Japanese · Lesson 24
Lesson 24
Sounds, kana, and the first conversations
Asking the day of week · Dialogue 1 of 4
The seven days
One speaker asks *今日は 何曜日ですか*, "What day of the week is it today?" Another offers to recite the weekday names.
Each weekday has a long and short name. *NICHIYOOBI* or *NICHIYOO* is "Sunday." *GETSUYOOBI* or *GETSUYOO* is "Monday."
Days near today
The question begins with *今日*, "today." *昨日* means "yesterday," and *明日* means "tomorrow."
The speaker says *私は まだ 一しゅう間の 日の なまえを 知りません*, "I don't know the names of the days of the week yet." *まだ* says "yet" here.
Kanji: 曜
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
Kanji: 日, 今
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 1
きょうはなんようびですか。
What day of the week is it today?
今日todayはtopic何曜what day日what dayですisか。question - 2
わたくしはまだいっしゅうかんのひのなまえをしりません。
I don’t know the names of the days of the week yet.
私Iはtopicまだyet一one weekしゅうone week間one weekのof日daysのofなまえnamesをobject知りknowませnot, politeん。not, polite - 3
そうですか。だれかしっていますか。
Is that right? Does anyone know them?
そうthat is rightですthat is rightか。questionだれsomeoneかsomeone知っknowてknowいknowますknowか。question - 4
わたくしがしっています。
I know them.
私Iがsubject知っknowてknowいknowます。know - 5
では、いってごらんなさい。
Then, try saying them.
でthenは、then言っsayてsayごらんtryなさい。please do
NAI, informal form of ARIMASEN ’is not’
An informal or abrupt form of ARIMASEN, ’is not,’ is NAI, e.g.,
Formal | Informal
ISU GA ARIMASEN. | ISU GA NAI.
"There is no chair." |
NIPPONGO WA MUZUKASHIKU (WA) ARIMASEN. | NIPPONGO WA MUZUKASHIKU (WA) NAI.
"Japanese is not difficult" |
KORE WA JIBIKI DEWA ARIMASEN. | KORE WA JIBIKI DEWA NAI
"This is not a dictionary." |-NAI, informal form of -MASEN
For every polite or formal negative verb form ending in -MASEN, there is an informal or abrupt equivalent ending in -NAI. The two words mean exactly the same thing except for the difference in the formality level and the verb endings to which they are attached.
As was described under "1" above, the informal negative form of ARIMASU is NAI. The informal negative form of every other verb is formed by adding -NAI to its negative endings.
Consonant verbs
Basic Ending | Negative Ending | Examples: Non-past informal affirmative | Examples: Non-past informal negative
- KU | - KA - | KAKU | KAKANAI
- SU | - SA - | HANASU | HANASANAI
- TSU | - TA - | TATSU | TATANAI
- RU* | - RA - | TORU | TORANAI
- U | - WA - | NARAU | NARAWANAI
- BU | - BA - | TOBU | TOBANAI
- MU | - MA - | YOMU | YOMANAI
- NU | - NU - | SHINU | SHINANAI
- GU | - GA - | KAGU | KAGANAI
* The informal negative form of ARU is NAI.
Vowel verbs
Basic Ending | Negative Ending | Examples: Non-past informal affirmative | Examples: Non-past informal negative
-ERU | - E - | TABERU | TABENAI
-IRU | - I - | MIRU | MINAI
Irregular verbs
Non-past informal affirmative | Negative ending | Non-past informal negative
KURU | KO - | KONAI
SURU | SHI - | SHINAI
NAI, the informal negative equivalent of ARU, and -NAI, the suffix added to the negative ending of every other verb, have the same inflection as I-adjectives and occur generally in the same position, e.g.,
|
DEKINAI. "I can't do it." (informal equivalent of DEKIMASEN.) | NAGAI. "It's long." (Informal equivalent of NAGAI DESU.)
|
DEKINAI DESU. "I can't do it." (Formal, same level as DEKIMASEN but less polite.) | NAGAI DESU. "It's long." (Formal)
DEKINAI KARA -- "Because I can't do it ---." (informal equivalent of DEKIMASEN KARA.) | NAGAI KARA -- "Because it's long ---." (informal equivalent of NAGAI DESU KARA.)
DEKINAKU NARIMASHITA. "I've become unable to do it." | NAGAKU NARIMASHITA. "It's become long."Subject of an adjectival clause
In Lesson 23 the construction of a complex sentence in which an adjectival clause occurs without its subject was introduced. In this lesson a construction of a complex sentence in which the subject of its adjectival clause occurs is introduced, e.g.,
WATAKUSHI GA YONDE IRU HON WA TAIHEN II DESU.
or
WATAKUSHI NO YONDE IRU HON WA TAIHEN II DESU. "The book I am reading is very good."
Note that the subject of a sentence occurring as an adjectival clause to modify a substantive (noun or pronoun) is always followed by GA or NO, without any significant difference in meaning. WA never occurs following the subject of an adjectival clause, and NO never appears after the subject of an independent sentence.
Note also that an adjectival clause is usually in the abrupt or informal style (and not in any form of -MASU or DESU).
Examples:
Word to be Modified | Adjectival Clause | Adjectival Clause plus the Word Modified
MONO / ’thing’ | WATAKUSHI GA TABETE IRU / "I am eating." | WATAKUSHI GA TABETE IRU MONO or / WATAKUSHI NO TABETE IRU MONO. / "The thing I am eating."
TOKORO / ’place’ | ANATA GA HATARAITE IRU. / "You are working." | ANATA GA HATARAITE IRU TOKORO or / ANATA NO HATARAITE IRU TOKORO / "The place where you are working."
HI | SEITO GA GAKKOO NI KURU. | SEITO GA GAKKOO NI KURU HI or / SEITO NO GAKKOO NI KURU HI
Word to be Modified | Adjectival Clause | Adjectival Clause plus the Word Modified
’days, dates’ | "Students come to school." | "The days when students come to school."
ISU / ’chair’ | SENSEI GA KOSHIKAKETE IRU / "The teacher is sitting." | SENSEI GA KOSHIKAKETE IRU ISU or / SENSEI NO KOSHIKAKETE IRU ISU / "The chair on which the teacher is sitting."
NO / ’one, ones’ / used in place / of any specific / noun , such as: / MONO ’thing,’ / HITO ’person,’ / TOKI ’time,’ / TOKORO ’place,’ / etc. | MINASAN GA YONDE IRU. / "You are reading." | MINASAN GA YONDE IRU NO or / MINASAN NO YONDE IRU NO / "The thing you are reading" or "That which you are reading."
HITO / ’person’ | TE GA NAGAI / "Arms are long." | TE GA NAGAI HITO or / TE NO NAGAI HITO / "The person whose arms are long."
| |
SEITO / ’student’ | HON GA NAI. / "There is no book." / "One doesn't have the book." | HON GA NAI SEITO or / HON NO NAI SEITO / "The student who doesn't have the book."
The construction of an adjectival clause which ends in the abrupt or informal past and that of an adjectival clause in which a NA-adjective occurs will be dealt with later in the course.Adverbial use of TE-ending
When a verb, whether by itself or at the end of a phrase, modifies another verb, it occurs in its TE-ending. Thus, when KOSHIKAKEMASU, "I sit down," describes YASUNDE IMASU, "I am resting," the Japanese say KOSHIKAKETE YASUNDE IMASU, "I am resting by sitting down," of which KOSHIKAKETE tells how I am resting or in what condition I am resting. The action of the TE-ending may precede or occur at the same time as that of the verb it modifies.
Examples:
ITSUMO TATTE OSHIEMASU. "I teach always by standing."
ARUITE KIMASHITA. "I walked."
(Lit. I came by walking.)
KAITE OBOEMASU. "I memorize by writing."
MADO O AKETE YASUMIMASU. "I go to bed with the windows open."
HON O MOTTE KIMASHITA. "I brought the book."
or
"I came with the book."
(Lit. I came by holding the book.)
JIBIKI O MOTTE IKIMASHITA. "I took the dictionary."
or
"I went with the dictionary."
(Lit. I went by holding the dictionary.)DESHITA
DESHITA is the past tense of DESU.
Examples:
Non-past | Past
WATAKUSHI WA SENSEI DESU. | WATAKUSHI WA SENSEI DESHITA.
"I am a teacher." | "I was a teacher."
OOKII DESU. | OOKII DESHITA.
"It's big." | "It was big."
|
SOO DESU. | SOO DESHITA.
"It's that way." | "It was that way."
DESHITA added to formal non-past negative forms of verbs ending with -MASEN to produce formal past negative forms has already been introduced.
Examples:
Non past | Past
MADO O AKEMASEN. | MADO O AKEMASEN DESHITA.
" I don't open the window." | "I didn't open the window."
WAKARIMASEN. | WAKARIMASEN DESHITA.
"I don't understand." | "I didn't understand."
NANNI MO ARIMASEN. | NANNI MO ARIMASEN DESHITA.
"There is nothing." | "There was nothing."
SOO JA ARIMASEN. | SOO JA ARIMASEN DESHITA.
"It isn't that way." | "It wasn't that way."
OOKIKU WA ARIMASEN. | OOKIKU WA ARIMASEN DESHITA.
"It isn't big." | "It wasn't big."MOO ’already’ and MADA ’yet’
MOO plus an affirmative means ’already.’
MADA occurs in the IIE answer to a MOO question, and MOO occurs in the IIE answer to a MADA question.
Examples:
MOO TABEMASHITA KA? "Have you eaten (lunch) already?"
HAI, MOO TABEMASHITA. "Yes, I've eaten already."
IIE, MADA TABEMASEN. "No, I haven't eaten yet."
MADA TABEMASEN KA. "Haven't you eaten yet?"
HAI, MADA TABEMASEN. "No, I haven't eaten yet."
IIE, MOO TABEMASHITA. "Yes, I've eaten already."
MADA DESU means ’it is yet to happen’ or ’it hasn’t happened yet’ or ’not yet,’ e.g.,
MOO ISSHUUKAN NO HI NO NAMAE O IU KOTO GA DEKIMASU KA? "Can you say the names of the days of the week already?"
IIE, MADA DESU. "No, not yet."
Do not confuse this MOO ’already’ with MOO ’more’ occurring in front of numerals and quantity words.
MOO FUTARI two more persons
MOO SUKOSHI a little more-BAN and -ME
In Japanese there are two classes of words that correspond to English number words: numerals and numbers. A number is a compound word consisting of a numeral (like ICHI, NI, SAN) and a numerical classifier (like -MAI, -SATSU, -NIN). The Japanese use simple numerals when they are not counting anything in particular; they use numbers when they are counting something more definite like a certain number of sheets of paper, books, or people.
Examples:
ICHI-MAI NO KAMI 1 sheet of paper
NI-SATSU NO HON two books
SAN-NIN NO SEITO three students
The word BAN means ’turn’ as in WATAKUSHI NO BAN ’my turn.’ It is also used as a numerical classifier to change a numeral to its corresponding cardinal number like:
ICHI-BAN number 1
NI-BAN number 2
SAN-BAN number 3
The addition of the suffix -ME to a number changes a cardinal number to its corresponding ordinal.
Cardinal Numbers | Ordinal Numbers
NI-BAN ’number 2’ | NI-BAN-ME ’second in a series’
SAN-BAN ’number 3’ | SAN-BAN-ME ’third in a series’
YO-BAN ’number 4’ | YO-BAN-ME ’fourth in a series’
GO-BAN ’number 5’ | GO-BAN-ME ’fifth in a series’
FUTA-TSU ’2 things’ | FUTA-TSU-ME ’the second thing’
NI-JIKAN ’2 hours’ | NI-JIKAN-ME ’the 2nd hour’
SAN-NIN ’3 people’ | SAN-NIN-ME or SAN-BAN-ME NO HITO ’the 3rd person’
Generally, -ME is suffixed to numbers above number 1. The words SAISHO and SAIGO are used to mean ’first’ and ’last,’ respectively.Days of the week
NICHIYOOBI or NICHIYOO Sunday
GETSUYOOBI or GETSUYOO Monday
KAYOOBI or KAYOO Tuesday
SUIYOOBI or SUIYOO Wednesday
MOKUYOOBI or MOKUYOO Thursday
KIN-YOOBI or KIN-YOO Friday
DOYOOBI or DOYOO SaturdayTime words
SAKIOTOTOI two days before yesterday
OTOTOI or ISSAKUJITSU the day before yesterday
KINOO or SAKUJITSU yesterday
KYOO or KONNICHI today
ASHITA or MYOONICHI or ASU tomorrow
ASATTE or MYOOGONICHI the day after tomorrow
SHIASATTE two days after tomorrow- 今日
- today
- か。
- either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
- まだ
- yet, still
- 一
- one
- しゅう
- state
- の
- See Grammar Notes
- なまえ
- name
- を
- particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)
- だれ
- who?
- が
- but (See Gram. Notes)
- で
- --is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
School days and weekends · Dialogue 2 of 4
First through last
The speaker recites the week from Sunday through Saturday. *さいしょの日* is "the first day," and *さい後の日* is "the last day."
*二番目の 日* is "the second day." *ME* after a number makes its place in a series.
School days and days off
*私たちの がっこうに 来る日は 月曜 から 金曜 まで です* says school days run from Monday through Friday.
In *みなさんが がっこうに 来る日*, *が* marks the subject inside the clause that describes *日*.
*がっこうに 来ない日* means "the days that you don't come to school." *来ない* is the informal negative in this clause.
Kanji: 月, 火, 水, 金
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
Kanji: 土, 木
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 6
はい、さいしょのひはにちようびです。にばんめのひはげつようび、さんばんめのひはかようび、よんばんめのひはすいようび、ごばんめのひはもくようび、ろくばんめのひはきんようび、そしてさいごのひはどようびです。
Yes, the first day is Sunday. The second day is Monday, the third day is Tuesday, the fourth day is Wednesday, the fifth day is Thursday, the sixth day is Friday, and the last day is Saturday.
はい、yesさいしょfirstのof日dayはtopic日曜Sunday日Sundayです。is二second番second目secondのof日dayはtopic月曜Monday日、Monday三third番third目thirdのof日dayはtopic火曜Tuesday日、Tuesday四fourth番fourth目fourthのof日dayはtopic水曜Wednesday日、Wednesday五fifth番fifth目fifthのof日dayはtopic木曜Thursday日、Thursday六sixth番sixth目sixthのof日dayはtopic金曜Friday日、Fridayそしてandさい後lastのof日dayはtopic土曜Saturday日Saturdayです。is - 7
よくできました。みなさんががっこうにくるひはなんようびですか。
You did well. What days of the week are the days that you come to school?
よくwellできdid wellましdid wellた。did wellみなeveryoneさんeveryoneがsubjectがっこうschoolにto来るcome日daysはtopic何曜what day日what dayですisか。question - 8
わたくしたちのがっこうにくるひはげつようからきんようまでです。
The days that we come to school are from Monday through Friday.
私weたちweの'sがっこうschoolにto来るcome日daysはtopic月曜Mondayからfrom金曜Fridayまでthroughです。are - 9
では、がっこうにこないひはどようびとにちようびですね。
Then, the days that you don’t come to school are Saturday and Sunday, aren’t they?
でthenは、thenがっこうschoolにto来comeないnot日daysはtopic土曜Saturday日Saturdayとand日曜Sunday日Sundayですareね。right? - 10
はい、そうです。
Yes, that’s right.
はい、yesそうthat is rightです。that is right
- さいしょ
- first
- 二
- two
- 三
- three
- 四
- four
- 五
- five
- 六
- six
- さい後
- last
- よく
- well, skillfully
- に
- on (See Gram. Notes)
- から
- from (See Gram. Notes)
- まで
- as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)
- と
- and (See Gram. Notes)
- ね。
- isn't it (See Grammar Notes)
Today, tomorrow and yesterday · Dialogue 3 of 4
Three days and their weekdays
*今日は 水曜日です* means "Today is Wednesday." *明日は 木曜日です* means "Tomorrow is Thursday."
Yesterday takes a past ending. *昨日は 何曜日でしたか* means "What day of the week was yesterday?"
Kanji: 明, 昨
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 11
きょうはなんようびですか。
What day of the week is today?
今日todayはtopic何曜what day日what dayですisか。question - 12
きょうはすいようびです。
Today is Wednesday.
今日todayはtopic水曜Wednesday日Wednesdayです。is - 13
あしたはなんようびですか。
What day of the week is tomorrow?
明日tomorrowはtopic何曜what day日what dayですisか。question - 14
あしたはもくようびです。
Tomorrow is Thursday.
明日tomorrowはtopic木曜Thursday日Thursdayです。is - 15
きのうはなんようびでしたか。
What day of the week was yesterday?
昨日yesterdayはtopic何曜what day日what dayでしwasたpastか。question
- 明日
- tomorrow
- 昨日
- yesterday
Memorising weekdays at home · Dialogue 4 of 4
Writing as the method
The teacher says *一しゅう間の 日の なまえを かみに 書いて おぼえなさい*, "memorize the names of the days of the week by writing them on paper."
In *書いて おぼえなさい*, the first action tells how the memorizing happens.
Bringing the paper
*その かみを 明日 がっこうへ もって 来て ください* means "bring that paper to school tomorrow."
The linked forms express holding the paper and coming with it.
- 16
きのうはかようびでした。
Yesterday was Tuesday.
昨日yesterdayはtopic火曜Tuesday日Tuesdayでしwasた。past - 17
きょううちへかえってから、いっしゅうかんのひのなまえをかみにかいておぼえなさい。
After you go home today, memorize the names of the days of the week by writing them on paper.
今日todayうちhomeへtowardかえっgo homeてgo homeから、after一one weekしゅうone week間one weekのof日daysのofなまえnamesをobjectかみpaperにon書いwriteてwriteおぼえmemorizeなさい。please do - 18
はい、そうしておぼえます。
Yes, I will memorize them that way.
はい、yesそうthat wayしdoてandおぼえmemorizeます。polite - 19
そして、そのかみをあしたがっこうへもってきてください。
And bring that paper to school tomorrow.
そして、andそのthatかみpaperをobject明日tomorrowがっこうschoolへtowardもっcarryてcarry来comeてcomeください。please - 20
はい、そうします。
Yes, I’ll do that.
はい、yesそうthatしdoます。polite
- うち
- home, house
- へ
- to (See Gram. Notes)
- から、
- from (See Gram. Notes)
- し
- city
- ください。
- please give me (See Gram. Notes)
Informal negative descriptions · Perception drill, Block 1
There is not
*つくえの上に 何も ない* means "There is nothing on the desk." *ない* is the informal form of *ARIMASEN*, "is not."
The same form completes other negative predicates. *これは ぼうしでは ない* means "This is not a hat."
A negative adjective predicate
*日本語は やさしくは ない* means "Japanese is not easy." The I-adjective changes from *やさしい* to *やさしく* before *ない*.
- 21
つくえのうえになにがありますか。
What is on the desk?
つくえdeskの's上topにon何whatがsubjectありexistますpoliteか。question - 22
つくえのうえになにもない。
There is nothing on the desk.
つくえdeskの's上topにon何anythingもat allない。does not exist - 23
あかいえんぴつがありますか。
Is there a red pencil?
あかいredえんぴつpencilがsubjectありexistますpoliteか。question - 24
あかいえんぴつはない。
There is no red pencil.
あかいredえんぴつpencilはtopicない。does not exist - 25
にほんごはやさしいですか。
Is Japanese easy?
日本Japanese語Japaneseはtopicやさしいeasyですisか。question - 26
にほんごはやさしくはない。
Japanese is not easy.
日本Japanese語Japaneseはtopicやさしくeasyはemphasisない。not - 27
それはぼうしですか。
Is that a hat?
それthatはtopicぼうしhatですisか。question - 28
これはぼうしではない。
This is not a hat.
これthisはtopicぼうしhatでisはtopicない。not
- あかい
- red
- やさしい
- easy
Describing what people do · Perception drill, Block 2
A subject inside the clause
*あなた が 読んでいるのは 何ですか* means "What are you reading?" *あなた* is the subject inside *読んでいる*, and it takes *が*.
A subject in an adjectival clause takes *が* or *の*, with no significant difference in meaning. *私の 読んでいるの* means "what I am reading."
The clause before its noun
*あの人の かぶっている ぼうし* means "the hat that person is wearing." The clause comes before *ぼうし*.
The verb that ends such a clause is usually informal.
- 29
あなたがよんでいるのはなんですか。
What are you reading?
あなたyouがsubject読んare readingでare readingいるare readingのwhatはtopic何whatですisか。question - 30
わたくしのよんでいるのはにほんごのざっしです。
What I am reading is a Japanese magazine.
私Iのsubject読んam readingでam readingいるam readingのwhatはtopic日本Japanese語Japaneseの'sざっしmagazineです。is - 31
あのひとのかぶっているぼうしはどんないろですか。
What color is the hat that person is wearing?
あのthat人personのsubjectかぶっis wearingてis wearingいるis wearingぼうしhatはtopicどんなwhat kind ofいろcolorですisか。question - 32
あのひとのかぶっているぼうしはちゃいろです。
The hat that person is wearing is brown.
あのthat人personのsubjectかぶっis wearingてis wearingいるis wearingぼうしhatはtopicちゃいろbrownです。is - 33
あのひとがはなしているのはなにごですか。
What language is that person speaking?
あのthat人personがsubjectはなしis speakingてis speakingいるis speakingのwhatはtopic何語what languageですisか。question - 34
あのひとのはなしているのはフランスごです。
The language that person is speaking is French.
あのthat人personのsubjectはなしis speakingてis speakingいるis speakingのwhatはtopicフランスFrench語Frenchです。is - 35
おくさんのはたらいているところはどこですか。
Where does your wife work?
おくyour wifeさんyour wifeのsubjectはたらいworksてworksいるworksところplaceはtopicどこwhereですisか。question - 36
かないのはたらいているところはメイシーです。
My wife works at Macy’s.
かないmy wifeのsubjectはたらいworksてworksいるworksところplaceはtopicメイMacy'sシーMacy'sです。is
- 人
- people
- どんな
- what kind of; what sort of
- いろ
- color
- ちゃいろ
- brown
- 何語
- what language
- ところ
- place (See Gram. Notes)
- かない
- wife (self)
People who skip things · Perception drill, Block 3
Informal negative verbs
*日本語を はなさない人* means "a person who does not speak Japanese." A polite negative ending in *MASEN* has an informal equivalent ending in *NAI*.
For a consonant verb, the final syllable changes to its A syllable before *NAI*. Thus *HANASU* becomes *HANASANAI*.
The negative clause before a person
*朝めしを たべない人* means "people who do not eat breakfast." For a vowel verb, *RU* drops before *NAI*.
The informal negative clause comes before *人*, the noun it describes.
- 37
このきょうしつににほんごをはなさないひとがいますか。
Is there anyone in this classroom who does not speak Japanese?
このthisきょうしつclassroomにin日本Japanese語Japaneseをobjectはなさspeakないnot人personがsubject居existsますpoliteか。question - 38
いいえ、ひとりもいません。
No, there is not even one person.
いいえ、no一人one personもeven居existsませnot, politeん。not, polite - 39
あさめしをたべないひとがいますか。
Is there anyone who does not eat breakfast?
朝めしbreakfastをobjectたべeatないnot人personがsubject居existsますpoliteか。question - 40
はい、あさめしをたべないひとはたくさんいます。
Yes, there are many people who do not eat breakfast.
はい、yes朝めしbreakfastをobjectたべeatないnot人peopleはtopicたくさんmany居existます。polite - 41
たくさんたべないこどもはおおきくなりませんか。
Don’t children who do not eat a lot grow?
たくさんa lotたべeatないnot子供childrenはtopic大きくbigなりbecomeませnot, politeんnot, politeか。question - 42
はい、そうです。
Yes, that’s right.
はい、yesそうthat is rightです。that is right
- 一人
- one person
- 朝めし
- breakfast
- たくさん
- many
Ways of learning · Perception drill, Block 4
An action that tells how
*先生は 大てい たって はなします* means "the teacher usually stands to speak." The form *たって* states the condition for speaking.
A verb ending in *て* can describe how another action happens. The actions can occur in sequence or at the same time.
Methods of learning
*大てい きいて おぼえます* means "I usually memorize it by listening to it." *きいて* states the method of memorizing.
*この本を 使って べんきょうします* means "I study using this book."
- 43
せんせいはこしかけてはなしますか。
Does the teacher sit down to speak?
先生teacherはtopicこしかけsit downてsit downはなしspeakますpoliteか。question - 44
いいえ、せんせいはたいていたってはなします。
No, the teacher usually stands to speak.
いいえ、no先生teacherはtopic大ていusuallyたstandってstandはなしspeakます。polite - 45
あなたはかんじをかいてならいますか。
Do you learn kanji by writing them?
あなたyouはtopicかん字kanjiをobject書いwriteてwriteならいlearnますpoliteか。question - 46
いいえ、さいしょにみてならいます。それから、かきます。
No, first I learn them by looking at them. Then I write them.
いいえ、noさいしょfirstにat見lookてlookならいlearnます。politeそれthenから、then書きwriteます。polite - 47
あなたはダイアログをよんでおぼえますか。
Do you memorize the dialogue by reading it?
あなたyouはtopicダイアログdialogueをobject読んreadでreadおぼえmemorizeますpoliteか。question - 48
いいえ、たいていきいておぼえます。
No, I usually memorize it by listening to it.
いいえ、no大ていusuallyきいlistenてlistenおぼえmemorizeます。polite - 49
あなたはそのほんをつかってべんきょうしますか。
Do you study using that book?
あなたyouはtopicそのthat本bookをobject使っuseてuseべんきょうstudyしdoますpoliteか。question - 50
はい、ときどきこのほんをつかってべんきょうします。
Yes, I sometimes study using this book.
はい、yes時々sometimesこのthis本bookをobject使っuseてuseべんきょうstudyしdoます。polite
- ダイアログ
- dialogue
- 本
- numerical counter for counting long slender objects (See Notes)
- 時々
- sometimes, occasionally
Asking what things were · Perception drill, Block 5
Saying was
*私は りくぐんの しょうこうでした* means "I was an Army officer." *DESHITA* is the past of *DESU*.
*この本は いくらでしたか* means "How much was this book?" *三百六十円でした* answers "It was 360 yen."
A past negative
*私は ぐん人では ありませんでした* means "I was not in the military." *DESHITA* also follows the formal negative form.
- 51
あなたはくうぐんのしょうこうでしたか。
Were you an Air Force officer?
あなたyouはtopicくうAir ForceぐAir ForceんAir Forceのofしょうこうofficerでしwasたpastか。question - 52
いいえ、わたくしはりくぐんのしょうこうでした。
No, I was an Army officer.
いいえ、no私IはtopicりくArmyぐArmyんArmyのofしょうこうofficerでしwasた。past - 53
せんせい、あなたはぐんじんでしたか。
Teacher, were you in the military?
先生、teacherあなたyouはtopicぐmilitary memberんmilitary member人military memberでしwasたpastか。question - 54
いいえ、わたくしはぐんじんではありませんでした。
No, I was not in the military.
いいえ、no私Iはtopicぐmilitary memberんmilitary member人military memberでisはcontrastありexistませnot, politeんnotでしwasた。past - 55
このがっこうはちいさいがっこうでしたか。
Was this school a small school?
このthisがっこうschoolはtopic小さいsmallがっこうschoolでしwasたpastか。question - 56
はい、ちいさいがっこうでした。
Yes, it was a small school.
はい、yes小さいsmallがっこうschoolでしwasた。past - 57
このほんはいくらでしたか。
How much was this book?
このthis本bookはtopicいくらhow muchでしwasたpastか。question - 58
さんびゃくろくじゅうえんでした。
It was 360 yen.
三百three hundred六十sixty円yenでしwasた。past
- いくら
- how much? how many?
- 三百
- 300
- 六十
- 60
- 円
- yen (unit of money)
Already and not yet · Perception drill, Block 6
Already and not yet
*もう たべましたか* means "Have you eaten yet?" *もう* with an affirmative verb says the action happened before now.
The negative answer uses *まだ*: *いいえ、 まだ たべません*, "No, I haven't eaten yet."
The same question with other actions
*山本さんは もう 来ましたか* asks whether Mr. Yamamoto has come yet. *まだ 来ません* says he has not come yet.
- 59
あのひとはもうおきました。
Has he gotten up already?
あのthat人personはtopicもうalreadyおきget upましdid, politeた。past - 60
いいえ、まだおきません。
No, he hasn't gotten up yet.
いいえ、noまだyetおきget upませnot, politeん。not - 61
もうたべましたか。
Have you eaten yet?
もうyetたべeatましdid, politeたpastか。question - 62
いいえ、まだたべません。
No, I haven’t eaten yet.
いいえ、noまだyetたべeatませnot, politeん。not - 63
たむらさんはもういきましたか。
Has Mr. Tamura left yet?
たむらTamuraさんMr.はtopicもうyet行きleaveましdid, politeたpastか。question - 64
いいえ、まだいきません。
No, he hasn’t left yet.
いいえ、noまだyet行きleaveませnot, politeん。not - 65
やまもとさんはもうきましたか。
Has Mr. Yamamoto come yet?
山本YamamotoさんMr.はtopicもうyet来comeましdid, politeたpastか。question - 66
いいえ、まだきません。
No, he hasn’t come yet.
いいえ、noまだyet来comeませnot, politeん。not - 67
もうべんきょうしましたか。
Have you studied yet?
もうyetべんきょうstudyしdoましdid, politeたpastか。question - 68
いいえ、まだべんきょうしません。
No, I haven’t studied yet.
いいえ、noまだyetべんきょうstudyしdoませnot, politeん。not
- もう
- already (See Gram. Notes)
Describing people’s activities · Pattern 1 1 of 2
A clause identifies the thing
*私の ならっているのは 日本語です* means "What I am learning is Japanese." The clause ends in the informal form and *の* replaces its noun.
The subject inside the clause is *私*, followed by *の*.
A negative clause before a noun
*私たちの 知らない かん字* describes kanji unknown to the speakers. The informal negative clause comes before *かん字*.
- 69
わたくしがよんでいます。(ほん)
I am reading it. (book)
私Iがsubject読んam readingでam readingいam readingます。am reading(本)book - 70
わたくしのならっているのはにほんごです。
What I am learning is Japanese.
私Iのsubjectならっam learningてam learningいるam learningのwhatはtopic日本Japanese語Japaneseです。is - 71
わたくしたちのしらないかんじがたくさんあります。
There are many kanji that we do not know.
私weたちweのsubject知らknowないnot knowかkanjiんkanji字kanjiがsubjectたくさんmanyありexistます。polite - 72
スミスさんのはいているくつはくろいです。
The shoes Mr. Smith is wearing are black.
スミスSmithさんMr.のsubjectはいis wearingてis wearingいるis wearingくつshoesはtopicくろいblackです。are - 73
あのひとのよんでいるのはにほんしんぶんです。
What that person is reading is a Japanese newspaper.
あのthat人personのsubject読んis readingでis readingいるis readingのwhatはtopic日本Japaneseしんぶんnewspaperです。is - 74
あのひとのみているのはざっしです。
What that person is looking at is a magazine.
あのthat人personのsubject見is looking atてis looking atいるis looking atのwhatはtopicざっしmagazineです。is - 75
このがっこうであなたがたのべんきょうしているのはなにごですか。
What language are you studying at this school?
このthisがっこうschoolでatあなたyou all方you allのsubjectべんきょうstudyしdoてare studyingいるare studyingのwhatはtopic何語what languageですisか。question - 76
わたくしたちのべんきょうしているのはにほんごです。
What we are studying is Japanese.
私weたちweのsubjectべんきょうstudyしdoてare studyingいるare studyingのwhatはtopic日本Japanese語Japaneseです。is - 77
それはあなたのかいたほんですか。
Is that a book you wrote?
それthatはtopicあなたyouのsubject書いwroteたpast本bookですisか。question
- (本)
- numerical counter for counting long slender objects (See Notes)
- か
- either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
- くつ
- shoes
- くろい
- black
Identifying people and possessions · Pattern 1 2 of 2
The person named by a clause
*今 あなたの はなしていた 人* means "the person you were talking with moments ago." The clause comes before *人*.
Its subject takes *の*. A clause subject can also take *が*.
The thing and its owner
*私の 読んでいる 本は あなたのです* means "The book I am reading is yours." The first *の* marks the clause subject.
- 78
そうです。これはわたくしのかいたほんです。
That’s right. This is a book I wrote.
そうthat's rightです。isこれthisはtopic私Iのsubject書いwroteたpast本bookです。is - 79
いまあなたのはなしていたひとはどなたですか。
Who was the person you were just talking with?
今just nowあなたyouのsubjectはなしwere talkingてwere talkingいwere talkingたwere talking人personはtopicどなたwhoですisか。question - 80
いまわたくしのはなしていたひとはやまもとさんのおくさんです。
The person I was just talking with is Mr. Yamamoto’s wife.
今just now私Iのsubjectはなしwas talkingてwas talkingいwas talkingたwas talking人personはtopic山本YamamotoさんMr.の'sおくwifeさんwifeです。is - 81
わたくしのよんでいるほんはあなたのです。
The book I am reading is yours.
私Iのsubject読んam readingでam readingいるam reading本bookはtopicあなたyouのyoursです。is - 82
あのかたがもっています。(えんぴつ)
That person has it. (pencil)
あのthat方personがsubjectもっhasてhasいhasます。has(えんぴつ)pencil - 83
スミスさんがかぶっています。(ぼうし)
Mr. Smith is wearing it. (hat)
スミスSmithさんMr.がsubjectかぶっis wearingてis wearingいis wearingます。is wearing(ぼうし)hat - 84
わたくしがこしかけています。(いす)
This is the chair I am sitting on.
私Iがsubjectこしかけam sittingてam sittingいam sittingます。am sitting(いす)chair - 85
めがおおきいです。(おんなのこ)
This is the girl with big eyes.
目eyesがsubject大きいbigです。are(女の子)girl - 86
まどがたくさんあります。(いえ)
This is the house with many windows.
まどwindowsがsubjectたくさんmanyありexistます。polite(家)house
- (女の子)
- girl
- (家)
- house, home
Consequences of not acting · Pattern 2 1 of 3
A condition stated negatively
*夜 はやく やすまないと、 朝 はやく おきる ことは できません* means early rising is impossible without going to bed early.
The informal negative *やすまない* stands before *と* in the condition.
A negative reason and description
*まだ ならわないから、 読む ことは できません* gives not having learned the kanji yet as the reason it cannot be read.
*うちで べんきょうしない 日* means "days when you do not study at home."
- 87
わたくしがいかないから、あのひともいきません。
Since I don't go, he doesn't go either.
私Iがsubject行かgoないnot goから、becauseあのthat人personもalso行きgoませnot, politeん。not - 88
よるはやくやすまないと、あさはやくおきることはできません。
If you do not go to bed early at night, you cannot get up early in the morning.
夜nightはやくearlyやすまgo to bedないnot go to bedと、if朝morningはやくearlyおきるget upことactはtopicできcanませcannotん。cannot - 89
ひるめしをたべないひとがたくさんいます。
There are many people who do not eat lunch.
ひるめしlunchをobjectたべeatないnot eat人peopleがsubjectたくさんmany居existます。polite - 90
まいにちべんきょうしないせいとはよくできません。
Students who do not study every day do not do well.
まい日every dayべんきょうstudyしdoないnot do生徒studentsはtopicよくwellできdoませnot, politeん。not - 91
わたくしはこのかんじをまだならわないから、よむことはできません。
I have not learned this kanji yet, so I cannot read it.
私Iはtopicこのthisかん字kanjiをobjectまだyetならわlearnないnot learnedから、because読むreadことactはtopicできcanませcannotん。cannot - 92
わたくしはかんじをかかないと、おぼえることはできません。
If I do not write kanji, I cannot remember them.
私Iはtopicかん字kanjiをobject書かwriteないnot writeと、ifおぼえるrememberことactはtopicできcanませcannotん。cannot - 93
あなたはうちでべんきょうしないひがありますか。
Are there days when you do not study at home?
あなたyouはtopicうちhomeでatべんきょうstudyしdoないnot do日daysがsubjectありexistますpoliteか。question - 94
はい。きんようびのばんにはべんきょうしません。
Yes. I do not study on Friday evenings.
はい。yes金曜Friday日Fridayの'sばんeveningにonはtopicべんきょうstudyしdoませnot, politeん。not
- 夜
- night, evening
- と、
- and (See Gram. Notes)
- 朝
- morning
- おきる
- to rise, get up (v.i.)
- ひるめし
- lunch, noon meal
- まい日
- everyday
- おぼえる
- to memorize, remember (v.t.)
- ばん
- evening, night
People who omit actions · Pattern 2 2 of 3
A negative clause identifies a person
*ダイアログを おぼえない 生徒* means "students who do not memorize the dialogue." The informal negative clause comes before *生徒*.
*朝めしを たべない 人* identifies people by an action they do not perform.
The same pattern with things and days
*知らない かん字* means "kanji I do not know." *四時に おわりません* supplies the action for a day when class does not end at four.
- 95
ダイアログをおぼえないせいとがいますか。
Are there any students who do not memorize the dialogue?
ダイアログdialogueをobjectおぼえmemorizeないnot memorize生徒studentsがsubject居existますpoliteか。question - 96
いいえ、おぼえないせいとはいません。
No, there are no students who do not memorize it.
いいえ、noおぼえmemorizeないnot memorize生徒studentsはtopic居existませnot, politeん。not - 97
あさめしをたべないひとがいますか。
Are there any people who do not eat breakfast?
朝めしbreakfastをobjectたべeatないnot eat人peopleがsubject居existますpoliteか。question - 98
はい、あさめしをたべないひとはたくさんいます。
Yes, there are many people who do not eat breakfast.
はい、yes朝めしbreakfastをobjectたべeatないnot eat人peopleはtopicたくさんmany居existます。polite - 99
しりません。(かんじ)
This is a kanji I do not know.
知りknowませnot, politeん。not(かん字)kanji - 100
しらないかんじがたくさんあります。
There are many KANJI that I don't know.
知らknowないnot knowかkanjiんkanji字kanjiがsubjectたくさんmanyありexistます。polite - 101
ほんをもってきません。(せいと)
This is a student who does not bring a book.
本bookをobjectもっcarryてcarry来comeませpoliteん。not(生徒)student - 102
よじにおわりません。(ひ)
This is a day when class does not end at four.
四four o'clock時four o'clockにatおわりendませpoliteん。not(日)day
- 時
- time
Describing what people lack · Pattern 2 3 of 3
What a person lacks
*手が ありません* means "a person who has no hands" when it becomes a clause before *人*.
The subject inside the clause takes *が*, as in *手が ありません*.
A negative quality
*あんまり 小さく ありません* describes a car as "not very small." The negative predicate becomes a clause before *じどうしゃ*.
- 103
はちじにはじまりません。(ひ)
This is a day when class does not begin at eight.
八eight o'clock時eight o'clockにatはじまりbeginませpoliteん。not(日)day - 104
ちっともやすみません。(ばん)
This is an evening when I do not rest at all.
ちっともat allやすみrestませpoliteん。not(ばん)evening - 105
すこしもあそびません。(こども)
This is a child who does not play at all.
少しeven a littleもalsoあそびplayませpoliteん。not(子供)child - 106
えいごがよくできません。(ひと)
This is a person who is not very good at English.
えい語Englishがsubjectよくwellできcan doませpoliteん。not(人)person - 107
てがありません。(ひと)
This is a person who has no hands.
手handsがsubjectありexistませpoliteん。not(人)person - 108
あんまりちいさくありません。(じどうしゃ)
This is a car that is not very small.
あんまりvery小さくsmallありisませpoliteん。not(じどうcarしゃ)car
- 八
- eight
- ちっとも
- not even a little (See Gram. Notes)
- (ばん)
- evening, night
- 少し
- little (quantity)
- (人)
- people
Actions done another way · Pattern 3 1 of 2
The action that gives the manner
*あの人は こしかけて やすんでいます* says he rests while seated. The form *こしかけて* states his condition while resting.
The same pattern appears in *先生は たって おしえます*, "The teacher teaches standing up."
A method for memorizing
*私は かん字を 書いて おぼえます* means "I learn kanji by writing them." *書いて* states the method.
- 109
あのひとはこしかけてやすんでいます。
He is resting by sitting.
あのthat人personはtopicこしかけsittingてsittingやすんis restingでis restingいis restingます。is resting - 110
わたくしはかんじをかいておぼえます。
I learn kanji by writing them.
私Iはtopicかん字kanjiをobject書いby writingてby writingおぼえlearnます。polite - 111
あのひとはたってそとをみています。
That person is standing and looking outside.
あのthat人personはtopicたっstandingてstandingそとoutsideをobject見is lookingてis lookingいis lookingます。is looking - 112
せんせいはたっておしえます。
The teacher teaches standing up.
先生teacherはtopicたっstandingてstandingおしえteachます。polite - 113
せいとはダイアログをよんでおぼえます。
The students memorize the dialogue by reading it.
生徒studentsはtopicダイアログdialogueをobject読んby readingでby readingおぼえmemorizeます。polite - 114
あのかたはことばをきいておぼえます。
That person learns words by listening to them.
あのthat方personはtopicことばwordsをobjectきいby listeningてby listeningおぼえlearnます。polite
- そと
- outside
- ことば
- word; language
Asking how actions happen · Pattern 3 2 of 2
Coming by walking
*私は あるいて 来ます* means "I walk here." The form *あるいて* states how the coming happens.
This contrasts with *じどうしゃで がっこうに 来ます*, coming to school by car.
Two possible methods
*かん字を 書いて ならいますか、 見て ならいますか* contrasts learning kanji by writing with learning by looking.
The answer *書いて ならいます* chooses writing as the method.
- 115
あなたはじどうしゃでがっこうにきますか。
Do you come to school by car?
あなたyouはtopicじどうcarしゃcarでbyがっこうschoolにto来comeますpoliteか。question - 116
いいえ、わたくしはあるいてきます。
No, I walk here.
いいえ、no私Iはtopicあるいwalkてwalk来come hereます。polite - 117
せんせいはたっておしえますか、こしかけておしえますか。
Does the teacher teach standing up or sitting down?
先生teacherはtopicたっstandingてstandingおしえteachますpoliteか、questionこしかけsittingてsittingおしえteachますpoliteか。question - 118
たいていのせんせいはこしかけておしえます。
Most teachers teach sitting down.
大ていmostのof先生teachersはtopicこしかけsittingてsittingおしえteachます。polite - 119
あなたはかんじをかいてならいますか、みてならいますか。
Do you learn kanji by writing them or by looking at them?
あなたyouはtopicかん字kanjiをobject書いby writingてby writingならいlearnますpoliteか、question見by lookingてby lookingならいlearnますpoliteか。question - 120
わたくしはかんじをかいてならいます。
I learn kanji by writing them.
私Iはtopicかん字kanjiをobject書いby writingてby writingならいlearnます。polite
Plain and polite past · Pattern 4 1 of 3
Past identities and descriptions
*私は この がっこうの 生徒でした* means "I was a student at this school." The ending *でした* marks the past.
*この はなは きれい でした* means "This flower was beautiful."
Past negative forms
*私は ぐん人では ありませんでした* means "I was not a serviceman." *私は 行きませんでした* means "I did not go."
- 121
わたくしはぐんじんでした。
I was a soldier.
私Iはtopicぐsoldierんsoldier人soldierでしisた。past - 122
あのかたはくうぐんのしょうこうでした。
That person was an Air Force officer.
あのthat方personはtopicくうAir ForceぐAir ForceんAir Forceのofしょうこうofficerでしisた。past - 123
わたくしはこのがっこうのせいとでした。
I was a student at this school.
私Iはtopicこのthisがっこうschoolのof生徒studentでしisた。past - 124
きのうはげつようびでした。
Yesterday was Monday.
昨日yesterdayはtopic月曜Monday日Mondayでしisた。past - 125
このほんはにひゃくえんでした。
This book was two hundred yen.
このthis本bookはtopic二百two hundred円yenでしisた。past - 126
このはなはきれいでした。
This flower was beautiful.
このthisはなflowerはtopicきれいbeautifulでしisた。past - 127
わたくしはぐんじんではありませんでした。
I was not a serviceman.
私Iはtopicぐservicemanんserviceman人servicemanでisはtopicありexistませpoliteんnotでしisた。past - 128
わたくしはいきませんでした。
I did not go.
私Iはtopic行きgoませpoliteんnotでしisた。past
- 二百
- 200
- はな
- flower
Asking about past facts · Pattern 4 2 of 3
Past questions and answers
*あなたは しょうこうでしたか* means "Were you an officer?" The negative answer ends in *ありませんでした*.
*その本は いくらでしたか* asks the former price. *千五百円でした* answers "It was fifteen hundred yen."
A past fact as the reason
*昨日は 土曜日でしたから、 行きません でした* means "I did not go because yesterday was Saturday." The past fact comes before *から*.
- 129
あなたはしょうこうでしたか。
Were you an officer?
あなたyouはtopicしょうこうofficerでしisたpastか。question - 130
いいえ、わたくしはしょうこうではありませんでした。
No, I was not an officer.
いいえ、no私Iはtopicしょうこうofficerでisはtopicありexistませpoliteんnotでしisた。past - 131
そのほんはいくらでしたか。
How much was that book?
そのthat本bookはtopicいくらhow muchでしisたpastか。question - 132
せんごひゃくえんでした。
It was fifteen hundred yen.
千one thousand五百five hundred円yenでしisた。past - 133
あなたはなぜきのうがっこうへいきませんでしたか。
Why did you not go to school yesterday?
あなたyouはtopicなぜwhy昨日yesterdayがっこうschoolへtoward行きgoませpoliteんnotでしisたpastか。question - 134
きのうはどようびでしたから、いきませんでした。
I did not go because yesterday was Saturday.
昨日yesterdayはtopic土曜Saturday日Saturdayでしisたpastから、because行きgoませpoliteんnotでしisた。past - 135
あのかたはいいひとです。
That person is a good person.
あのthat方personはtopicいいgood人personです。is - 136
これはあかいはなです。
This is a red flower.
これthisはtopicあかいredはなflowerです。is
- 千
- 1,000
- 五百
- 500
- なぜ
- why?
- いい
- good (See Gram. Notes)
Positive and negative descriptions · Pattern 4 3 of 3
Present descriptions
*あの町は きれいです* means "That town is beautiful." *山本さんは 先生です* means "Mr. Yamamoto is a teacher."
These present forms contrast with past predicates ending in *DESHITA*.
Present negatives
*あんまり おそくは ありません* means "It is not very late." *まどを あけません* means "I will not open the window."
- 137
あのまちはきれいです。
That town is beautiful.
あのthat町townはtopicきれいbeautifulです。is - 138
きょうはなにもたべません。
I will not eat anything today.
今日todayはtopic何anythingもalsoたべeatませpoliteん。not - 139
ちっともしりません。
I do not know at all.
ちっともat all知りknowませpoliteん。not - 140
あんまりおそくはありません。
It is not very late.
あんまりveryおそくlateはtopicありisませpoliteん。not - 141
まどをあけません。
I will not open the window.
まどwindowをobjectあけopenませpoliteん。not - 142
やまもとさんはせんせいです。
Mr. Yamamoto is a teacher.
山本YamamotoさんMr.はtopic先生teacherです。is
- 町
- town
- おそく
- late (adverbial form of OSOI, be late, be slow)
Ordering the weekdays · Reading Selection 1 of 3
The week in order
The passage orders the week from Sunday through Saturday. *一シュウ間ノ、 サイショノ日ハ 日曜日デ* begins "The first day of the week is Sunday."
*二番目ノ日ハ 月曜日デ* means "The second day is Monday." The ending *番目* marks its place in the week.
- 143
いちシュウかんノ、サイショノひハにちようびデ、
The first day of the week is Sunday.
一one weekシュウone week間one weekノ、ofサイfirstショfirstノof日dayハtopic日曜Sunday日Sundayデ、is - 144
サイごノひハどようびデス。
The last day is Saturday.
サイlast後lastノof日dayハtopic土曜Saturday日Saturdayデス。is - 145
にばんめノひハげつようびデ、
The second day is Monday.
二second番second目secondノof日dayハtopic月曜Monday日Mondayデ、is - 146
さんばんめノひハかようびデス。
The third day is Tuesday.
三third番third目thirdノof日dayハtopic火曜Tuesday日Tuesdayデス。is - 147
すいようびハよんばんめノひ
Wednesday is the fourth day.
水曜Wednesday日Wednesdayハtopic四fourth番fourth目fourthノof日day - 148
デス。
It is.
デス。is - 149
もくようびハきんようびノまえノひデス。
Thursday is the day before Friday.
木曜Thursday日Thursdayハtopic金曜Friday日Fridayノof前beforeノof日dayデス。is
- 前
- before, front
Weekends at home and town · Reading Selection 2 of 3
Days away from school
The passage describes Saturdays and Sundays at home and in town. *ガッコウヘ 行カナイ日ハ、 土曜日ト 日曜日デス* names the days without school.
The informal negative clause *ガッコウヘ 行カナイ* comes before *日*.
Linked weekend actions
*アル時ハ 町ニ行ッテ、イロイロノモノヲ カイマス* means "Sometimes I go into town and buy various things." The form ending in *テ* links going with buying.
- 150
わたくしタチノ
Our
私weタチweノ's - 151
ガッコウヘいカナイひハ、どようびトにちようびデス。
The days we do not go to school are Saturday and Sunday.
ガッコウschoolヘtoward行goカナイnot日dayハ、topic土曜Saturday日Saturdayトand日曜Sunday日Sundayデス。is - 152
わたくしハどようびニハウチニいテ、ハタラキマス。
On Saturdays, I stay home and work.
私Iハtopic土曜Saturday日Saturdayニonハtopicウhomeチhomeニat居stayテ、stayハタラキマス。work - 153
アルときハまちニいッテ、イロイロノモノヲカイマス。
Sometimes I go into town and buy various things.
アsomeルsome時timesハtopic町townニto行goッテ、goイロイロノモノヲvarious thingsカイbuyマス。polite - 154
にちようびニハあさすこシオソクオキマス。
On Sundays, I get up a little late in the morning.
日曜Sunday日Sundayニonハtopic朝morning少a littleシa littleオソクlateオキマス。get up - 155
きテイマス。
I am here.
来am hereテイマス。am here - 156
あしたハもくようびデスカラ、ワヤクノ
Since tomorrow is Thursday, the Japanese translation
明日tomorrowハtopic木曜Thursday日Thursdayデsince it isスカラ、since it isワヤクノJapanese translation
Homework and character review · Reading Selection 3 of 3
Writing, bringing, and correcting
The passage describes written exercises brought for correction. *レンシュウモンダイヲ カミニ書イテ モッテ来マス* means "I will write the practice exercises on paper and bring them."
The form *書イテ* links writing with bringing.
Work on the previous day
*昨日ハ 火曜日デシタ* means "Yesterday was Tuesday." The ending *デシタ* marks the past.
*昨日ハ カン字ヲ タクサン ナライマシタ* means "Yesterday, I learned a lot of kanji." *今 ソレヲ フクシュウシテ イマス* means "I am reviewing them now."
- 157
レンシュウモンダイヲカミニかイテモッテきマス。
I will write the practice exercises on paper and bring them.
レンシュウモンダイヲpractice exercisesカミpaperニon書writeイテwriteモbringッテbring来bringマス。bring - 158
せんせいハソレヲよンデナオシマス。
The teacher will read them and correct them.
先生teacherハtopicソレthemヲobject読readンreadデreadナオシマス。correct - 159
きのうハかようびデシタ。
Yesterday was Tuesday.
昨日yesterdayハtopic火曜Tuesday日Tuesdayデシisタ。past - 160
きのうハカンじヲタクサンナライマシタ。
Yesterday, I learned a lot of kanji.
昨日yesterdayハtopicカンkanji字kanjiヲobjectタクa lotサンa lotナライマシタ。learned - 161
いまソレヲフクシュウシテイマス。
I am reviewing them now.
今nowソレthemヲobjectフクシュウシテam reviewingイマス。am reviewing
Weekday and school questions · Questions 1 of 2
Week order and days off
The questions ask for the first, last, and fourth weekdays, then for school days and days off.
*一しゅう間の 四番目の日は 何曜日ですか* means "What day of the week is the fourth day of the week?" An answer names the weekday.
- 162
きょうハすいようびデス。
Today is Wednesday.
今日todayハtopic水曜Wednesday日Wednesdayデス。is - 163
いまガッコウニ
At school now
今nowガッコウschoolニat - 164
いっしゅうかんのさいしょのひはなんようびですか。
What day of the week is the first day of the week?
一one weekしゅうone week間one weekのofさいしょfirstのof日dayはtopic何曜what weekday日what weekdayですisか。question - 165
いっしゅうかんのさいごのひはなんようびですか。
What day of the week is the last day of the week?
一one weekしゅうone week間one weekのofさい後lastのof日dayはtopic何曜what weekday日what weekdayですisか。question - 166
いっしゅうかんのよんばんめのひはなんようびですか。
What day of the week is the fourth day of the week?
一one weekしゅうone week間one weekのof四fourth番fourth目fourthのof日dayはtopic何曜what weekday日what weekdayですisか。question - 167
きんようびはもくようびのまえのひですか。
Is Friday the day before Thursday?
金曜Friday日Fridayはtopic木曜Thursday日Thursdayのof前beforeのof日dayですisか。question - 168
わたくしたちはげつようからきんようまで、がっこうにいきますか。
Do we go to school from Monday through Friday?
私weたちweはtopic月曜Mondayからfrom金曜Fridayまで、throughがっこうschoolにto行きgoますpoliteか。question - 169
わたくしたちががっこうへいかないのはなんようびですか。
What days of the week do we not go to school?
私weたちweがsubjectがっこうschoolへtoward行かgoないnotのthe factはtopic何曜what weekday日what weekdayですisか。question
- まで、
- as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)
Weekend and homework questions · Questions 2 of 2
Weekend work and relative days
The questions ask about Saturday and Sunday actions, tomorrow's paper, Tuesday's study, and yesterday's weekday.
*昨日は 何曜日でしたか* means "What day of the week was yesterday?" An answer gives a weekday with the past ending.
- 170
わたくしはどようびにはうちでなにをしますか。
What do I do at home on Saturdays?
私Iはtopic土曜Saturday日Saturdayにonはtopicうちhomeでat何whatをobjectしdoますpoliteか。question - 171
わたくしがまちへいって、いろいろのものをかうのはにちようびですか。
Is Sunday the day when I go into town and buy various things?
私Iがsubject町townへtoward行っgoて、goいろいろvariousのofものthingsをobject買うbuyのthe timeはtopic日曜Sunday日Sundayですisか。question - 172
わたくしはにちようびにはなにをしますか。
What do I do on Sundays?
私Iはtopic日曜Sunday日Sundayにonはtopic何whatをobjectしdoますpoliteか。question - 173
きょうはなんようびですか。
What day of the week is it today?
今日todayはtopic何曜what weekday日what weekdayですisか。question - 174
あしたはがっこうへなにをもってきますか。
What will I bring to school tomorrow?
明日tomorrowはtopicがっこうschoolへtoward何whatをobjectもっbringてbring来bringますbringか。question - 175
かようびにはなにをたくさんならいましたか。
What did I learn a lot of on Tuesday?
火曜Tuesday日Tuesdayにonはtopic何whatをobjectたくさんa lotならいlearnましpoliteたpastか。question - 176
きのうはなんようびでしたか。
What day of the week was yesterday?
昨日yesterdayはtopic何曜what weekday日what weekdayでしisたpastか。question
- もの
- things (tangible)
- 買う
- to buy
Relative days and week order · Word list 1 of 21
Days around today
These words place days around today and within the week. *一昨日* means "day before yesterday," while *明後日* means "day after tomorrow."
*さいしょ* means "first," *さい後* means "last," and *日曜日* means "Sunday."
- 177
きょう
today
今日today - 178
きのう
yesterday
昨日yesterday - 179
おととい
day before yesterday
一昨日day before yesterday - 180
あした
tomorrow
明日tomorrow - 181
あさって
day after tomorrow
明後日day after tomorrow - 182
しあさって
two days after tomorrow
しあさってtwo days after tomorrow - 183
さきおととい
two days before yesterday
さきおとといtwo days before yesterday - 184
いっしゅうかん
one week
一しゅう間one week - 185
さいしょ
first
さいしょfirst - 186
さいご
last
さい後last - 187
なんようび
what day of the week
何曜日what weekday - 188
にちようび
Sunday
日曜日Sunday
- 一昨日
- day before yesterday
- 明後日
- day after tomorrow
- しあさって
- two days after tomorrow
- さきおととい
- two days before yesterday
- 一しゅう間
- one week
- 何曜日
- what day of the week
- 日曜日
- Sunday
Weekdays, speech and carrying · Word list 2 of 21
Weekdays and actions
The weekday names continue from Monday through Saturday. *月曜日* means "Monday," and *土曜日* means "Saturday."
The action words include *言う*, "to say," and *もって来る*, "to bring." *来ない* is the informal negative "do not come."
- 189
げつようび
Monday
月曜日Monday - 190
かようび
Tuesday
火曜日Tuesday - 191
すいようび
Wednesday
水曜日Wednesday - 192
もくようび
Thursday
木曜日Thursday - 193
きんようび
Friday
金曜日Friday - 194
どようび
Saturday
土曜日Saturday - 195
にばんめ
second (See Gram. Notes)
二番目second - 196
いう
to say
言うsay - 197
もってくる
to bring (inanimate things only)
もって来るbring - 198
もっていく
to take along (inanimate things only)
もって行くtake along - 199
できません
can’t do, is unable
できませんcannot do - 200
こない
do not come (See Gram. Notes)
来ないdo not come
- 月曜日
- Monday
- 火曜日
- Tuesday
- 水曜日
- Wednesday
- 木曜日
- Thursday
- 金曜日
- Friday
- 土曜日
- Saturday
- 二番目
- second (See Gram. Notes)
- 言う
- to say
- もって来る
- to bring (inanimate things only)
- もって行く
- to take along (inanimate things only)
- できません
- can’t do, is unable
- 来ない
- do not come (See Gram. Notes)
Requests, giving and timing · Word list 3 of 21
Requests and time
These words cover requests, giving, and time. *もって来て ください* means "please bring things," and *いつ* means "when?"
*もう* says an action happened before now. *朝* means "morning."
- 201
いってごらんなさい
say please, see if you can say
言ってごらんなさいplease try saying - 202
いけません
it is no good, it is bad
いけませんis no good - 203
もってきてください
please bring (things)
もって来てくださいplease bring - 204
もっていってください
please take along (things)
もって行ってくださいplease take along - 205
いつ
when?
いつwhen? - 206
もう
already (See Gram. Notes)
もうalready - 207
あげます
I’ll give you or him
あげますwill give - 208
あげる
to give
あげるto give - 209
アラスカ
Alaska
アラスカAlaska - 210
ある
certain,some
あるsome - 211
あさ
morning
朝morning - 212
あさはん
breakfast
朝はんbreakfast
- 言ってごらんなさい
- say please, see if you can say
- いけません
- it is no good, it is bad
- もって来てください
- please bring (things)
- もって行ってください
- please take along (things)
- いつ
- when?
- あげます
- I'll give you or him (See Gram. Notes)
- あげる
- to give
- アラスカ
- Alaska
- ある
- certain, some
- 朝はん
- breakfast
Meals, play and study · Word list 4 of 21
Meals and plans
These words cover meals, play, study, and days ahead. *朝めし* means "breakfast," and *明日* means "tomorrow."
*あそぶ* means "to play." *べんきょう する* means "to study." *明後日* means "day after tomorrow."
- 213
あさめし
breakfast
朝めしbreakfast - 214
あさって
day after tomorrow
明後日day after tomorrow - 215
あした
tomorrow
明日tomorrow - 216
あそびます
I’ll play
あそびますwill play - 217
あそぶ
to play
あそぶto play - 218
あたらしい
new
あたらしいnew - 219
あとで
after, afterwards
後でafterwards - 220
ばん
evening, night
ばんevening - 221
バス
bus
バスbus - 222
べんきょうします
I’ll study
べんきょうしますwill study - 223
べんきょうする
to study
べんきょうするto study - 224
ちかい
near, close
近いnear
- あそびます
- I’ll play
- あそぶ
- to play (v.i.)
- あたらしい
- new
- 後で
- after, afterwards
- バス
- bus
- べんきょうします
- I’ll study
- べんきょうする
- to study (v.t.)
- 近い
- near, close
Transport, ability and choices · Word list 5 of 21
Transport and choices
These words cover vehicles, ability, and choosing. *でんしゃ* means "electric train, streetcar," and *できません* means "can't do, is unable."
*どの* means "which." *でる* means "to go out," and *でて* is the form that ends in *て*.
- 225
だい
counter for vehicles and machinery
だいcounter for vehicles - 226
ダイアログ
dialogue
ダイアログdialogue - 227
だれか
somebody
だれかsomebody - 228
だれもーん
nobody
だれもーんnobody - 229
で
in, within
でin - 230
できません
can’t do, is unable
できませんcannot do - 231
でんしゃ
electric train, streetcar
でんしゃelectric train - 232
でる
to go out
でるto go out - 233
でて
TE-ending of DERU
でてgo out - 234
どの
which
どのwhich - 235
どのぐらい
how much, how far
どのぐらいhow much - 236
どうし
verbs
どうしverbs
- だい
- counter for counting vehicles and machineries (See Notes)
- だれか
- somebody, someone
- だれもーん
- nobody
- でんしゃ
- electric train, streetcar
- でる
- to go out (v.i.)
- でて
- TE-ending of DERU
- どの
- which (pre-substantive) (See Notes)
- どのぐらい
- how much, how far, how many (See Grammar Notes)
- どうし
- verbs
Money, afternoons and used books · Word list 6 of 21
Money and used books
These words cover money, study, and used books. *円* means "yen," while *ふくしゅう* means "review."
*古本* means "used book," and *古本屋* means "used bookstore." *げた* means "wooden clogs."
- 237
どれ
which one
どれwhich one - 238
ドル
dollar
ドルdollar - 239
どようび
Saturday
土曜日Saturday - 240
えいやく
translation into English
えいやくtranslation into English - 241
えん
yen
円yen - 242
ふくしゅう
review
ふくしゅうreview - 243
ふん
minute
分minute - 244
ふるほん
used book
古本used book - 245
ふるほんや
used bookstore
古本屋used bookstore - 246
ふるい
old, antique
古いold - 247
げた
wooden clogs
げたwooden clogs - 248
げつようび
Monday
月曜日Monday
- どれ
- which (of three or more) (See Grammar Notes)
- ドル
- dollar
- えいやく
- translation into English
- ふくしゅう
- review
- 分
- minute
- 古本
- secondhand book, used book
- 古本屋
- secondhand (used) bookshop
- 古い
- old, antique
- げた
- wooden clogs
Mornings, clothing and beginnings · Word list 7 of 21
Time and beginnings
These words cover time, footwear, beginnings, and payment. *午前* means "A. M., morning," and *午後* means "P. M., afternoon."
*はく* means "to wear on feet or legs." *はじまる* means "begins, starts," while *はじめる* means "to begin, start."
- 249
ごご
P. M., afternoon
午後afternoon - 250
ごろ
about
頃about - 251
ごぜん
A. M., morning
午前morning - 252
ぐらい
about
ぐらいabout - 253
はいています
is wearing--; has -- on
はいていますis wearing - 254
はじまります
begins
はじまりますbegins - 255
はじまる
begins, starts
はじまるbegins - 256
はじめます
I’ll begin
はじめますwill begin - 257
はじめる
to begin, start
はじめるto begin - 258
はく
to wear (on feet or legs)
はくwear on lower body - 259
はらいます
I’ll pay
はらいますwill pay - 260
はらう
to pay
はらうto pay
- 午後
- p.m., afternoon
- 頃
- approximate point of time (See Gram. Notes)
- 午前
- a.m., morning
- ぐらい
- about
- はいています
- is wearing--; has -- on
- はじまります
- begins
- はじまる
- begins, starts (v.i.)
- はじめます
- I’ll begin
- はじめる
- to begin, to start (v.t)
- はく
- to wear (on feet or legs)
- はらいます
- I'll pay.
- はらう
- to pay
Work, lunch and long objects · Word list 8 of 21
Work and counted objects
These words cover work, transport, meals, and objects. *はたらく* means "to work," and *はたらいて* is its linked form.
*ひこうき* means "airplane." *本* is the counter for long, slender objects, while *本屋* means "bookstore."
- 261
はたらいて
TE-ending of HATARAKU
はたらいてwork - 262
はたらく
to work
はたらくto work - 263
はつおん
pronunciation
はつおんpronunciation - 264
はやい
first, quick, early
はやいearly - 265
ひこうき
airplane
ひこうきairplane - 266
ひるはん
lunch, noon meal
ひるはんlunch - 267
ひるめし
lunch, noon meal
ひるめしlunch - 268
ほかの
other
ほかのother - 269
ほん
counter for long, slender objects
本long-object counter - 270
ほんや
bookstore
本屋bookstore - 271
いちばん
number one, the most
一番number one - 272
いえ
house, home
家house
- はたらいて
- TE-ending of HATARAKU
- はたらく
- to work (v.i.)
- はつおん
- pronunciation
- はやい
- fast, quick, early
- ひこうき
- airplane
- ひるはん
- lunch, noon meal
- ほかの
- other
- 本屋
- bookshop
- 一番
- number one (See Grammar Notes)
- 家
- house, home
Quantity, time and vehicles · Word list 9 of 21
Quantity and time
These words cover quantities, transport, and time. *一き* means "one plane," and *いくら* means "how much, how many."
*一昨日* means "day before yesterday." *時間* means "hour, time," and *じしゅう* means "self-study."
- 273
いけません
it is not good
いけませんis not good - 274
いっき
one plane
一きone plane - 275
いくら
how much, how many
いくらhow much - 276
おととい
day before yesterday
一昨日day before yesterday - 277
いちしゅうかん
one week
一しゅう間one week - 278
いつ
when?
いつwhen - 279
いつも
always, at all times
いつもalways - 280
いってごらんなさい
say please; see if you can say
言ってごらんなさいplease try saying it - 281
いう
to say
言うto say - 282
じどうしゃ
car, automobile
じどうしゃcar - 283
じかん
hour, time
時間time - 284
じしゅう
self-study
じしゅうself-study
- 一き
- one plane
- いつも
- always, at all times
- じどうしゃ
- car, automobile
- 時間
- hour, time
- じしゅう
- self-study
Clothing, study and conversation · Word list 10 of 21
Study, clothing, and buying
These words cover self-study, clothing, buying, conversation, and cost. *じしゅうする* means "to study by oneself," and *かぶる* means "to wear on the head."
*買います* means "I'll buy." The two entries for *から* mean "because, since" and "after."
- 285
じしゅうする
to study by oneself
じしゅうするstudy by oneself - 286
じょし
particles
じょしparticles - 287
カーメル
Carmel
カーメルCarmel - 288
かぶる
to wear (on head)
かぶるwear on head - 289
かぶっています
is wearing, has -- on
かぶっていますis wearing - 290
かいます
I’ll buy
買いますwill buy - 291
かいわ
conversation
かいわconversation - 292
かかります
to cost, take
かかりますcost or take - 293
かきかた
writing, method of writing, how to write
書き方how to write - 294
から
because, since
からbecause - 295
から
after
からafter - 296
かう
to buy
買うto buy
- じしゅうする
- to study by oneself
- じょし
- particle
- カーメル
- Carmel
- かぶる
- to wear (on head)
- かぶっています
- is wearing, has -- on
- 買います
- I'll buy.
- かいわ
- conversation
- かかります
- polite form of KAKARU (v.i.), to take, to cost
- 書き方
- writing, how to write; method of writing (See Grammar Notes)
Family, practice and houses · Word list 11 of 21
Family and practice
These words cover family, practice, and counting. *家ぞく* means "family," and *けいこする* means "to practice."
*けん* is the counter for houses, and *き* is the counter for airplanes. *金曜日* means "Friday."
- 297
かようび
Tuesday
火曜日Tuesday - 298
かぞく
family
家ぞくfamily - 299
けいこ
practice
けいこpractice - 300
けいこする
to practice
けいこするto practice - 301
けん
counter for houses
けんcounter for houses - 302
けれども
however
けれどもhowever - 303
き
tree, wood
木tree or wood - 304
き
counter for airplanes
きcounter for airplanes - 305
きもの
kimono
きものkimono - 306
きのう
yesterday
昨日yesterday - 307
きんようび
Friday
金曜日Friday - 308
キロ
kilometer
キロkilometer
- 家ぞく
- family
- けいこ
- practice
- けいこする
- to practice
- けん
- numerical counter for houses (See Gram. Notes)
- けれども
- however
- 木
- tree, wood
- き
- counter for airplanes (See Gram. Notes)
- きもの
- KIMONO
- キロ
- kilometer
Clothing, answers and shoes · Word list 12 of 21
Clothing and answers
These words cover clothing, answers, and ability. *きる* means "to wear," and *くつ* means "shoes."
*こたえる* means "to answer." *--ことが できます* means "can --." *来ない* means "do not come."
- 309
きる
to wear
きるwear - 310
きしゃ
train
きしゃtrain - 311
きています
is wearing, has -- on
きていますis wearing - 312
こない
do not come
来ないdo not come - 313
きょう
today
今日today - 314
こたえる
to answer
こたえるanswer - 315
--ことができます
can --
--ことができますcan - 316
ください
please give me
くださいplease give me - 317
くつ
shoes
くつshoes - 318
きょう
today
今日today - 319
まち
town
町town - 320
まちがい
error, mistake
間ちがいmistake
- きる
- to wear (v.t.)
- きしゃ
- train
- きています
- is wearing, has -- on
- こたえる
- to answer (v.i.)
- --ことができます
- can --
- ください
- please give me (See Gram. Notes)
- 間ちがい
- mistake, error
Distance, roads and showing · Word list 13 of 21
Roads and showing
These words cover distance, roads, and showing. *道* means "road," and *道ばた* means "roadside, by the road."
*見せる* means "to show." *--も--も します* means "do both -- and," while its negative means "do neither--nor."
- 321
まえ
before, in front of
前before or in front - 322
まいあさ
every morning
まい朝every morning - 323
マイル
mile
マイルmile - 324
メートル
meter
メートルmeter - 325
みち
road
道road - 326
みちばた
roadside, by the road
道ばたroadside - 327
みせる
to show
見せるshow - 328
みせてください
please show me
見せてくださいplease show me - 329
もくようび
Thursday
木曜日Thursday - 330
--も--もしません
do neither--nor
--も--もしませんdo neither nor - 331
--も--もします
do both -- and
--も--もしますdo both and - 332
もんどう
question and answer
もんどうquestion and answer
- まい朝
- every morning
- マイル
- mile
- メートル
- meter
- 道
- road, street
- 道ばた
- by the road, roadside
- 見せる
- to show (v.t.)
- 見せてください
- please show me (See Grammar Notes)
- --も--もしません
- do neither--nor
- --も--もします
- do both -- and
- もんどう
- question and answer, dialogue
Bringing, quantities and objects · Word list 14 of 21
Carrying and counting
These words cover carrying and future days. *もって行く* means "to take," and *もって来る* means "to bring."
*何本* asks how many long objects, while *何だい* asks how many vehicles or machines. *明日* means "tomorrow."
- 333
もう
already
もうalready - 334
もっていく
to take
もって行くtake along - 335
もっていってください
please take along
もって行ってくださいplease take along - 336
もってきてください
please bring it
もって来てくださいplease bring it - 337
もってくる
to bring
もって来るbring - 338
あさって
day after tomorrow
明後日day after tomorrow - 339
あした
tomorrow
明日tomorrow - 340
なんほん
how many (long objects)
何本how many long objects - 341
なんだい
how many (vehicles and machinery)
何だいhow many vehicles - 342
なんか
something
何かsomething - 343
なんじ
what time
何時what time - 344
なんさつ
how many (volumes)
何さつhow many volumes
- 何本
- how many (long objects)?
- 何だい
- how many(vehicles, machineries)?
- 何か
- something (See Gram. Notes)
- 何時
- what time
- 何さつ
- how many (volumes)?
Weekdays, reasons and corrections · Word list 15 of 21
Weekdays and reasons
These words cover weekdays, reasons, and correction. *何曜日* means "what day of the week," and *日曜日* means "Sunday."
*なぜ* means "why." *なおす* covers correcting and repairing. *おぼえる* means "to memorize, remember."
- 345
なんようび
what day of the week
何曜日what weekday - 346
なおす
to correct; repair
なおすcorrect or repair - 347
なぜ
why
なぜwhy - 348
に
at
にat - 349
にばんめ
second
二番目second - 350
にちようび
Sunday
日曜日Sunday - 351
ニューヨーク
New York
ニューヨークNew York - 352
を
place of locomotive action
をobject - 353
おぼえる
to memorize, remember
おぼえるmemorize - 354
おきます
I’ll get up
おきますwill get up - 355
おきる
to get up, rise
おきるget up - 356
おこさん
child, children
お子さんchild
- なおす
- to correct, mend, repair (v.t.)
- ニューヨーク
- New York
- おきます
- polite form of OKU (v.t.) to put
- お子さん
- child, children
Endings, practice and order · Word list 16 of 21
Practice and sequence
These words cover endings, practice, and order. *おわる* means "to end," and *れんしゅう する* means "to practice."
*さいしょ* means "first," and *さい後* means "last." *さきおととい* means "two days before yesterday."
- 357
おもう
to think
思うthink - 358
おそく
late
おそくlate - 359
おととい
day before yesterday
一昨日day before yesterday - 360
おわります
ends
おわりますends - 361
おわる
to end (v.i.)
おわるend - 362
れんしゅう
practice, drill
れんしゅうpractice - 363
れんしゅうもんだい
drill problems
れんしゅうもんだいdrill problems - 364
れんしゅうする
to practice
れんしゅうするpractice - 365
さいご
last
さい後last - 366
さいしょ
first
さいしょfirst - 367
さきおととい
2 days before yesterday
さきおとといtwo days before yesterday - 368
きのう
yesterday
昨日yesterday
- 思う
- to think
- おわります
- ends
- おわる
- ends (v.i.)
- れんしゅう
- practice, drill
- れんしゅうもんだい
- drill problems (See Grammar Notes)
- れんしゅうする
- to practice
Counters, strolling and knowledge · Word list 17 of 21
Counting and asking
These words cover counters, strolling, and questions. *三ば* means "three birds," and *三げん* means "three houses."
*さんぽする* means "to stroll." *しつもんする* means "to ask questions," while *知る* means "to know."
- 369
さんば
three birds
三ばthree birds - 370
さんげん
three houses
三げんthree houses - 371
さんぽ
stroll
さんぽstroll - 372
さんぽする
to stroll
さんぽするstroll - 373
サンタクルーズ
Santa Cruz
サンタクルーズSanta Cruz - 374
さつ
counter for books
さつbook counter - 375
しあさって
2 days after tomorrow
しあさってtwo days after tomorrow - 376
しちじすぎ
past seven o’clock
七時すぎpast seven o'clock - 377
しる
to know
知るknow - 378
しています
is doing
していますis doing - 379
しつもん
question
しつもんquestion - 380
しつもんする
to ask questions
しつもんするask questions
- 三ば
- three birds
- 三げん
- three houses
- さんぽ
- strolling
- さんぽする
- to stroll (v.i.)
- サンタクルーズ
- Santa Cruz
- さつ
- numerical counter for counting books (See Grammar Notes)
- 七時すぎ
- past seven o'clock
- 知る
- to know (v.t.)
- しています
- is doing
- しつもん
- question
- しつもんする
- to ask questions
Knowledge, sequence and sitting · Word list 18 of 21
Knowledge and position
These words cover knowledge, sequence, and position. *知っています* means "I know," and *そうすると* means "then, if you do that."
*すわる* means "to squat down." *すわって* is the form that ends in *て*. *そと* means "outside."
- 381
しっています
I know
知っていますI know - 382
そうすると
then, if you do that
そうするとthen - 383
そら
sky
そらsky - 384
そと
outside
そとoutside - 385
そっち
that one
そっちthat one - 386
すぎ
past, after
すぎpast - 387
すぐ
right away, immediately
すぐright away - 388
すいようび
Wednesday
水曜日Wednesday - 389
すわる
to squat down, sit
すわるsit - 390
すわって
TE-ending of SUWARU
すわってsit - 391
たまに
rarely, once in a while
たまにonce in a while - 392
たります
is enough
たりますis enough
- 知っています
- know (See Gram. Notes)
- そうすると
- then, if you do that
- そら
- sky
- そっち
- than one
- すぎ
- past, after
- すぐ
- right away, immediately
- すわる
- to sit with legs crossed or folded
- すわって
- TE-ending of SUWARU
- たまに
- rarely, once in a while
- たります
- polite form of TARU
Buildings, flight and tool use · Word list 19 of 21
Flight and tool use
These words cover buildings, flight, and time. *たてもの* means "building," and *とぶ* means "to fly."
*使い方* means "usage, method of using," while *使う* means "to use, employ." *うでどけい* means "wristwatch."
- 393
たる
to suffice
たるsuffice - 394
たてもの
building
たてものbuilding - 395
とぶ
to fly
とぶfly - 396
とき
time
時time - 397
ときどき
sometimes, occasionally
時々sometimes - 398
とんでいます
is flying
とんでいますis flying - 399
とおい
far
遠いfar - 400
つかいかた
usage, method of using
使い方how to use - 401
つかう
to use, employ
使うuse - 402
うち
home, house
うちhome - 403
うでどけい
wristwatch
うでどけいwristwatch - 404
わ
counter for birds
わbird counter
- たる
- to suffice (v.i.) to be sufficient
- たてもの
- building
- とぶ
- to fly (v.i.)
- とんでいます
- is flying
- 遠い
- far
- 使い方
- usage, how to use, method of using
- 使う
- to use, employ
- うでどけい
- wristwatch
- わ
- counter for birds (See Gram. Notes)
Translation, rest and reading · Word list 20 of 21
Translation and reading
These words cover translation, rest, and reading. *わやく* means "translation into Japanese," and *やくす* means "to translate."
*やすむ* means "to rest, retire." *読み方* means "reading, how to read," while *よく* means "well, often, thoroughly."
- 405
わやく
translation into Japanese
わやくJapanese translation - 406
やく
about
やくabout - 407
やくす
to translate
やくすtranslate - 408
やま
mountain
山mountain - 409
やすみます
I’ll retire; I go to bed
やすみますgo to bed - 410
やすむ
to rest, retire
やすむrest - 411
よびます
I’ll call
よびますwill call - 412
よぶ
to call
よぶcall - 413
よく
well, often, thoroughly
よくwell - 414
よみかた
reading, how to read
読み方how to read - 415
ようふく
suit, western-style clothes
ようふくWestern-style clothes - 416
ようかん
western-style building
ようかんWestern-style building
- わやく
- translation into Japanese
- やく
- approximately (See Grammar Notes)
- やくす
- to translate (v.t.)
- 山
- mountain
- やすみます
- I’ll retire; I go to bed
- やすむ
- to rest, to retire (v.i.)
- よびます
- I’ll call
- よぶ
- to call (v.t.)
- 読み方
- reading, how to read, method of reading (See Grammar Notes)
- ようふく
- suit, western-style clothes
- ようかん
- western-style building
Evening study and relative days · Word list 21 of 21
Evening study and relative days
These words cover evening study, meals, footwear, carrying, and relative days. *よしゅうする* means "to prepare the lesson."
*ゆうはん* means "supper, evening meal." *ぞうり* means "sandal, slipper."
*明後日は 金曜日です* places the day after tomorrow on Friday. *一昨日は 日曜日でした* places the day before yesterday on Sunday.
The future-day line uses *です*. The past-day line uses *でした*.
- 417
よる
night, evening
夜night - 418
よしゅう
preparation, study in advance
よしゅうadvance preparation - 419
よしゅうする
to prepare the lesson
よしゅうするprepare the lesson - 420
ゆうはん
supper, evening meal
ゆうはんevening meal - 421
ぞうり
sandal, slipper
ぞうりsandal - 422
あさってはきんようびです。
day after tomorrow
明後日は金曜日です。day after tomorrow - 423
しあさってはどようびです。
2 days after tomorrow
しあさっては土曜日です。two days after tomorrow - 424
おとといはにちようびでした。
day before yesterday
一昨日は日曜日でした。day before yesterday - 425
さきおとといはどようびでした。
2 days before yesterday
さきおとといは土曜日でした。two days before yesterday - 426
もってくる
to bring
もって来るbring - 427
もっていく
to take
もって行くtake
- よしゅう
- preparation, study in advance
- よしゅうする
- to prepare the lesson
- ゆうはん
- supper, evening meal
- ぞうり
- sandal, slipper
- 明後日は金曜日です。
- day after tomorrow
- しあさっては土曜日です。
- 2 days after tomorrow
- 一昨日は日曜日でした。
- day before yesterday
- さきおとといは土曜日でした。
- 2 days before yesterday
The particulars
- The course
- Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours.
- Reading aloud
- Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
- The book
- Botchan, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
- Data
- JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents