Japanese · Lesson 57
Lesson 57
Kanji and everyday Japanese
Shopping for furniture · Dialogue 1 of 3
An empty house needs furniture
A couple has rented a Japanese-style house and wants to buy furniture. Their friend asks, *どんな 物が いるのですか*, "What kind of things do you need?"
The answer says, *いすも なければ 食たくも ないし*, "We have neither a chair nor a dining table." The repeated *も* marks the two missing items.
A question ending
In *どんな 物が いるのですか*, the particle *の* helps ask what things are needed. Interrogative *の* can ask a question like *か*.
The voice usually rises on interrogative *の*.
Kanji: 借, 具, 置
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
Kanji: 有
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 1
きょうはおそろいでかいものですか。
Are you shopping together today?
今日todayはtopicおtogetherそろいtogetherでtogether買物shoppingですisか。question - 2
じつはにほんふうのいえをかりることにしたので、かぐをかいたいとおもって。
The fact is that since we decided to rent a Japanese-style house, we thought we would buy furniture, so ----
実the factはtopic日本Japanese style風Japanese styleのof家houseをobject借りるrent事decisionにtoしdoたpastのbecauseで、because家具furnitureをobject買いbuyたいwant toとquote思っthoughtて。thought - 3
ああ、そうですか。
Oh, is that right?
ああ、ohそうrightですisか。question - 4
よいかぐやをごぞんじですか。
Do you know a good furniture store?
よいgood家具furniture store屋furniture storeをobject御knowぞんじknowですisか。question - 5
どんなものがいるのですか。
What kind of things do you need?
どんなwhat kind of物thingsがsubjectいるneedのthatですisか。question - 6
いすもなければしょくたくもないし、とこのまのおきものもなければかけものもないありさまですよ。
It is such that we have neither a chair nor eating table and furthermore, neither decorative articles nor hanging scrolls for the alcove.
いすchairもalsoなけれnot haveばnot have食dining tableたくdining tableもalsoないnot haveし、furthermore床の間alcoveのof置き物decorative articleもalsoなけれnot haveばnot haveかけ物hanging scrollもalsoないnot have有様situationですisよ。I tell you
---MO NAKEREBA --- MO NAI
The sentence pattern A + MO NAKEREBA + B + MO NAI expresses the idea of 'there is neither A nor B' where A and B represent nouns.
Examples:
HON MO NAKEREBA ZASSHI MO NAI. "There is neither a book nor a magazine."
KAKEMONO MO NAKEREBA OKIMONO MO NAI. "We have neither a hanging scroll nor a decorative article."
KU-form of I-adjective + MO NAKEREBA + KU-form of I-adjective + MO NAI expresses the idea of "It is neither --- nor ---."
Examples:
ATSUKU MO NAKEREBA SAMUKU MO NAI. "It is neither hot nor cold."
HAYAKU MO NAKEREBA OSOKU MO NAI. "It is neither early nor late."
Noun + MO TABENAKEREBA + noun + MO TABENAI.
"I eat neither such-and-such nor such-and-such."
Examples:
WATAKUSHI WA SAKANA MO TABENAKEREBA NIKU MO TABENAI. "I eat neither fish nor meat."
HON MO YOMANAKEREBA ZASSHI MO YOMANAI. "I read neither books nor magazines."
Note:
To make the expression into past tense, just change the final adjective or the verb into past tense.--TO IU NO DEWA ARIMASEN(NAI)
Following the basic form of verbs both negative and affirmative, the basic form of I-adjectives, NA-adjectives, and pronouns, TO IU NO DEWA ARIMASEN expresses the idea of "It doesn't mean that ---," or "I don't mean that I do (or don't do) such-and-such," or "It isn't that ---."
Examples:
IMA KAWANAKEREBA NARANAI TO IU NO DEWA ARIMASEN. "It doesn't mean that I have to buy it now."
IMA IKU TO IU NO DEWA NAI. "It doesn't mean that I am going now."
ANATA TO IU NO DEWA ARIMASEN. "I don't mean you."
NIHONGO WA YASASHII TO IU NO DEWA ARIMASEN. "It doesn't mean that Japanese is easy."--TO IU WAKE
Following the basic form of verbs and I-adjectives, NA-adjectives, and pronouns, TO IU WAKE means "It means that ---," "It means ---."
Examples:
MOO AITAKUNAI TO IU WAKE DESHOO. "It probably means that he doesn't want to see you any more."
ANATA WA NAN DEMO TABERU TO IU WAKE DESU NE. "It means that you eat anything, isn't that right?"
NIHONGO WA YASASHII TO IU WAKE DESU KA. "Does it mean that Japanese is easy?"
IE NO NAKA WA KARA TO IU WAKE DESU. "It means that the house is empty."Emphatic NO
The particle NO is sometimes used by women in mild insistence. This NO is pronounced in a falling tone.
KIREI DESU NO. "It is pretty."
SOO NAN DESU NO. "It is so, you see."
KYOO WA MIRU DAKE NI SHITEMO IIN DESU NO. "We may just look today."Interrogative NO
The particle NO is sometimes used as an interrogative particle just like KA. This NO is usually pronounced in a rising tone.
Examples:
DOKO E IKU NO. "Where are you going?"
NANI O SHITERU NO. "What are you doing?"
KYOO MACHI E IKU NO. "Are you going to town today?"
Note:
Depending on the intonation of NO, KYOO MACHI E IKU NO could mean "I'm going to town today" if NO falls and "Are you going to town today" if NO rises.KOTATSU
KOTATSU, a foot warmer, is constructed by cutting open a TATAMI and the boarded floor beneath it, making a space of about 1.5 feet to 3 feet square and lining it with stone or other materials to hold a sort of firebox which will contain ash and charcoal. Over this "built-in" hearth is put a
wooden frame supported by four pillars, which is in turn covered with a large quilt. KOTATSU are convenient because at least four persons can sit in it with their feet on the boarded floor, as if sitting on chairs. During the warm seasons the wooden frame is removed and the opening is neatly covered with a small mat or lid made to fit it. However, electric and infrared lamp KOTATSU are found in many homes in present day Japan.HIBACHI
While foreign-style houses are heated with a stove or fireplace, the Japanese normally do not warm their houses. Strictly speaking, they have no heaters for their rooms. The HIBACHI (literally, fire-basin) or fire-brazier is the only heater provided in a Japanese room, but it is used more for warming the hands than the room itself. The HIBACHI looks cozy and it is considered to be typically home-like in Japan to have all members of a home seated around a big HIBACHI and talk while their hands are held over the live charcoals in it.
HIBACHI come in various shapes--square, round, or oblong. Its materials may be wood, porcelain or bronze according to individual taste.ZABUTON
The visitor in a Japanese-style room is generally asked to sit on a ZABUTON, a cushion about 2 feet square. In some cases the ZABUTON is offered after he has been shown into the room. The ZABUTON has seams on three sides and is so placed that he may sit on it with the knees facing the seamless side of it. In any case, it is the custom for the visitor to sit first either behind or beside the ZABUTON, and then sit on it when the host asks him to, saying "DOOZO OSHIKI KUDASAI."- 今日
- today
- は
- leaves
- で
- --is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
- 買物
- shopping
- です
- to be (See Gram. Notes)
- か。
- either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
- の
- See Grammar Notes
- 家
- house, home
- を
- particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)
- に
- on (See Gram. Notes)
- し
- city
- 家具
- furniture, household goods
- と
- and (See Gram. Notes)
- ああ、
- Oh, yes
- そう
- numerical counter for ships
- よい
- good (See Gram. Notes)
- どんな
- what kind of; what sort of
- が
- but (See Gram. Notes)
- いる
- to need (See Gram. Notes)
- 床の間
- alcove (See Cultural Notes)
- 置き物
- a decorative article
- かけ物
- hanging scroll
- 有様
- condition, situation, appearance
Browsing a department store · Dialogue 2 of 3
What the empty house means
A friend concludes, *では 家の中は からだと言う 訳ですね*, "Then, it means that your house is empty, doesn't it?"
Later, *今買わなければ ならないと 言うのでは ないし* rejects the idea that they must buy everything now.
Mild insistence at the end
In *そうなんですの*, a woman uses sentence-final *の* for mild insistence. The voice falls on this *の*.
*今日は 見るだけに してもいいんですの* means "It is all right to look only today."
Kanji: 訳, 器
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 7
ではいえのなかはからだというわけですね。
Then, it means that your house is empty, doesn't it?
でthenはthen家houseのof中insideはtopicからemptyだisとquote言うsay訳meaningですisね。right? - 8
そうなんですの。
You are so right.
そうrightなisんindeedですisの。you see - 9
でんききぐ、せともの、とけいなどをうるせんもんのみせもありますが、デパートへいけばなんでもてにはいりますよ。
There are specialty shops that sell electric appliances, chinaware, clocks, and so on; but if you go to a department store, you can get anything there.
電気electric appliances器具、electric appliancesせchinawareとchinaware物、chinaware時計clocksなどand so onをobject売るsellせんもんspecialtyのof店shopsもalsoありthere areますpoliteが、butデパートdepartment storeへtoward行けgoばif何anythingでanythingもanything手obtainにinはいりobtainますpoliteよ。I tell you - 10
かぐなどはわたくしはかないにまかせています。わたくしはただかないについていって、おかねをはらうだけです。
For buying household furniture, I have left everything up to my wife. I merely tag along with my wife and pay the bill.
家具furnitureなどand so onはtopic私Iはtopic家内my wifeにtoまかせhave left up toてhave left up toいhave left up toます。have left up to私Iはtopicただmerely家内my wifeにwithついtag alongてtag along行っtag alongて、tag alongおmoney金moneyをobjectはらうpayだけonlyです。is - 11
デパートへさきにいってごらんなさいよ。
Go to a department store first and see.
デパートdepartment storeへtoward先firstにfirst行っgoてgo御try itらんtry itなさいpleaseよ。I tell you - 12
そうしましょうよ。そこにきにはいったのがあれば、そこでかいますわ。いまかわなければならないというのではないし、きょうはみるだけにしてもいいんですの。
Let's do that. I'll buy things there if I find things that I like. It isn't that I have to buy them now, so it's all right if we just look today.
そうthatしdoましょうlet'sよ。I tell youそこthereにat気likedにliked入っlikedたlikedのoneがsubjectあれthere isば、ifそこthereでat買いbuyますpoliteわ。you know今now買わbuyなけれnotばifならmustないnotとquote言うsayのfactでisはtopicないnotし、and今日todayはtopic見るlookだけonlyにtoしdoてdoもevenいいall rightんexplanationですisの。you know
- から
- from (See Gram. Notes)
- だ
- to be (informal equivalent of DESU. See Grammar Notes)
- 言う
- to say
- ね。
- isn't it (See Grammar Notes)
- 電気
- electricity
- など
- and so forth, etc.
- せんもん
- specialty
- 店
- store, shop
- ます
- trout
- が、
- but (See Gram. Notes)
- へ
- to (See Gram. Notes)
- ただ
- merely
- はらう
- to pay
- だけ
- only, just (See Grammar Notes)
- ましょう
- let's (See Gram. Notes)
- そこ
- there
- わ。
- counter for birds (See Gram. Notes)
- なら
- if it is (See Gram. Notes)
- いい
- good (See Gram. Notes)
Visiting several furniture stores · Dialogue 3 of 3
Three stores on the way home
The shoppers decide that *二三げん 見て 歩く方が いいですよ*, "You had better look around in two or three places."
They will visit Matsuya first, then Mitsukoshi and Matsuzakaya *帰りがけに*, "on the way home." They then take their leave.
- 13
そうですよ。にさんげんみてあるくほうがいいですよ。
That's right. You had better look around in two or three places.
そうthat is rightですthat is rightよ。I tell you二two三threeげんplaces見look aroundてlook around歩くlook around方wayがsubjectいいbetterですisよ。I tell you - 14
では、まずまつやにいってみますわ。それからかえりがけにみつこし、まつざかやによってみましょう。
Well, then, we'll go to Matsuya first. And then, we'll drop in at Mitsukoshi and Matsuzakaya on our way home.
でwell thenは、well thenまずfirstまつMatsuya屋Matsuyaにto行っgoてgo見tryますpoliteわ。you knowそれand thenからand then帰りがけon the way homeにon the way homeみつMitsukoshiこし、MitsukoshiまつMatsuzakayaざMatsuzakayaかMatsuzakaya屋Matsuzakayaにtoよっdrop inてdrop in見tryましょう。let's - 15
ではやまださん、きょうはこれでしつれいいたします。
Well, then, Mr. Yamada, please excuse us today.
でwell thenはwell then山田Yamadaさん、Mr.今日todayはtopicこれthisでwithしつれいexcuse ourselvesいたしdo humblyます。polite - 16
ではごゆっくり。さよなら。
Well, enjoy yourselves. Goodbye.
でwell thenはwell then御enjoy yourselvesゆっくり。enjoy yourselvesさよなら。goodbye - 17
さよなら。
Goodbye.
さよなら。goodbye
- 二
- two
- 三
- three
- は、
- leaves
- まず
- first, first of all
- か
- either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
- ましょう。
- let's (See Gram. Notes)
- ゆっくり。
- slowly; deliberately; leisurely
Saying neither one nor another · Perception drill, Block 1
Neither one noun nor another
*新聞も なければ ざっしも ない* means "There are neither newspapers nor magazines." Each noun takes *も*.
The first noun ends in *も なければ*. The second ends in *も ない*. Together they mean "neither one nor the other."
Neither one quality nor another
*暑くもなければ さむくもない* means "It is neither hot nor cold."
With two I-adjectives, each adjective takes its KU-form before the two endings.
Neither one action nor another
*あの人は ぶた肉も 食べなければ 牛肉も 食べない* means "That person eats neither pork nor beef."
With actions, the first verb ends in *なければ* and the second in *ない*. For past time, only the final verb changes to past tense.
- 18
えんぴつもなければかみもない。
There are neither pencils nor papers.
えんぴつpencilsもalsoなけれnotばif紙paperもalsoない。none - 19
あつくもなければさむくもない。
It is neither hot nor cold.
暑くhotもalsoなけれnotばifさむくcoldもalsoない。not - 20
コーヒーものまなければおちゃものまない。
I drink neither coffee nor tea.
コーヒーcoffeeもalso飲まdrinkなけれnotばifおtea茶teaもalso飲まdrinkない。not - 21
しんぶんもざっしもない。
There are neither newspapers nor magazines.
新聞newspapersもalsoざっしmagazinesもalsoない。none - 22
しんぶんもなければざっしもない。
There are neither newspapers nor magazines.
新聞newspapersもalsoなけれnotばifざっしmagazinesもalsoない。none - 23
わたくしはくるまもおかねもありません。
I have neither a car nor money.
私Iはtopic車carもalsoおmoney金moneyもalsoありdo not haveませnot, politeん。not, polite - 24
わたくしはくるまもなければおかねもありません。
I have neither a car nor money.
私Iはtopic車carもalsoなけれnotばifおmoney金moneyもalsoありdo not haveませnot, politeん。not, polite - 25
このいえはおおきくもちいさくもない。
This house is neither large nor small.
このthis家houseはtopic大きくlargeもalso小さくsmallもalsoない。not - 26
このいえはおおきくもなければちいさくもない。
This house is neither large nor small.
このthis家houseはtopic大きくlargeもalsoなけれnotばif小さくsmallもalsoない。not - 27
あのひとはぶたにくもぎゅうにくもたべない。
That person eats neither pork nor beef.
あのthat人personはtopicぶた肉porkもalso牛肉beefもalso食べeatない。not - 28
あのひとはぶたにくもたべなければぎゅうにくもたべない。
That person eats neither pork nor beef.
あのthat人personはtopicぶた肉porkもalso食べeatなけれnotばif牛肉beefもalso食べeatない。not
- コーヒー
- coffee
- 車
- vehicle, car
- 人
- people
- ぶた肉
- pork
- 牛肉
- beef
Denying an assumed meaning · Perception drill, Block 2
Not what the speaker means
*今買わなければならないと言うのではありません* means "It doesn't mean that I have to buy it now."
The words before *と言うのではありません* state an interpretation. The ending rejects that interpretation.
The statement before the denial
*と言うのではありません* follows the plain form of a verb, I-adjective, NA-adjective, or pronoun. It means "It doesn't mean that" or "It isn't that."
In *きらいだと言うのではありませんが*, the rejected interpretation is "I dislike it."
- 29
いまかわなければならないというのではありません。
It doesn't mean that I have to buy it now.
今now買わbuyなけれnotばifならmustないnotとquote言うsayのfactでisはtopicありisませnot, politeん。not, polite - 30
あなたはさけをやめたそうですね。
I hear you have given up drinking.
あなたyouはtopicさけalcoholをobjectやめgive upたpastそうI hearですisね。right? - 31
いいえ、やめたというのではありません。ただあんまりのまないことにしたのです。
No, it is not that I have given it up. I have just decided not to drink very much.
いいえ、noやめgive upたpastとquote言うsayのfactでisはtopicありisませnot, politeん。not, politeただjustあんまりvery much飲まdrinkないnot事decisionにtoしdecideたpastのfactです。is - 32
これをたべませんが、きらいなんですか。
You are not eating this; do you dislike it?
これthisをobject食べeatませnot, politeんnot, politeが、butきらいdislikeなisんexplanationですisか。question - 33
きらいだというのではありませんが、いまおなかがすいていないのです。
It is not that I dislike it; I am just not hungry now.
きらいdislikeだisとquote言うsayのfactでisはtopicありisませnot, politeんnot, politeが、but今nowおなかhungryがsubjectすいnot hungryてnot hungryいnot hungryないnot hungryのfactです。is - 34
あなたはにほんごがっこうをそつぎょうしたのですから、にほんごがおじょうずでしょう。
Since you graduated from a Japanese language school, you must be good at Japanese.
あなたyouはtopic日本Japanese語Japanese学校schoolをobjectそつぎょうgraduateしdoたpastのfactですisから、because日本Japanese語Japaneseがsubjectおskilled上手skilledでしょう。probably - 35
そつぎょうしたのですが、にほんごでなんでもはなせるというのではありません。
I did graduate, but that does not mean I can say anything I want in Japanese.
そつぎょうgraduateしdoたpastのfactですisが、but日本Japanese語Japaneseでin何anythingでanythingもanything話せるcan sayとquote言うsayのfactでisはtopicありisませnot, politeん。not, polite - 36
あたらしいくるまをかうそうですね。
I hear you are going to buy a new car.
新しいnew車carをobject買うbuyそうI hearですisね。right? - 37
ええ、かうのですが、いますぐかうというのではありません。
Yes, I am going to buy one, but that does not mean I am going to buy it right away.
ええ、yes買うbuyのfactですisが、but今nowすぐright away買うbuyとquote言うsayのfactでisはtopicありisませnot, politeん。not, polite
- きらい
- dislike (See Gram. Notes)
- おなか
- stomach
- から、
- from (See Gram. Notes)
- 上手
- skillful, fluent (See Grammar Notes)
- でしょう。
- probably (See Gram. Notes)
- 話せる
- to be able to speak
- 買う
- to buy
- ええ、
- Yes
- すぐ
- right away, immediately
Explaining what something means · Perception drill, Block 3
What a fact means
*家の中は からだと言う訳です* means "It means that the house is empty."
The statement before *と言う訳です* supplies the meaning or conclusion.
A conclusion after a reason
*と言う訳です* follows the plain form of a verb, I-adjective, NA-adjective, or pronoun. It means "It means that."
*あの人は 病気を しないから、 体が じょうぶだと言う訳です* concludes that the person is healthy because he never gets sick.
- 38
いえのなかはからだというわけです。
It means that the house is empty.
家houseのof中insideはtopicからemptyだisとquote言うsay訳meaningです。is - 39
にほんごはむずかしいというわけです。
It means that Japanese is difficult.
日本Japanese語Japaneseはtopicむずかしいdifficultとquote言うsay訳meaningです。is - 40
そんなことをされるとこまるというわけです。
It means that I'll be embarrassed if somebody does such a thing to me.
そんなsuch事thingをobjectさbe doneれるbe doneとif困るbe troubledとquote言うsay訳meaningです。is - 41
あのひとはびょうきをしないから、からだがじょうぶだというわけです。
That person never gets sick, so that means he is healthy.
あのthat人personはtopic病気illnessをobjectしgetないnotから、because体bodyがsubjectじょうぶhealthyだisとquote言うsay訳meaningです。is - 42
あのせいとはべんきょうしないから、できないというわけです。
That student does not study, so that is why he cannot do it.
あのthat生徒studentはtopic勉強studyしdoないnotから、because出来can doないnotとquote言うsay訳reasonです。is - 43
ごがくはおもしろくないから、べんきょうしないというわけです。
So you do not study languages because they are not interesting.
語学language studyはtopicおもしろくinterestingないnotから、because勉強studyしdoないnotとquote言うsay訳reasonです。is - 44
いいえ、そういうわけではありません。
No, that is not the reason.
いいえ、noそうthat言うsay訳reasonでisはtopicありisませnot, politeん。not, polite - 45
よくたべるからふとるというわけではない。
Eating a lot does not necessarily mean you will gain weight.
よくa lot食べるeatからbecauseふとるgain weightとquote言うsay訳necessarily meansでisはtopicない。not - 46
こどもをつれてにほんへいきたいというわけではない。
It is not that I want to take the children with me to Japan.
子供childrenをobjectつれtake alongてtake along日本Japanへtoward行きgoたいwant toとquote言うsay訳meaningでisはtopicない。not
- です。
- to be (See Gram. Notes)
- むずかしい
- difficult
- れる
- to be able to -- (See Grammar Notes)
- 体
- body, health
- 語学
- language study
- よく
- well, skillfully
- ふとる
- to become stout (v.i.)
Neither objects nor qualities · Pattern 1 1 of 2
Three uses of neither nor
*本もなければ ざっしもない* means "There are neither books nor magazines." The same pattern appears with qualities and actions.
*大きくも なければ 小さくもない* means "It is neither big nor small."
*私は さかなも食べなければ 肉も食べない* means "I eat neither fish nor meat."
- 47
ほんもなければざっしもない。
There are neither books nor magazines.
本booksもalsoなけれnotばifざっしmagazinesもalsoない。none - 48
おおきくもなければちいさくもない。
It is neither big nor small.
大きくbigもalsoなけれnotばif小さくsmallもalsoない。not - 49
わたくしはさかなもたべなければにくもたべない。
I eat neither fish nor meat.
私Iはtopicさかなfishもalso食べeatなけれnotばif肉meatもalso食べeatない。not - 50
このへやにはいすもなければつくえもない。
There is neither a chair nor a desk in this room.
このthisへやroomにinはtopicいすchairもalsoなけれnotばifつくえdeskもalsoない。none - 51
このいえにはガレージもなければカーポートもない。
This house has neither a garage nor a carport.
このthis家houseにatはtopicガレージgarageもalsoなけれnotばifカーポートcarportもalsoない。none - 52
モンテレーはさむくもなければあつくもない。
Monterey is neither cold nor hot.
モンテレーMontereyはtopicさむくcoldもalsoなけれnotばif暑くhotもalsoない。not - 53
このくるまはたかくもなければあまりやすくもない。
This car is neither expensive nor very cheap.
このthis車carはtopic高くexpensiveもalsoなけれnotばifあまりvery安くcheapもalsoない。not - 54
あのひとはにほんごもできなければえいごもできない。
That person knows neither Japanese nor English.
あのthat人personはtopic日本Japanese語Japaneseもalso出来knowなけれnotばif英語Englishもalso出来knowない。not
- 本
- numerical counter for counting long slender objects (See Notes)
- さかな
- fish
- 肉
- meat, flesh
- へや
- room
- ガレージ
- garage
- カーポート
- carport
- モンテレー
- Monterey
Neither plans nor conditions · Pattern 1 2 of 2
Neither nor as a reason
*車も なければ お金も ないので、 参りません* means "I am not going, because I have neither a car nor money."
Here, the *もなければ* and *もない* pattern supplies the reason for not going.
Neither nor in descriptions
*暑くも なければ さむくも ないし* describes a day as "neither hot nor cold."
*おなかも すいていなければ、 のども かわいていない* means the speaker is neither hungry nor thirsty.
- 55
スミスさんはしばいにもいかなければえいがにもいかない。
Mr. Smith goes neither to plays nor to movies.
スミスSmithさんMr.はtopicしばいplaysにtoもalso行かgoなけれnotばif映画moviesにtoもalso行かgoない。not - 56
こんしゅうまつサンフランシスコへあそびにいらっしゃいますか。
Are you going to San Francisco for pleasure this weekend?
今週this weekまつweekendサンフランシスコSan Franciscoへtowardあそびfor pleasureにforいらっしゃいgoますpoliteか。question - 57
いいえ、くるまもなければおかねもないので、まいりません。
No, I am not going, because I have neither a car nor money.
いいえ、no車carもalsoなけれnotばifおmoney金moneyもalsoないnoneのfactで、because参りgoませnot, politeん。not, polite - 58
きのうはほんとうにいいおてんきでしたね。
The weather was really nice yesterday, wasn’t it?
昨日yesterdayはtopic本reallyとうreallyにreallyいいniceおweather天気weatherでしwas, politeたwas, politeね。right? - 59
ええ、あつくもなければさむくもないし、たいへんいいひでした。
Yes, it was neither hot nor cold, and it was a very pleasant day.
ええ、yes暑くhotもalsoなけれnotばifさむくcoldもalsoないnotし、and大変veryいいpleasant日dayでしwasた。past - 60
なにかたべませんか。
Would you like something to eat?
何whatかsomething食べeatませnotんpoliteか。question - 61
いまおなかもすいていなければ、のどもかわいていないから、なにもほしくはありません。
I am neither hungry nor thirsty now, so I do not want anything.
今nowおなかstomachもalsoすいhungryてhungryいhungryなけれnotば、ifのどthroatもalsoかわいthirstyてthirstyいthirstyないnotから、because何anythingもalsoほしくwantはtopicありhaveませnotん。polite
- しばい
- play, drama
- 映画
- movie
- 今週
- this week
- サンフランシスコ
- San Francisco
- で、
- --is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
- 昨日
- yesterday
- 天気
- weather
- し、
- city
- のど
- throat
Denying a stated conclusion · Pattern 2 1 of 2
A conclusion rejected
*今行くと言うのでは ありません* means "It doesn't mean that I am going now." The ending rejects the conclusion stated before it.
*今すぐしなければ ならないと 言うのでは ありません* rejects an obligation to act immediately.
*ちっとも 聞こえないと 言うのでは ありません* rejects the conclusion that the speaker cannot hear at all.
- 62
いまいくというのではありません。
It doesn't mean that I am going now.
今now行くgoとquote言うsayのmeaningでisはtopicありbeませnotん。polite - 63
それがわるいというのではありません。
It doesn't mean that that is bad.
それthatがsubject悪いbadとquote言うsayのmeaningでisはtopicありbeませnotん。polite - 64
いますぐしなければならないというのではありません。
It is not that you have to do it right away.
今nowすぐright awayしdoなけれnotばifならbecomeないnotとquote言うsayのmeaningでisはtopicありbeませnotん。polite - 65
わたくしはみみがとおいけれど、ちっともきこえないというのではありません。
I am hard of hearing, but that does not mean I cannot hear at all.
私Iはtopic耳hearingがsubject遠いpoorけれど、althoughちっともat all聞こえhearないnotとquote言うsayのmeaningでisはtopicありbeませnotん。polite - 66
いきたくないというのではありません。
It is not that I do not want to go.
行きgoたくwant toないnotとquote言うsayのmeaningでisはtopicありbeませnotん。polite - 67
それはたかいといいますが、わたくしはかわないというのではありません。
They say it is expensive, but that does not mean I will not buy it.
それitはtopic高いexpensiveとquote言いsayますpoliteが、but私Iはtopic買わbuyないnotとquote言うsayのmeaningでisはtopicありbeませnotん。polite - 68
おもしろくないからがっこうをやめるというのではない。
It is not that I am quitting school because it is not interesting.
おもしろくinterestingないnotからbecause学校schoolをobjectやめるquitとquote言うsayのmeaningでisはtopicない。not
- 遠い
- far
- ちっとも
- not even a little (See Gram. Notes)
- やめる
- to quit
Correcting mistaken reasons · Pattern 2 2 of 2
The rejected reason comes first
*きらいだから 食べないと 言うのでは ありません* means "It is not that I do not eat it because I dislike it."
*まずいから 食べないと 言うのではないよ* rejects bad taste as the reason. *きらいだから 食べないんだ* then gives dislike as the actual reason.
*頭が 悪いから 出来ないと 言うのでは ありません* rejects lack of intelligence. The next sentence gives lack of study as the reason.
- 69
きらいだからたべないというのではありません。
It is not that I do not eat it because I dislike it.
きらいdislikeだisからbecause食べeatないnotとquote言うsayのmeaningでisはtopicありbeませnotん。polite - 70
まずいからこれをたべないのですか。
Are you not eating this because it tastes bad?
まずいtastes badからbecauseこれthisをobject食べeatないnotのreasonですisか。question - 71
いいえ、まずいからたべないというのではないよ。きらいだからたべないんだ。
No, it is not that I am not eating it because it tastes bad. I am not eating it because I dislike it.
いいえ、noまずいtastes badからbecause食べeatないnotとquote言うsayのmeaningでisはtopicないnotよ。I tell youきらいdislikeだisからbecause食べeatないnotんreasonだ。is - 72
おくさんをつれていきたくないのですか。
Do you not want to take your wife with you?
奥wifeさんwifeをobjectつれtake alongてtake along行きgoたくwant toないnotのreasonですisか。question - 73
つれていきたくないというのではないんだが、かないはいそがしくていけないんだ。
It is not that I do not want to take her, but my wife is busy and cannot go.
つれtake alongてtake along行きgoたくwant toないnotとquote言うsayのmeaningでisはtopicないnotんreasonだisが、but家内wifeはtopicいそがしくbusyてand行けcan goないnotんreasonだ。is - 74
あのせいとはにほんごができませんが、あたまがわるいのですか。
That student cannot speak Japanese; is it because he is not very bright?
あのthat生徒studentはtopic日本Japanese語Japaneseがsubject出来can speakませnotんpoliteが、but頭intelligenceがsubject悪いpoorのreasonですisか。question - 75
いいえ、あたまがわるいからできないというのではありません。べんきょうしないから、できないのです。
No, it is not that he cannot speak it because he is not very bright. He cannot speak it because he does not study.
いいえ、no頭intelligenceがsubject悪いpoorからbecause出来can speakないnotとquote言うsayのmeaningでisはtopicありbeませnotん。polite勉強studyしdoないnotから、because出来can speakないnotのreasonです。is
- まずい
- poor, tasteless
- 頭
- head, mind
Stating what something means · Pattern 3 1 of 2
A conclusion from a condition
*勉強すれば 上手に なると言う訳です* means "It means that you become good if you study."
The statement before *と言う訳です* supplies the meaning or conclusion.
Preferences and general claims
*勉強は きらいだと言う訳です* concludes that someone dislikes studying.
*やさいなら 何でも 食べると言う訳です* means "That means you eat any kind of vegetable."
- 76
べんきょうすればじょうずになるというわけです。
It means that you become good if you study.
勉強studyすれdoばif上手skilledにbecomeなるbecomeとquote言うsay訳meaningです。is - 77
べんきょうしなくてもいいというわけです。
It means that you don't have to study.
勉強studyしdoなくnotてandもevenいいokayとquote言うsay訳meaningです。is - 78
べんきょうはきらいだというわけです。
It means that he dislikes studying.
勉強studyingはtopicきらいdislikeだisとquote言うsay訳meaningです。is - 79
あしのながいひとはあるくのがはやいというわけです。
That means people with long legs walk fast.
あしlegsのof長いlong人peopleはtopic歩くwalkのactがsubject早いfastとquote言うsay訳meaningです。is - 80
はなすことがいちばんたいせつだというわけです。
That means speaking is the most important thing.
話すspeak事actがsubject一番most大切importantだisとquote言うsay訳meaningです。is - 81
はやくねなくてもいいというわけです。
That means you do not have to go to bed early.
早くearlyねgo to bedなくnotてandもevenいいokayとquote言うsay訳meaningです。is - 82
やさいならなんでもたべるというわけです。
That means you eat any kind of vegetable.
やさいvegetablesならif何anythingでanyもany食べるeatとquote言うsay訳meaningです。is - 83
たばこはからだにわるいというわけです。
That means tobacco is bad for your health.
たばこtobaccoはtopic体healthにfor悪いbadとquote言うsay訳meaningです。is - 84
あなたはあまりにほんごをべんきょうしないが、にほんごはやさしいというわけですか。
You do not study Japanese very much; does that mean Japanese is easy?
あなたyouはtopicあまりvery much日本Japanese語Japaneseをobject勉強studyしdoないnotが、but日本Japanese語Japaneseはtopicやさしいeasyとquote言うsay訳meaningですisか。question
- 一番
- number one (See Grammar Notes)
- ね
- isn't it (See Grammar Notes)
- やさい
- vegetable
- たばこ
- tobacco, cigarette
- やさしい
- easy
Confirming what someone means · Pattern 3 2 of 2
Checking an inferred meaning
*日本風の 家が 気に 入ったと言う訳ですね* means "So that means you liked the Japanese-style house, doesn't it?"
With *ですね* or *ですか*, *と言う訳* checks whether an inferred meaning is correct.
*きまりが 悪いと言う訳ですか* asks whether embarrassment is the reason for avoiding the subject.
- 85
いいえ、やさしいというわけではありません。べんきょうがきらいなんです。
No, it does not mean it is easy. I dislike studying.
いいえ、noやさしいeasyとquote言うsay訳meaningでisはtopicありbeませnotん。polite勉強studyingがsubjectきらいdislikeなisんreasonです。is - 86
このしごとはおとこのひとにたのみたいのですが。
I would like to ask a man to do this job.
このthis仕事jobはtopic男manのman人manにtoたのみaskたいwant toのreasonですisが。but - 87
そうですか。おんなのひとにはむりだというわけですね。
I see. So you mean it is too difficult for a woman.
そうsoですisか。question女womanのwoman人womanにforはtopicむりtoo difficultだisとquote言うsay訳meaningですisね。right? - 88
ええ、まあそうですね。
Yes, I suppose so.
ええ、yesまあwellそうsoですisね。right? - 89
これはおんなのひとのまえでははなしたくないのです。
I do not want to talk about this in front of women.
これthisはtopic女womenのwomen人womenのof前frontでinはtopic話しtalkたくwant toないnotのreasonです。is - 90
おんなのひとのまえではなすのは、きまりがわるいというわけですか。
Do you mean you feel embarrassed talking about it in front of women?
女womenのwomen人womenのof前frontでin話すtalkのactは、topicきまりembarrassedがembarrassed悪いembarrassedとquote言うsay訳meaningですisか。question - 91
そうなんです。
That is right.
そうthat is rightなthat is rightんthat is rightです。that is right - 92
スミスさんはにほんふうのいえをかうことにしたそうです。
I hear Mr. Smith has decided to buy a Japanese-style house.
スミスSmithさんMr.はtopic日本Japanese-style風Japanese-styleのof家houseをobject買うbuy事decisionにtoしdoたpastそうI hearです。is - 93
にほんふうのいえがきにはいったというわけですね。
So that means you liked the Japanese-style house, doesn't it?
日本Japanese-style風Japanese-styleのof家houseがsubject気likeにlike入っlikeたpastとquote言うsay訳meaningですisね。right?
- 男
- male
- 女
- female
- まあ
- Well! Oh, my!
- 前
- before, front
Furnishing an empty Japanese home · Reading Selection 1 of 2
Furniture for an empty home
The passage names furniture used in a Japanese-style house, including *食たく*, *たんす*, *洋服だんす*, and *ひばち*.
The Clarks' house is empty. The *もなければ* and *もない* pattern in *食たくもなければひばちもない* says what it lacks.
The fire basin
A *ひばち* is a brazier and the only heater provided in a Japanese room. It warms the hands more than the room.
A family can gather around a large *ひばち* and warm their hands over live charcoal. Its shape can be square, round, or oblong.
A *ひばち* can be made of wood, porcelain, or bronze.
- 94
にほんふうのいえでつかっているかぐにはしょくたく、たんす、ようふくだんす、ひばちなどがあります。
Furniture used in a Japanese-style house includes dining tables, chests of drawers, wardrobes, braziers, and so on.
日本Japanese-style風Japanese-styleのof家houseでin使っusedてusedいるused家具furnitureにamongはtopic食dining tableたく、dining tableたんす、chest of drawers洋服wardrobeだんす、wardrobeひbrazierばちbrazierなどand so onがsubjectありexistます。polite - 95
このごろでは、ソファー、ひじかけいすなどをつかっているいえもたくさんあります。
These days, there are also many homes that use sofas, armchairs, and the like.
このthese days頃these daysでinは、topicソファー、sofasひじかけarmchairいすarmchairなどand so onをobject使っuseてuseいるuse家homesもalso沢山manyありexistます。polite - 96
またにほんふうのいえにはとこのまがありますから、とこのまにかけるかけものやおきものもいります。
Also, since a Japanese-style house has an alcove, you need hanging scrolls and ornaments for it.
又also日本Japanese-style風Japanese-styleのof家houseにinはtopic床の間alcoveがsubjectありhaveますpoliteから、because床の間alcoveにinかけるhangかけ物hanging scrollsやand置き物ornamentsもalsoいりneedます。polite - 97
クラークふさいはにほんふうのいえをいっけんかりることにしましたが、かりたいえはなかがからで、しょくたくもなければひばちもないというありさまでした。
Mr. and Mrs. Clark decided to rent a Japanese-style house, but the house they rented was empty inside, without even a dining table or a brazier.
クラークClarkふさいMr. and Mrs.はtopic日本Japanese-style風Japanese-styleのof家houseをobject一oneけんhouse借りるrent事decisionにtoしdoましdidたpastが、but借りrentたpast家houseはtopic中insideがからemptyで、was食dining tableたくdining tableもevenなけれnotばifひbrazierばちbrazierもalsoないnotとquote言うsay有様conditionでしwasた。past - 98
それで、かぐはいっさいかわなければなりませんでした。
So they had to buy all their furniture.
それsoで、so家具furnitureはtopic一allさいall買わbuyなけれnotばifなりbecomeませnotんpoliteでしwasた。past
- たんす、
- chest of drawers
- ます。
- trout
- 頃
- approximate point of time (See Gram. Notes)
- ソファー、
- sofa
- や
- and---among others (See Gram. Notes)
- ふさい
- Mr. and Mrs.
- 一
- one
- けん
- numerical counter for houses (See Gram. Notes)
Shopping at Tokyo department stores · Reading Selection 2 of 2
Many goods in one place
Tokyo has specialty stores for electrical appliances, chinaware, clocks, and similar goods. Its many department stores usually offer almost anything the couple needs.
The Clarks first visit Matsuya to look at various goods. They plan to visit Mitsukoshi and Matsuzakaya *帰りがけに*, "on their way home."
- 99
でんききぐ、せともの、とけいなどを
Electrical appliances, chinaware, clocks, and so on.
電気electrical appliances器具、electrical appliancesせchinawareとchinaware物、chinaware時計clocksなどand so onをobject - 100
うるせんもんのみせもありますが、とうきょうにはデパートがたくさんありますから、そこへいけばたいていなんでもてにはいります。
There are specialty stores that sell them, but since there are many department stores in Tokyo, you can usually get almost anything if you go to one.
売るsellせんもんspecialtyのof店storesもalsoありexistますpoliteが、butとうきょうTokyoにinはtopicデパートdepartment storesがsubject沢山manyありexistますpoliteから、becauseそこthereへtoward行けgoばif大抵usually何anythingでanyもany手obtainにobtainはいりobtainます。polite - 101
クラークふさいもまずまつやデパートにいって、いろいろのものをみてあるくことにしました。
Mr. and Mrs. Clark decided to go first to the Matsuya department store and look around at various things.
クラークClarkふさいMr. and Mrs.もalsoまずfirstまつMatsuya屋Matsuyaデパートdepartment storeにto行っgoて、and色々variousのof物thingsをobject見look aroundてlook around歩くlook around事decisionにtoしdoましdidた。past - 102
それからかえりがけに、みつこし、まつざかやへいってみることにしました。
Then, on their way home, they decided to try going to Mitsukoshi and Matsuzakaya.
それthenからthen帰りがけway homeに、onみつこMitsukoshiし、MitsukoshiまつMatsuzakayaざMatsuzakayaかMatsuzakaya屋Matsuzakayaへtoward行っtry goingてtry going見るtry going事decisionにtoしdoましdidた。past
Questions about furniture shopping · Questions
The house and the shopping plan
The questions ask what belongs in a Japanese-style house, what the Clarks found there, and where they plan to shop.
*日本風の 家で 使っている 家具には どんな物が ありますか* means "What kinds of furniture are used in a Japanese-style house?"
An answer names items from the passage, such as dining tables, chests of drawers, wardrobes, and braziers.
- 103
にほんふうのいえでつかっているかぐにはどんなものがありますか。
What kinds of furniture are used in a Japanese-style house?
日本Japanese-style風Japanese-styleのof家houseでin使っuseてuseいるuse家具furnitureにamongはtopicどんなwhat kind物thingsがsubjectありexistますpoliteか。question - 104
ソファーやひじかけいすなどをつかっているいえがありますか。
Are there homes that use sofas, armchairs, and the like?
ソファーsofasやandひじかけarmchairsいすarmchairsなどand so onをobject使っuseてuseいるuse家homesがsubjectありexistますpoliteか。question - 105
とこのまにはどんなものをおいたり、かけたりしますか。
What kinds of things do people put or hang in the alcove?
床の間alcoveにinはtopicどんなwhat kind物thingsをobject置いputたり、things likeかけhangたりthings likeしdoますpoliteか。question - 106
クラークふさいはどんないえをかりることにしましたか。
What kind of house did Mr. and Mrs. Clark decide to rent?
クラークClarkふさいMr. and Mrs.はtopicどんなwhat kind家houseをobject借りるrent事decisionにtoしdoましdidたpastか。question - 107
かりたいえにはかぐはいっさいありましたか。
Was there any furniture at all in the house they rented?
借りrentたpast家houseにinはtopic家具furnitureはtopic一anyさいanyありexistましdidたpastか。question - 108
どんなありさまでしたか。
What condition was it in?
どんなwhat kind有様conditionでしwasたpastか。question - 109
とうきょうにはでんききぐせんもんのみせがありますか。
Are there stores in Tokyo that specialize in electrical appliances?
とうきょうTokyoにinはtopic電気electrical appliances器具electrical appliancesせんもんspecializingのof店storesがsubjectありexistますpoliteか。question - 110
クラークふさいはまずどこへいくことにしましたか。
Where did Mr. and Mrs. Clark decide to go first?
クラークClarkふさいcoupleはtopicまずfirstどこwhereへtoward行くgo事the actにtoしdoましpoliteたpastか。question - 111
なぜデパートへいくことにしましたか。
Why did they decide to go to a department store?
なぜwhyデパートdepartment storeへtoward行くgo事the actにtoしdoましpoliteたpastか。question - 112
どのデパートへいくことにしましたか。
Which department stores did they decide to go to?
どのwhichデパートdepartment storesへtoward行くgo事the actにtoしdoましpoliteたpastか。question
- ソファー
- sofa
- なぜ
- why?
- どの
- which (pre-substantive) (See Notes)
Furniture and meaning words · Word list 1 of 4
Furniture and an empty condition
The entries cover furniture, an empty condition, and expressions for meaning and emphasis.
*家具* means "furniture" or "household goods." *食たく* means "dining table," and *から* means "empty."
- 113
かぐ
furniture, household goods
家具furniture - 114
おそろいで
together
おそろいでtogether - 115
かぐや
furniture store
家具屋furniture store - 116
--もなければ--もない
--neither -- nor (See Grammar Notes)
--もなければ--もないneither nor - 117
しょくたく
dining table
食たくdining table - 118
おきもの
a decorative article
置き物decorative article - 119
かけもの
hanging scroll
かけ物hanging scroll - 120
ありさま
condition, situation, appearance
有様condition - 121
から
empty
からempty - 122
--というわけ
it means that -- (See Grammar Notes)
--と言う訳it means that - 123
そうなんですの
It surely is.
そうなんですのit surely is - 124
--の
emphatic ending (See Grammar Notes)
--のindeed
- おそろいで
- together
- 家具屋
- furniture store
- 食たく
- dining table
- --と言う訳
- it means that -- (See Grammar Notes)
- そうなんですの
- It surely is.
- --の
- emphatic ending (See Grammar Notes)
Shopping and accompanying expressions · Word list 2 of 4
Shopping and going along
The entries cover shopping, accompanying someone, departure, and household storage.
*手にはいる* means "to obtain." *帰りがけに* means "on the way home," and *寝具* means "bedding."
- 125
てにはいる
to come into one's possession, obtain
手にはいるobtain - 126
でんききぐ
electric appliance
電気器具electric appliance - 127
せともの
chinaware
せと物chinaware - 128
せんもん
specialty
せんもんspecialty - 129
--にまかせる
to leave up to ---
--にまかせるleave up to - 130
ついていく
to go along, tag along
ついて行くgo along - 131
みるだけにする
just to see
見るだけにするjust to see - 132
かえりがけに
on the way home
帰りがけにon the way home - 133
これでしつれいいたします
Please excuse me.
これでしつれいいたしますplease excuse me - 134
おゆっくり
enjoy yourself
御ゆっくりenjoy yourself - 135
しんぐ
bedding
寝具bedding - 136
たんす
chest of drawers
たんすchest of drawers
- 手にはいる
- to come into one's possession, obtain
- 電気器具
- electric appliance
- せと物
- chinaware
- --にまかせる
- to leave up to ---
- ついて行く
- to go along, tag along
- 見るだけにする
- just to see
- 帰りがけに
- on the way home
- これでしつれいいたします
- Please excuse me.
- 御ゆっくり
- enjoy yourself
- 寝具
- bedding
- たんす
- chest of drawers
Traditional and modern furnishings · Word list 3 of 4
The foot warmer
The furnishings range from *ソファー*, "sofa," to *こたつ*, "foot warmer." A *こたつ* has a frame over a space cut in the floor.
A firebox containing ash and charcoal occupies the floor space. A large quilt covers the wooden structure above it.
At least four people can place their feet inside. The wooden structure is removed in warm seasons. Many homes also have an electric *こたつ*.
The cushion for a guest
A *ざぶとん* is a cushion about two feet wide. A visitor in a Japanese-style room is generally asked to use it.
The visitor first sits behind or beside the *ざぶとん*. The host then offers it with *DOOZO OSHIKI KUDASAI*.
- 137
ようふくだんす
wardrobe
洋服だんすwardrobe - 138
ソファー
sofa
ソファーsofa - 139
ひじかけいす
armchair
ひじかけいすarmchair - 140
ひばち
brazier (See Cultural Notes)
ひばちbrazier - 141
こたつ
foot warmer (See Cultural Notes)
こたつfoot warmer - 142
カーペット
carpet, rug
カーペットcarpet - 143
ふとん
bedding, quilt
ふとんbedding - 144
もうふ
blanket
もうふblanket - 145
ざぶとん
cushion (See Cultural Notes)
ざぶとんcushion - 146
かえりみち
on the way back, return trip
帰り道way back - 147
いっさい
everything, the whole
一さいeverything - 148
かぐ
furniture, household goods
家具furniture
- 洋服だんす
- wardrobe
- ひじかけいす
- armchair
- ひばち
- brazier (See Cultural Notes)
- こたつ
- foot warmer (See Cultural Notes)
- カーペット
- carpet, rug
- ふとん
- bedding, quilt
- もうふ
- blanket
- ざぶとん
- cushion (See Cultural Notes)
- 帰り道
- on the way back, return trip
- 一さい
- everything, the whole
Bedding and household furniture · Word list 4 of 4
Furniture for storage and rest
The entries cover bedding, storage, seating, floor coverings, and traditional furnishings.
*寝具* means "bedding." *たんす* means "chest of drawers," and *ざぶとん* means "cushion."
- 149
しんぐ
bedding
寝具bedding - 150
たんす
chest of drawers
たんすchest of drawers - 151
ようふくだんす
wardrobe
洋服だんすwardrobe - 152
ソファー
sofa
ソファーsofa - 153
ひじかけいす
armchair
ひじかけいすarmchair - 154
ひばち
brazier
ひばちbrazier - 155
こたつ
foot warmer
こたつfoot warmer - 156
カーペット
carpet
カーペットcarpet - 157
ふとん
bedding, quilt
ふとんbedding - 158
もうふ
blanket
もうふblanket - 159
ざぶとん
cushion
ざぶとんcushion - 160
かえりみち
on the way back, return trip
帰り道way back
Guide for Free Conversation
1. Look at the pictures on pages 10 and 12 and name every item that you see.
2. Talk about the following:
a. Furniture and fixtures in the Japanese-style home.
b. Shopping for furniture and fixtures.Homework
1. Memorize the Dialogue and study the vocabulary.
2. Study the Pattern Drills.
3. Learn to read and write the new kanji.
4. Read the Explanatory Notes.
5. Use the guide given for practice in free conversation.The particulars
- The course
- Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours.
- Reading aloud
- Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
- The book
- Botchan, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
- Data
- JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents