
The plain form *ある* ends the clause. The clause and noun form one identifying phrase.
- 29
そこでほんをよんでいるひとはだれですか。
Who is the person reading a book over there?
そこthereでat本bookをobject読んreadingでreadingいるreading人personはtopicだれwhoですisか。question - 30
そこでほんをよんでいるひとはブラウンさんです。
The person reading a book over there is Mr. Brown.
そこthereでat本bookをobject読んreadingでreadingいるreading人personはtopicブラウンBrownさんMr.です。is - 31
そこでじをかいているひとはだれですか。
Who is the person writing over there?
そこthereでat字writingをobject書いwritingてwritingいるwriting人personはtopicだれwhoですisか。question - 32
そこでじをかいているひとはニューマンさんです。
The person writing over there is Mr. Newman.
そこthereでat字writingをobject書いwritingてwritingいるwriting人personはtopicニューマンNewmanさんMr.です。is - 33
あなたのまえにたっているひとはだれですか。
Who is the person standing in front of you?
あなたyouの's前frontにinたっstandingてstandingいるstanding人personはtopicだれwhoですisか。question - 34
わたくしのまえにたっているひとはせんせいです。
The person standing in front of me is the teacher.
私Iの's前frontにinたっstandingてstandingいるstanding人personはtopic先生teacherです。is - 35
あのつくえのうえにあるほんはどなたのですか。
Whose is the book on that desk?
あのthatつくえdeskのof上topにonあるlocated本bookはtopicどなたwhoseの'sですisか。question - 36
あのつくえのうえにあるほんはあなたのです。
The book on that desk is yours.
あのthatつくえdeskのof上topにonあるlocated本bookはtopicあなたyouの'sです。is
- そこ
- there
- 本
- numerical counter for counting long slender objects (See Notes)
- だれ
- who?
- ある
- certain, some
Before and after daily activities · Perception drill, Block 3
The earlier action before から
*うちへ かえってから、 日本語を べんきょうします* means "After I get home, I study Japanese."
The particle *から* after a verb's TE-ending means "after." The verb before *から* names the action that happens first.
Dinner before rest
*ゆうはんを たべてから、 少し やすみます* means "after I eat dinner, I rest for a little while."
The TE-ending plus *から* places eating before resting.
- 37
あなたはうちへかえってから、なにをしますか。
What do you do after you get home?
あなたyouはtopicうちhomeへtowardかえっreturnてreturnから、after何whatをobjectしdoますpoliteか。question - 38
うちへかえってから、にほんごをべんきょうします。
After I get home, I study Japanese.
うちhomeへtowardかえっreturnてreturnから、after日本Japanese語Japaneseをobjectべんきょうstudyしdoます。polite - 39
あなたはゆうはんをたべてから、すぐべんきょうをはじめますか。
Do you begin studying right after you eat dinner?
あなたyouはtopicゆうdinnerはんdinnerをobjectたべeatてeatから、afterすぐimmediatelyべんきょうstudyingをobjectはじめbeginますpoliteか。question - 40
いいえ、ゆうはんをたべてから、すこしやすみます。
No, after I eat dinner, I rest for a little while.
いいえ、noゆうdinnerはんdinnerをobjectたべeatてeatから、after少しa little whileやすみrestます。polite - 41
がっこうがおわってから、あなたはうちへかえりますか。
Do you go home after school is over?
がっこうschoolがsubjectおわっendsてendsから、afterあなたyouはtopicうちhomeへtowardかえりreturnますpoliteか。question - 42
がっこうがおわってから、あなたはすぐうちへかえりますか。
Do you go straight home after school is over?
がっこうschoolがsubjectおわっendsてendsから、afterあなたyouはtopicすぐstraightうちhomeへtowardかえりreturnますpoliteか。question - 43
たいてい、すぐかえりますが、ときどきまちであそんでからかえります。
I usually go straight home, but sometimes I have some fun in town before going home.
大てい、usuallyすぐstraightかえりreturnますpoliteが、but時々sometimes町townでinあそんhave funでhave funからbeforeかえりreturnます。polite - 44
あなたはあさめしをたべてから、しんぶんをよみますか。
Do you read the newspaper after eating breakfast?
あなたyouはtopic朝めしbreakfastをobjectたべeatてeatから、afterしんぶんnewspaperをobject読みreadますpoliteか。question - 45
いいえ、わたくしはあさめしのまえにしんぶんをよみます。
No, I read the newspaper before breakfast.
いいえ、no私Iはtopic朝めしbreakfastのof前beforeにatしんぶんnewspaperをobject読みreadます。polite
- から、
- from (See Gram. Notes)
- すぐ
- right away, immediately
- 少し
- little (quantity)
- 朝めし
- breakfast
Routes, travel time and walkers · Perception drill, Block 5
Movement along a road
*だれか あの 道を あるいています* means "Someone is walking along that road." Here *を* marks the route of movement.
After a place, *を* can mark the route through or along which someone walks, returns, goes, or comes.
The route home
*私は この 道を かえります* means "I go home by this road." *この 道を* names the route used to return.
The same pattern appears in *そこを さんぽしている*, where *そこを* marks the place of the stroll.
- 46
だれかあのみちをあるいていますね。だれですか。
Someone is walking along that road, isn't he? Who is it?
だれsomeoneかsomeoneあのthat道roadをalongあるいis walkingてis walkingいis walkingますis walkingね。right?だれwhoですisか。question - 47
あれはわたくしたちのせんせいです。
That is our teacher.
あれthatはtopic私ourたちourのour先生teacherです。is - 48
ここからまちまでなんぷんぐらいかかりますか。
About how many minutes does it take from here to town?
ここhereからfrom町townまでto何how many分minutesぐらいaboutかかりtakeますpoliteか。question - 49
わたくしはこのみちをかえりますから、にじゅっぷんぐらいかかります。
Since I go home by this road, it takes about twenty minutes.
私Iはtopicこのthis道roadをbyかえりgo homeますpoliteから、because二十twenty分minutesぐらいaboutかかりtakeます。polite - 50
そこをさんぽしているのはだれですか。
Who is taking a walk there?
そこthereをatさんぽtaking a walkしtaking a walkてtaking a walkいるtaking a walkのoneはtopicだれwhoですisか。question - 51
あれはスミスさんです。
That is Mr. Smith.
あれthatはtopicスミスSmithさんMr.です。is
- か
- either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
- ここ
- here
- まで
- as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)
- 分
- minute
- ぐらい
- about
- 二十
- 20
Joining actions in sequence · Perception drill, Block 6
Two actions joined by て
*えんぴつを とって、 かみに なまえを 書きました* means "He picked up a pencil and wrote his name on paper."
A TE-ending at the end of a clause joins that action to the next one. The final verb sets the tense.
Present states joined together
*先生は たって、 生徒は こしかけています* means "the teacher is standing, and the students are seated."
The medial *たって* joins the teacher's position to the final present form *こしかけています*.
- 52
あのひとはいまなにをしましたか。
What did that person just do?
あのthat人personはtopic今just now何whatをobjectしdoましpoliteたpastか。question - 53
えんぴつをとって、かみになまえをかきました。
He picked up a pencil and wrote his name on a piece of paper.
えんぴつpencilをobjectとっpicked upて、andかみpaperにonなまえnameをobject書きwriteましpoliteた。past - 54
みなさんはこのじかんにはなにをしますか。
What do you all do during this period?
みなyou allさんyou allはtopicこのthis時間periodにduringはtopic何whatをobjectしdoますpoliteか。question - 55
かいわのれんしゅうをして、すこしよみかたのけいこをします。
We practice conversation and do a little reading practice.
かconversationいconversationわconversationのofれんしゅうpracticeをobjectしdoて、and少しa little読みreading方readingのofけいこpracticeをobjectしdoます。polite - 56
あなたはまちへいって、なにをしましたか。
What did you go into town and do?
あなたyouはtopic町townへtoward行っgoて、and何whatをobjectしdoましpoliteたpastか。question - 57
まちへいって、ほんやでふるほんをいっさつかいました。
I went into town and bought a used book at a bookstore.
町townへtoward行っwentて、and本屋bookstoreでat古本used bookをobject一oneさつbook買いbuyましpoliteた。past - 58
せんせいもせいともこしかけていますか。
Are both the teacher and the students sitting?
先生teacherもboth生徒studentsもandこしかけare sittingてare sittingいare sittingますare sittingか。question - 59
いいえ、せんせいはたって、せいとはこしかけています。
No, the teacher is standing, and the students are sitting.
いいえ、no先生teacherはtopicたっstandingて、and生徒studentsはtopicこしかけare sittingてare sittingいare sittingます。are sitting
- わ
- counter for birds (See Gram. Notes)
- けいこ
- practice
- 本屋
- bookshop
- 古本
- secondhand book, used book
- さつ
- numerical counter for counting books (See Grammar Notes)
Resulting states and remembered facts · Pattern 1 1 of 3
Gone and now there
*なかおさんは 日本に 行っています* means "Mr. Nakao has gone to Japan." The going is complete, and the resulting state continues.
*私は こしかけて います* means "I am seated." Both lines describe a present state after a completed action.
Knowledge that remains
*あなたは それを 知っていますか* means "Do you know that?" The form describes knowledge held now.
*半分ぐらい おぼえています* means "I remember about half of them." Remembering is also a present result.
Kanji: 知
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 60
わたくしはこしかけています。
I am sitting.
私Iはtopicこしかけam sittingてam sittingいam sittingます。am sitting - 61
あのひとはあさろくじにはおきています。
That person is up by six in the morning.
あのthat人personはtopic朝morning六six時o’clockにbyはtopicおきis upてis upいis upます。is up - 62
なかおさんはにほんにいっています。
Mr. Nakao has gone to Japan.
なかMr. NakaoおさんMr. Nakaoはtopic日本Japanにto行っhas goneてhas goneいhas goneます。has gone - 63
せいとはみんながっこうにきています。
All the students have come to school.
生徒studentsはtopicみんなallがっこうschoolにto来have comeてhave comeいhave comeます。have come - 64
あなたはそれをしっていますか。
Do you know that?
あなたyouはtopicそれthatをobject知っknowてknowいknowますknowか。question - 65
せいとがさんにんきょうしつにのこっています。
Three students are still in the classroom.
生徒studentsがsubject三three人peopleきょうしつclassroomにinのこっremainてremainいremainます。remain - 66
あなたはかんじをみんなおぼえていますか。
Do you remember all the kanji?
あなたyouはtopicかん字kanjiをobjectみんなallおぼえrememberてrememberいrememberますrememberか。question - 67
いいえ、はんぶんぐらいおぼえています。
No, I remember about half of them.
いいえ、no半分halfぐらいaboutおぼえrememberてrememberいrememberます。remember
- 朝
- morning
- 六
- six
- 時
- time
- 半分
- half
Where people have gone · Pattern 1 2 of 3
Gone and still away
*今 日本に 行っています* means "He is in Japan now." The earlier going produces the person's present location.
The resulting-state form describes where the person is, not an action in progress.
From going out to being outside
*そとに でました* means "He went outside." *そとに でています* means "He is outside."
The first line reports the completed change. The second reports the state produced by that change.
- 68
あなたのおともだちはいまどこにいますか。
Where is your friend now?
あなたyouのyourおfriendともだちfriendはtopic今nowどこwhereにat居isますpoliteか。question - 69
いまにほんにいっています。
He is in Japan now.
今now日本Japanにto行っis in Japanてis in Japanいis in Japanます。is in Japan - 70
せいとはみんなきょうしつのなかでぼうしをかぶっていますか。
Are all the students wearing hats in the classroom?
生徒studentsはtopicみんなallきょうしつclassroomのof中insideでinぼうしhatsをobjectかぶっare wearingてare wearingいare wearingますare wearingか。question - 71
いいえ、きょうしつのなかではぼうしをかぶっていません。
No, they are not wearing hats in the classroom.
いいえ、noきょうしつclassroomのof中insideでinはtopicぼうしhatsをobjectかぶっare not wearingてare not wearingいare not wearingませnotん。not - 72
そとにでました──→そとにでています。
He went outside. ──→ He is outside.
そとoutsideにtoでgo outましpoliteた──→pastそとoutsideにtoでis outsideてis outsideいis outsideます。is outside - 73
うちにかえりました。
I went home.
うちhomeにtoかえりgo homeましpoliteた。past - 74
せんせいになりました。
I became a teacher.
先生teacherにintoなりbecomeましpoliteた。past - 75
いすのうえにたちました。
I stood on a chair.
いすchairのof上topにonたちstandましpoliteた。past
- ともだち
- friend
States after dressing and resting · Pattern 1 3 of 3
Changes with a present result
*朝七時に おきました* means "I got up at seven in the morning." Its resulting state is being up now.
*がっこうに のこりました* means "I stayed at school." Its resulting state is remaining at school now.
Clothes put on and still worn
*げたを はきました* means "I put on geta." The corresponding resulting state describes having them on now.
*ぼうしを かぶりました* means "I put on a hat." Its resulting state describes wearing the hat now.
- 76
あさしちじにおきました。
I got up at seven in the morning.
朝morning七seven時o’clockにatおきget upましpoliteた。past - 77
がっこうにのこりました。
I stayed at school.
がっこうschoolにatのこりstayましpoliteた。past - 78
やすみました。
I rested.
やすみrestましpoliteた。past - 79
よくわかりました。
I understood it well.
よくwellわかりunderstandましpoliteた。past - 80
げたをはきました。
I put on geta.
げたgetaをobjectはきput onましpoliteた。past - 81
きもののをきました。
I put on a kimono.
きものkimonoのofをobjectきput onましpoliteた。past - 82
ぼうしをかぶりました。
I put on a hat.
ぼうしhatをobjectかぶりput onましpoliteた。past
- 七
- seven
- よく
- well, skillfully
- げた
- wooden clogs
- きもの
- KIMONO
Action clauses describing people · Pattern 2 1 of 3
A clause before 人
*本を 読んでいる 人は 私の 先生です* means "The person reading a book is my teacher."
The action clause *本を 読んでいる* comes before *人* and identifies the person.
の in place of the person
*本を 読んでいる のは 私の 先生です* means "The one who is reading a book is my teacher."
Here *の* stands in place of *人*. The action clause still comes first.
- 83
わたくしのともだちはにほんごをおしえています。
My friend teaches Japanese.
私myのmyともだちfriendはtopic日本Japanese語Japaneseをobjectおしえteachesてteachesいteachesます。teaches - 84
ほんをよんでいるひとはわたくしのせんせいです。
The person who is reading a book is my teacher.
本bookをobject読んis readingでis readingいるis reading人personはtopic私myのmy先生teacherです。is - 85
ほんをよんでいるのはわたくしのせんせいです。
The one who is reading a book is my teacher.
本bookをobject読んis readingでis readingいるis readingのoneはtopic私myのmy先生teacherです。is - 86
あかいぼうしをかぶっているひとはおんなのひとです。
The person wearing a red hat is a woman.
あかいredぼうしhatをobjectかぶっis wearingてis wearingいるis wearing人personはtopic女womanのwoman人womanです。is - 87
きのしたでやすんでいるのはやまもとさんのおくさんです。
The person resting under the tree is Mr. Yamamoto’s wife.
木treeのof下underでatやすんis restingでis restingいるis restingのpersonはtopic山本Mr. YamamotoさんMr. YamamotoのMr. Yamamoto’sおくwifeさんwifeです。is - 88
つくえのうえにあるのはなんですか。
What is on the desk?
つくえdeskのof上topにonあるexistsのoneはtopic何whatですisか。question - 89
きものをきているひとはやまださんです。
The person wearing a kimono is Mr. Yamada.
きものkimonoをobjectきis wearingてis wearingいるis wearing人personはtopicやまだMr. YamadaさんMr.です。is - 90
いまこくばんにかんじをかいているせいとはだれですか。
Who is the student writing kanji on the blackboard now?
今nowこくばんblackboardにonかん字kanjiをobject書いis writingてis writingいるis writing生徒studentはtopicだれwhoですisか。question
- あかい
- red
Identifying teachers and students · Pattern 2 2 of 3
Clothing identifies the person
*ちゃいろの ようふくを きているの* means "the person wearing brown clothes." The action clause identifies the person represented by *の*.
The answer *あたらしい 先生です* identifies that person as the new teacher.
A habitual action before 生徒
*よく べんきょうする 生徒* means "students who study hard." The plain form *べんきょうする* ends the clause before *生徒*.
An action clause can describe a habit as well as an action in progress.
- 91
ブラウンぐんそうです。
It is Sergeant Brown.
ブラウンBrownぐsergeantんsergeantそうsergeantです。is - 92
ちゃいろのようふくをきているのはどなたですか。
Who is the person wearing brown clothes?
ちゃいろbrownのofようふくclothesをobjectきis wearingてis wearingいるis wearingのpersonはtopicどなたwhoですisか。question - 93
あたらしいせんせいです。
It is the new teacher.
あたらしいnew先生teacherです。is - 94
よくべんきょうするせいとはよくできますね。
Students who study hard do well, don’t they?
よくhardべんきょうstudyするdo生徒studentsはtopicよくwellできdo wellますpoliteね。right? - 95
はい、そうです。
Yes, that’s right.
はい、yesそうthat is rightです。is - 96
にほんごをおしえているのはわたくしのともだちです。
The person teaching Japanese is my friend.
日本Japanese語Japaneseをobjectおしえis teachingてis teachingいるis teachingのpersonはtopic私Iのmyともだちfriendです。is - 97
おんなのひとがあるいています。
A woman is walking.
女womanのwoman人womanがsubjectあるいis walkingてis walkingいis walkingます。is walking - 98
おとこのこがあそんでいます。
A boy is playing.
男の子boyがsubjectあそんis playingでis playingいis playingます。is playing
- ちゃいろ
- brown
- あたらしい
- new
- 男の子
- boy
People and their daily actions · Pattern 2 3 of 3
Present and habitual actions
*先生は 日本しんぶんを 読んでいます* describes the teacher reading now. *あの生徒は よく べんきょうします* describes a student's habit.
Either kind of action can identify a person when its clause comes before a noun.
Movement past a place
In *がっこうの 前を あるいています*, the particle *を* marks the place passed during movement.
The full line means "Mr. Yamamoto's wife is walking past the school."
- 99
せんせいはにほんしんぶんをよんでいます。
The teacher is reading a Japanese newspaper.
先生teacherはtopic日本Japaneseしんぶんnewspaperをobject読んis readingでis readingいis readingます。is reading - 100
やまもとせんせいはいつもよじはんにかえります。
Mr. Yamamoto always goes home at four thirty.
山本Yamamoto先生Mr.はtopicいつalwaysもalways四four時o’clock半half pastにatかえりgoes homeます。polite - 101
やまもとさんのおくさんはがっこうのまえをあるいています。
Mr. Yamamoto’s wife is walking past the school.
山本YamamotoさんMr.の’sおくwifeさんwifeはtopicがっこうschoolのof前frontをpastあるいis walkingてis walkingいis walkingます。is walking - 102
あのせいとはよくべんきょうします。
That student studies hard.
あのthat生徒studentはtopicよくhardべんきょうstudyしdoます。polite - 103
スミスさんはたっています。
Mr. Smith is standing.
スミスSmithさんMr.はtopicたっis standingてis standingいis standingます。is standing - 104
ジョンズさんはわたくしをよんでいます。
Mr. Jones is calling me.
ジョンズJonesさんMr.はtopic私meをobjectよんis callingでis callingいis callingます。is calling - 105
おんなのせんせいはまいにちきものをきます。
The woman teacher wears a kimono every day.
女womanのof先生teacherはtopicまい日every dayきものkimonoをobjectきwearます。polite - 106
はまむらさんはまいにちさかなをたべます。
Mr. Hamamura eats fish every day.
はHamamuraまHamamuraむらHamamuraさんMr.はtopicまい日every dayさかなfishをobjectたべeatます。polite
- 四
- four
- まい日
- everyday
Sequencing morning and school activities · Pattern 3 1 of 3
One action before the next
*私は うちへ かえって から 少し やすみます* means "I rest for a while after I return home." Returning home comes before resting.
*かん字を ならってから 本を 読みます* means "After learning kanji, I read a book."
Breakfast before school
*朝めしを たべてから がっこうに 来ます* means "After eating breakfast, I come to school."
The action before *から* occurs first. The final verb names the later action.
- 107
わたくしはうちへかえってからすこしやすみます。
I rest for a while after I return home.
私Iはtopicうちhomeへtowardかえっreturnてreturnからafter少しa whileやすみrestます。polite - 108
かんじをならってからほんをよみます。
After learning kanji, I read a book.
かん字kanjiをobjectならっlearnてlearnからafter本bookをobject読みreadます。polite - 109
にほんへいってからもうすこしにほんごをべんきょうします。
After I go to Japan, I will study a little more Japanese.
日本Japanへto行っgoてgoからafterもうmore少しa little日本Japanese語Japaneseをobjectべんきょうstudyしdoます。polite - 110
すこしあそんでからゆうはんをたべます。
After playing for a while, I eat dinner.
少しa whileあそんplayでplayからafterゆうdinnerはんdinnerをobjectたべeatます。polite - 111
すこしさんぽしてからあさめしをたべます。
After taking a short walk, I eat breakfast.
少しshortさんぽwalkしdoてdoからafter朝めしbreakfastをobjectたべeatます。polite - 112
あさめしをたべてからがっこうにきます。
After eating breakfast, I come to school.
朝めしbreakfastをobjectたべeatてeatからafterがっこうschoolにto来comeます。polite - 113
あなたはあさおきてからなにをしますか。
What do you do after you get up in the morning?
あなたyouはtopic朝morningおきget upてget upからafter何whatをobjectしdoますpoliteか。question - 114
わたくしはあさおきてからすぐようふくをきます。
After I get up in the morning, I put on my clothes right away.
私Iはtopic朝morningおきget upてget upからafterすぐright awayようふくclothesをobjectきput onます。polite - 115
がっこうにきてからなにをしますか。
What do you do after you come to school?
がっこうschoolにto来comeてcomeからafter何whatをobjectしdoますpoliteか。question - 116
かいわのけいこをします。
I practice conversation.
かconversationいconversationわconversationのofけいこpracticeをobjectしdoます。polite
Eating after getting dressed · Pattern 3 2 of 3
Getting dressed before breakfast
*ようふくを きてから 朝めしを たべます* means "I eat breakfast after I get dressed."
The first verb takes its TE-ending before *から*. The second verb completes the sentence.
Getting up before eating
*朝 おきてから 朝はんを たべます* combines *朝 おきます* and *朝はんを たべます*.
The combined line places getting up before eating breakfast.
- 117
あなたはあさようふくをきてからあさめしをたべますか。
Do you eat breakfast after you get dressed in the morning?
あなたyouはtopic朝morningようふくclothesをobjectきget dressedてget dressedからafter朝めしbreakfastをobjectたべeatますpoliteか。question - 118
はい、ようふくをきてからあさめしをたべます。
Yes, I eat breakfast after I get dressed.
はい、yesようふくclothesをobjectきget dressedてget dressedからafter朝めしbreakfastをobjectたべeatます。polite - 119
あさおきます。
I get up in the morning.
朝morningおきget upます。polite - 120
あさはんをたべます。
I eat breakfast.
朝breakfastはんbreakfastをobjectたべeatます。polite - 121
あさおきてからあさはんをたべます。
After I get up in the morning, I eat breakfast.
朝morningおきget upてget upからafter朝breakfastはんbreakfastをobjectたべeatます。polite - 122
ゆうはんをたべます。
I eat dinner.
ゆうdinnerはんdinnerをobjectたべeatます。polite - 123
にほんごをべんきょうします。
I study Japanese.
日本Japanese語Japaneseをobjectべんきょうstudyしdoます。polite - 124
しんぶんをよみます。
I read the newspaper.
しんぶんnewspaperをobject読みreadます。polite - 125
まちへいきます。
I go into town.
町townへtoward行きgoます。polite - 126
ドアをしめます。
I close the door.
ドアdoorをobjectしめcloseます。polite
Ordering everyday actions · Pattern 3 3 of 3
The earlier action changes form
The lines provide action pairs such as *やすみます* and *うちへ かえります*. The earlier action takes its TE-ending followed by the word for "after."
The later action remains the final verb and sets the sentence form.
Clothing before another action
*ようふくを きます* means "I put on my clothes." *くつを はきます* means "I put on my shoes."
Either can become the earlier action before the word for "after." The other completes the ordered sequence.
- 127
やすみます。
I rest.
やすみrestます。polite - 128
うちへかえります。
I go home.
うちhomeへtowardかえりgo homeます。polite - 129
さんじかんぐらいべんきょうします。
I study for about three hours.
三three時間hoursぐらいaboutべんきょうstudyしdoます。polite - 130
ようふくをきます。
I put on my clothes.
ようふくclothesをobjectきput onます。polite - 131
くつをはきます。
I put on my shoes.
くつshoesをobjectはきput onます。polite - 132
ともだちがきます。
A friend comes.
ともだちfriendがsubject来comesます。polite - 133
ゆうはんをたべます。
I eat dinner.
ゆうdinnerはんdinnerをobjectたべeatます。polite - 134
にほんへいきます。
I go to Japan.
日本Japanへto行きgoます。polite - 135
きものをかいます。
I buy a kimono.
きものkimonoをobject買いbuyます。polite
- くつ
- shoes
Movement through places · Pattern 4 1 of 2
Walking through a place
The route-marking *を* from *人が 道を あるいています* also follows other places.
*きょうしつの そとを 生徒が あるいています* means "A student is walking outside the classroom."
Flying over a tree
*とりが 二わ 木の 上を とんでいます* means "Two birds are flying over the tree."
The counter form *二わ* counts the birds. *木の 上を* marks the space through which they fly.
- 136
ひとがみちをあるいています。
A man is walking on the road.
人manがsubject道roadをonあるいis walkingてis walkingいis walkingます。is walking - 137
きょうしつのそとをせいとがあるいています。
A student is walking outside the classroom.
きょうしつclassroomのofそとoutsideをthrough生徒studentがsubjectあるいis walkingてis walkingいis walkingます。is walking - 138
やまもとさんがようかんのまえをさんぽしています。
Mr. Yamamoto is taking a walk in front of the western-style building.
山本YamamotoさんMr.がsubjectようかんwestern-style buildingのof前frontをinさんぽwalkしis strollingてis strollingいis strollingます。is strolling - 139
とりがにわきのうえをとんでいます。
Two birds are flying over the tree.
とりbirdsがsubject二twoわbird counter木treeのof上aboveをoverとんare flyingでare flyingいare flyingます。are flying - 140
おんなのひとがにわをあるいています。
A woman is walking through the garden.
女womanのwoman人womanがsubjectにわgardenをthroughあるいis walkingてis walkingいis walkingます。is walking - 141
なにかそらをとんでいますね。なんですか。
Something is flying in the sky, isn’t it? What is it?
何somethingかsomethingそらskyをinとんis flyingでis flyingいis flyingますis flyingね。right?何whatですisか。question
Distinguishing birds and airplanes · Pattern 4 2 of 2
The thing flying there
*あすこを とんでいるの* means "the thing flying over there." The action clause identifies the object represented by *の*.
*あすこを* marks the space through which it flies. The answer identifies it as *ひこうき*, "airplane."
A stroll outside
*今 そとを さんぽしています* means "I am taking a walk outside now."
The particle *を* after *そと* marks the place of the stroll.
- 142
おおきいとりです。
It is a large bird.
大きいlargeとりbirdです。is - 143
あすこをとんでいるのもとりですか。
Is the thing flying over there a bird too?
あすこover thereをoverとんis flyingでis flyingいるis flyingのthingもtooとりbirdですisか。question - 144
いいえ、あすこをとんでいるのはひこうきです。
No, the thing flying over there is an airplane.
いいえ、noあすこover thereをoverとんis flyingでis flyingいるis flyingのoneはtopicひこうairplaneきairplaneです。is - 145
たむらさんはどこにいますか。
Where is Mr. Tamura?
たむらTamuraさんMr.はtopicどこwhereにat居isますpoliteか。question - 146
いまそとをさんぽしています。
I am taking a walk outside now.
今nowそとoutsideをthroughさんぽam taking a walkしam taking a walkてam taking a walkいam taking a walkます。am taking a walk
- あすこ
- over there
Joining everyday actions · Pattern 5 1 of 2
One action followed by another
The medial TE-ending from *私は 朝 おきて、 朝めしを たべます* joins getting up and eating breakfast.
*私は ゆうはんを たべて、 しんぶんを 読みます* joins eating dinner and reading the newspaper.
Two items being worn
*あの方は きものを きて、 ぼうしを かぶっています* means "That person is wearing a kimono and a hat."
The final *かぶっています* sets the present time for both coordinated states.
- 147
わたくしはあさおきて、あさめしをたべます。
I get up in the morning and eat breakfast.
私Iはtopic朝morningおきget upて、get up朝めしbreakfastをobjectたべeatます。polite - 148
わたくしはゆうはんをたべて、しんぶんをよみます。
I eat dinner and read the newspaper.
私Iはtopicゆうdinnerはんdinnerをobjectたべeatて、eatしんぶんnewspaperをobject読みreadます。polite - 149
さんじかんべんきょうして、じゅういちじごろやすみます。
I study for three hours and go to bed around eleven o’clock.
三three時間hoursべんきょうstudyしstudyて、study十ten一one時o'clockごろaroundやすみgo to bedます。polite - 150
あのかたはきものをきて、ぼうしをかぶっています。
That person is wearing a kimono and a hat.
あのthat方personはtopicきものkimonoをobjectきis wearingて、is wearingぼうしhatをobjectかぶっis wearingてis wearingいis wearingます。is wearing - 151
あのかたはきものをきて、げたをはきます。
That person wears a kimono and wooden clogs.
あのthat方personはtopicきものkimonoをobjectきwearsて、wearsげたwooden clogsをobjectはきwearます。polite - 152
わたくしはあさおきて、すこしべんきょうします。
I get up in the morning and study a little.
私Iはtopic朝morningおきget upて、get up少しa littleべんきょうstudyしdoます。polite
- 十
- ten
Sequencing schoolday actions · Pattern 5 2 of 2
A sequence with several TE-endings
*朝おきて、 朝はんを たべて、 がっこうに 行きます* means "I get up, eat breakfast, and go to school."
Each medial TE-ending links an action to the next. The final *行きます* determines the time of the sequence.
Different people in joined clauses
*先生は おしえて、 生徒は ならいます* means "The teachers teach, and the students learn."
The TE-ending can join clauses with different subjects.
- 153
あなたがたはかんじをならって、よみかたのけいこをしますか。
Do you learn kanji and practice reading?
あなたyou方pluralはtopicかん字kanjiをobjectならっlearnて、learn読みreading方readingのofけいこpracticeをobjectしdoますpoliteか。question - 154
いいえ、わたくしたちはよみかたのけいこをして、かんじをならいます。
No, we practice reading and learn kanji.
いいえ、no私weたちweはtopic読みreading方readingのofけいこpracticeをobjectしpracticeて、practiceかん字kanjiをobjectならいlearnます。polite - 155
あなたはあさおきてなにをしますか。
What do you do after you get up in the morning?
あなたyouはtopic朝morningおきget upてget up何whatをobjectしdoますpoliteか。question - 156
あさおきて、あさはんをたべて、がっこうにいきます。
I get up in the morning, eat breakfast, and go to school.
朝morningおきget upて、get up朝breakfastはんbreakfastをobjectたべeatて、eatがっこうschoolにto行きgoます。polite - 157
がっこうでせんせいやせいとはなにをしますか。
What do the teachers and students do at school?
がっこうschoolでat先生teachersやand生徒studentsはtopic何whatをobjectしdoますpoliteか。question - 158
せんせいはおしえて、せいとはならいます。
The teachers teach, and the students learn.
先生teachersはtopicおしえteachて、teach生徒studentsはtopicならいlearnます。polite
- や
- and---among others (See Gram. Notes)
A family stroll near town · Reading Selection 1 of 3
A family on a wide road
The passage describes Mr. Yamamoto and his family near town. *ソノ家ゾクガ ヒロイ道ヲ サンポシテイマス* means "his family are taking a walk along a wide road."
The route-marking *ヲ* follows *ヒロイ道*.
Two descriptions joined
*山本サンハ ヨウフクヲ キテ、 ボウシヲ カブッテイマス* means "Mr. Yamamoto is wearing Western-style clothes and a hat."
The medial TE-ending joins the two descriptions of what he wears.
Kanji: 思
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 159
ココハまちカラアマリとおクハアリマセン。
This place is not very far from town.
ココhereハtopic町townカラfromアマveryリvery遠farクハfarアリマセン。is not - 160
タクサンノひとガココニきマス。
Many people come here.
タクmanyサンmanyノof人peopleガsubjectココhereニto来comeマス。polite - 161
いまやまもとサント
Now Mr. Yamamoto and
今now山本YamamotoサントMr. Yamamoto and - 162
ソノかぞくガヒロイみちヲサンポシテイマス。
his family are taking a walk along a wide road.
ソノhis家familyゾクfamilyガsubjectヒwideロwideイwide道roadヲalongサンポシテイマス。are taking a walk - 163
やまもとサンハヨウフクヲキテ、ボウシヲカブッテイマス。
Mr. Yamamoto is wearing Western-style clothes and a hat.
山本YamamotoサンハMr. Yamamoto topicヨウフクヲWestern clothes objectキテ、is wearingボウシhatヲobjectカブッテイマス。is wearing - 164
オクサンハキモノヲキテ、ゲタカゾウリヲ
His wife is wearing a kimono, and either wooden clogs or sandals
オクサンハwife topicキモノヲkimono objectキテ、is wearingゲタカclogs orゾウリsandalsヲobject - 165
ハイテイルトおもイマス。
on her feet, I think.
ハイis wearingテイルis wearingトquote思I thinkイI thinkマス。I think - 166
ヨクワカリマセン。
I’m not sure.
ヨクワカリマセン。am not sure
People outside a western house · Reading Selection 2 of 3
Two people outside the house
The passage places two Americans in front of a western-style building. *人ガ二人 居マス* means "there are two people."
*男ノ人ハ ハタライテイマス* means "The man is working." *草ノ上ニ スワッテイマス* completes the statement that his wife is seated on the grass.
- 167
ミギノほうニヨウカンガアリマス。
There is a Western-style building on the right-hand side.
ミギrightノof方sideニonヨウWestern buildingカンガWestern building subjectアリthere isマス。polite - 168
ソノまえニ
In front of it
ソノits前frontニin - 169
ひとガふたりいマス。
there are two people.
人peopleガsubject二人two people居areマス。polite - 170
ソノひとタチハベイコクじんデス。
Those people are Americans.
ソノthose人peopleタチハpeople topicベイAmericanコクAmerican人Americansデス。are - 171
おとこノひとハハタライテイマス。
The man is working.
男manノof人personハtopicハタライテイマス。is working - 172
ソノひとノオクサンハ
The man’s wife
ソノthat人manノ'sオクwifeサンwifeハtopic - 173
くさノうえニスワッテイマス。
is sitting on the grass.
草grassノof上topニonスワッテイマス。is sitting - 174
コノベイコクじんハベイコクノ
This American is an American
コノthisベイAmericanコクAmerican人AmericanハtopicベイAmericanコクAmericanノof
A serviceman and flying objects · Reading Selection 3 of 3
A serviceman studying in Japan
The passage describes a serviceman and his wife. *今 日本ニ 来テ、 日本語ヲ ベンキョウ シテ イマス* says that he has come to Japan and is studying Japanese.
Birds and an airplane overhead
*ソノ木ノ上ヲ トリガ 三バ トンデイマス* means "Three birds are flying over those trees." *三バ* counts the birds.
*ソラヲ ヒコウキガ 一キ トンデイマス* means "an airplane is flying in the sky." *一キ* counts the airplane.
- 175
グンじんデ、いまにほんニきテ、にほんごヲベンキョウシテ
serviceman, and he has now come to Japan and is studying Japanese.
グンserviceman人servicemanデ、and今now日本Japanニto来has comeテ、has come日本Japanese語Japaneseヲobjectベンキョウis studyingシテis studying - 176
イマス。
He is.
イマis studyingス。is studying - 177
オクサンモすこシにほんごガデキマス。
His wife can also speak a little Japanese.
オクwifeサンwifeモalso少a littleシa little日本Japanese語Japaneseガsubjectデキcan speakマス。polite - 178
みちバタニハタカイきガさんぼんアリマス。
There are three tall trees by the roadside.
道roadsideバroadsideタroadsideニbyハtopicタtallカtallイtall木treesガsubject三three本treesアリthere areマス。polite - 179
ソノきノうえヲトリガさんバトンデイマス。
Three birds are flying over those trees.
ソノthose木treesノof上aboveヲoverトbirdsリガbirds subject三threeバbirdsトンデイマス。are flying - 180
ミギノほうノ
In the sky on the right-hand side
ミギrightノof方sideノof - 181
ソラヲヒコウキガいっキトンデイマス。
an airplane is flying.
ソラskyヲthroughヒコウキガairplane subject一oneキairplaneトンデイマス。is flying
Questions about walkers and clothing · Questions 1 of 2
Who walks and what they wear
The questions check the family scene, including the walkers and their clothing. *だれが さんぽしていますか* means "Who is taking a walk?"
An answer names the person or people. Questions with *何を きて* and *何を はいて* require the clothing worn on the body and feet.
- 182
ここはまちからとおいですか、ちかいですか。
Is this place far from town or close to it?
ここhereはtopic町townからfrom遠いfarですisか、question近いcloseですisか。question - 183
たくさんのひとはどこからきますか。
Where do the many people come from?
たくさんmanyのof人peopleはtopicどこwhereからfrom来comeますpoliteか。question - 184
だれがさんぽしていますか。
Who is taking a walk?
だれwhoがsubjectさんぽis taking a walkしis taking a walkてis taking a walkいis taking a walkますis taking a walkか。question - 185
やまもとさんはひとりさんぽしていますか。
Is Mr. Yamamoto taking a walk by himself?
山本YamamotoさんMr.はtopic一人by himselfさんぽis taking a walkしis taking a walkてis taking a walkいis taking a walkますis taking a walkか。question - 186
やまもとさんはなにをきて、なにをはいています。
What is Mr. Yamamoto wearing, and what does he have on his feet?
山本YamamotoさんMr.はtopic何whatをobjectきis wearingて、is wearing何whatをobjectはいhas on feetてhas on feetいhas on feetます。has on feet - 187
おくさんはくつをはいていますか。
Is his wife wearing shoes?
おくwifeさんwifeはtopicくつshoesをobjectはいis wearingてis wearingいis wearingますis wearingか。question - 188
おくさんはようふくをきていますか。
Is his wife wearing Western-style clothes?
おくwifeさんwifeはtopicようふくWestern clothesをobjectきis wearingてis wearingいis wearingますis wearingか。question - 189
みぎのほうになにがありますか。
What is there on the right-hand side?
みぎrightのof方sideにon何whatがsubjectありis thereますpoliteか。question
- 遠い
- far
- 近い
- near, close
- たくさん
- many
Questions about people and aircraft · Questions 2 of 2
People and flying objects
The questions ask about the people and what flies above the trees. *草の上に すわっているのは だれですか* asks who is seated on the grass.
*とりは 何ば とんでいますか* asks how many birds are flying. An answer uses the bird counter.
- 190
ようかんのまえにひとがなんにんいますか。
How many people are there in front of the Western-style building?
ようかんWestern buildingのof前frontにin人peopleがsubject何how many人how many居are thereますpoliteか。question - 191
そのひとたちはにほんじんですか。
Are those people Japanese?
そのthose人peopleたちpeopleはtopic日本Japanese人Japaneseですareか。question - 192
おとこのひとはいまなにをしていますか。
What is the man doing now?
男manのof人personはtopic今now何whatをobjectしis doingてis doingいis doingますis doingか。question - 193
くさのうえにすわっているのはだれですか。
Who is sitting on the grass?
草grassのof上topにonすわっis sittingてis sittingいるis sittingのoneはtopicだれwhoですisか。question - 194
そのひともおくさんもにほんごができますか。
Can both the man and his wife speak Japanese?
そのthat人manもalsoおくwifeさんwifeもalso日本Japanese語Japaneseがsubjectできcan speakますpoliteか。question - 195
みちばたのきのうえをなにがとんでいますか。
What is flying over the trees by the roadside?
道ばたroadsideのby木treesのof上aboveをover何whatがsubjectとんis flyingでis flyingいis flyingますis flyingか。question - 196
とりはなんばとんでいますか。
How many birds are flying?
とりbirdsはtopic何how manyばbirdsとんare flyingでare flyingいare flyingますare flyingか。question - 197
そのほかなにがとんでいますか。
What else is flying?
そのelseほかelse何whatがsubjectとんis flyingでis flyingいis flyingますis flyingか。question
Homes, clothing and aircraft · Word list 1 of 4
Homes, clothes, and the sky
These words cover homes, family, clothing, roadsides, trees, and the sky. *家* means "house" or "home," and *ようかん* means "western-style building."
*ひこうき* means "airplane."
- 198
いえ
house, home
家house or home - 199
ようかん
western-style building
ようかんWestern-style building - 200
かぞく
family
家ぞくfamily - 201
きもの
KIMONO
きものkimono - 202
ようふく
suit, western-style clothes
ようふくWestern-style clothes - 203
くつ
shoes
くつshoes - 204
げた
wooden clogs
げたwooden clogs - 205
ぞうり
sandal, slipper
ぞうりsandals or slippers - 206
そら
sky
そらsky - 207
ひこうき
airplane
ひこうきairplane - 208
みちばた
by the road, roadside
道ばたroadside - 209
き
tree, wood
木tree or wood
- ぞうり
- sandal, slipper
- ひこうき
- airplane
Walking, working and wearing · Word list 2 of 4
Actions and ways to wear clothing
These words name working, being seated, knowing, moving, wearing, and thinking. *はたらく* means "to work."
*かぶる* means "to wear on the head." *はく* means "to wear on the feet or legs."
- 210
やま
mountain
山mountain - 211
さんぽ
strolling
さんぽstrolling - 212
はたらく
to work (v.i.)
はたらくwork - 213
すわる
to sit with legs crossed or folded
すわるsit - 214
しる
to know (v.t.)
知るknow - 215
しっています
know (See Gram. Notes)
知っていますknow - 216
でる
to go out (v.i.)
でるgo out - 217
さんぽする
to stroll (v.i.)
さんぽするstroll - 218
きる
to wear (v.t.)
きるwear clothes - 219
かぶる
to wear (on head)
かぶるwear on head - 220
はく
to wear (on feet or legs)
はくwear on feet - 221
おもう
to think
思うthink
- 山
- mountain
- はたらく
- to work (v.i.)
- すわる
- to sit with legs crossed or folded
- 知る
- to know (v.t.)
- 知っています
- know (See Gram. Notes)
- でる
- to go out (v.i.)
- さんぽする
- to stroll (v.i.)
- きる
- to wear (v.t.)
- かぶる
- to wear (on head)
- はく
- to wear (on feet or legs)
- 思う
- to think
Counting homes, birds and aircraft · Word list 3 of 4
Counters and particles
These words include counters for houses, birds, and aircraft, with particles for routes and later actions.
*三げん* means "three houses," *三ば* means "three birds," and *一き* means "one plane." Each kind uses a separate counter.
- 222
とぶ
to fly (v.i.)
とぶfly - 223
ひろい
wide
ひろいwide - 224
さんげん
three houses
三げんthree houses - 225
けん
numerical counter for houses (See Gram. Notes)
けんhouses - 226
わ
counter for birds (See Gram. Notes)
わbirds - 227
さんば
three birds
三ばthree birds - 228
き
counter for airplanes (See Gram. Notes)
きairplanes - 229
いっき
one plane
一きone plane - 230
を
particle indicating the place of locomotive action (See Gram. Notes)
をthrough - 231
から
after (See Gram. Notes)
からafter - 232
たまに
rarely, once in a while
たまにonce in a while - 233
やまもとさんはようふくをきています。
-- is wearing a suit.
山本さんはようふくをきています。wearing a suit
- とぶ
- to fly (v.i.)
- 三げん
- three houses
- 三ば
- three birds
- 一き
- one plane
- 山本さんはようふくをきています。
- "-- is wearing a suit."
Wearing clothes and knowing people · Word list 4 of 4
Wearing clothes and knowing people
These expressions cover clothing and knowledge. *山本さんは ぼうしを かぶっています* means "Mr. Yamamoto has a hat on."
*私は 山本さんを 知っています* means "I know Mr. Yamamoto." *私は たなかさんを 知りません* means "I don't know Mr. Tanaka."
- 234
おくさんはきものをきています。
-- is wearing a KIMONO.
おくさんはきものをきています。wearing a kimono - 235
やまもとさんはぼうしをかぶっています。
--has a hat on.
山本さんはぼうしをかぶっています。wearing a hat - 236
こどもたちはぼうしをかぶっていません。
--has no hat on.
子供たちはぼうしをかぶっていません。not wearing a hat - 237
やまもとさんはくつをはいています。
-- has shoes on.
山本さんはくつをはいています。wearing shoes - 238
おくさんはげたをはいています。
-- has wooden clogs on.
おくさんはげたをはいています。wearing wooden clogs - 239
おくさんはぞうりをはいています。
-- has slippers on.
おくさんはぞうりをはいています。wearing slippers - 240
あなたはやまもとさんをしっていますか。
Do you know --?
あなたは山本さんを知っていますか。know Yamamoto? - 241
はい、わたくしはやまもとさんをしっています。
I know --.
はい、私は山本さんを知っています。yes, I know Yamamoto - 242
あなたはたなかさんをしっていますか。
Do you know --?
あなたはたなかさんを知っていますか。know Tanaka? - 243
いいえ、わたくしはたなかさんをしりません。
I don't know.
いいえ、私はたなかさんを知りません。no, I don't know
- おくさんはきものをきています。
- "-- is wearing a KIMONO."
- 山本さんはぼうしをかぶっています。
- "--has a hat on."
- 子供たちはぼうしをかぶっていません。
- "--has no hat on."
- 山本さんはくつをはいています。
- "-- has shoes on."
- おくさんはげたをはいています。
- "-- has wooden clogs on."
- おくさんはぞうりをはいています。
- "-- has slippers on."
- あなたは山本さんを知っていますか。
- "Do you know --?"
- はい、私は山本さんを知っています。
- "I know --."
- あなたはたなかさんを知っていますか。
- "Do you know --?"
- いいえ、私はたなかさんを知りません。
- "I don't know."
The particulars
- The course
- Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours.
- Reading aloud
- Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
- The book
- Botchan, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
- Data
- JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents