Prīmus et Secundus Annus, Lessons LXXII–LXXV

The Irregular Verb Eō: Indirect Statements (D'Ooge LXXII)

Latin reports without that

Gallī sunt fortēs means "The Gauls are brave."

Dīxit Gallōs esse fortīs is an indirect statement. It reports Gallī sunt fortēs without quoting its exact words.

English adds that. Latin does not.

Accusative subject, infinitive verb

Gallī sunt fortēs has nominative Gallī and finite sunt.

After Dīxit, Gallī becomes accusative Gallōs and sunt becomes infinitive esse.

In an indirect statement, the subject is accusative and the verb is infinitive.

The infinitive marks the time

Dīxit Gallōs esse fortīs uses present esse because the direct statement has sunt.

For erant, Latin uses perfect fuisse. For erunt, it uses future futūrōs esse.

Past Dīxit does not change the infinitive's tense. The infinitive marks the original statement's time.

1
The Gauls are brave
Gallīgallus: a Gaul
suntsum: be; exist
fortēsfortis: brave
2
The Gauls were brave
3
The Gauls will be brave
4
He says or He said the Gauls to be brave
5
He says or He said the Gauls to have been brave
6
He says or He said the Gauls to be about to be brave
7
on the next day (lit. on the next day of that day)
8
at the beginning of summer
9
to remember (lit. to hold by memory)
10
to learn through scouts

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXXII, §§412-421

§412. Learn the principal parts and the conjugation of eō, go (§499).

a. Notice that ī-, the root of eō, is changed to e- before a vowel, excepting in iēns, the nominative of the present participle. In the perfect system -v- is regularly dropped.

[ Conjugation given in §499:

PRINCIPAL PARTS eō, īre, iī (īvī), ĭtum (n. perf. part.)
PRES. STEM ī-
PERF. STEM ī- or īv-
PART. STEM it-

        INDICATIVE       SUBJUNCTIVE                IMPERATIVE
        SING.  PLUR.
Pres. eō   īmus        eam             2d Pers. ī     īte
        īs   ītis
        it   eunt
Impf. ībam             īrem
Fut.    ībō              ----            2d Pers. ītō   ītōte
                                         3d Pers. ītō   euntō
Perf. iī (īvī)        ierim (īverim)
Plup. ieram (īveram)  īssem (īvissem)
F. P. ierō (īverō)

INFINITIVE
Pres. īre
Perf. īsse (īvisse)
Fut.    itūrus, -a, -um   esse

PARTICIPLES
Pres. iēns, gen. euntis (§472)
Fut.    itūrus, -a, -um
Ger.    eundum

GERUND
Gen.    eundī
Dat.    eundō
Acc.    eundum
Abl.    eundō

SUPINE
Acc.    [[itum]]
Abl.    [[itū]] ]

§413. Learn the meaning and principal parts of the following compounds of eō with prepositions:

ad´eō, adī´re, ad´iī, ad´itus, go to, visit, with the accusative ex´eō, exī´re, ex´iī, ex´itus, go forth, with ex or dē and the ablative of the place from which in´eō, inī´re, in´iī, in´itus, begin, enter upon, with the accusative red´eō, redī´re, red´iī, red´itus, return, with ad or in and the accusative of the place to which trāns´eō, trānsī´re, trāns´iī, trāns´itus, cross, with the accusative

§414. Indirect Statements in English. Direct statements are those which the speaker or writer makes himself or which are quoted in his exact language. Indirect statements are those reported in a different form of words from that used by the speaker or writer. Compare the following direct and indirect statements:

                    { 1. The Gauls are brave
Direct statements   { 2. The Gauls were brave
                    { 3. The Gauls will be brave

Indirect statements { 1. He says that the Gauls are brave
  after a verb in   { 2. He says that the Gauls were brave
  the present tense { 3. He says that the Gauls will be brave

Indirect statements { 1. He said that the Gauls were brave
  after a verb in   { 2. He said that the Gauls had been brave
  a past tense      { 3. He said that the Gauls would be brave

We see that in English

a. The indirect statement forms a clause introduced by the conjunction that.

b. The verb is finite (cf. §173) and its subject is in the nominative.

c. The tenses of the verbs originally used are changed after the past tense, He said.

§415. Indirect Statements in Latin. In Latin the direct and indirect statements above would be as follows:

  DIRECT   { 1. Gallī sunt fortēs
STATEMENTS { 2. Gallī erant fortēs
           { 3. Gallī erunt fortēs

           { 1. Dīcit or Dīxit Gallōs esse fortīs
           {    (He says or He said
           {     the Gauls to be brave)[1]
 INDIRECT  { 2. Dīcit or Dīxit Gallōs fuisse fortīs
STATEMENTS {    (He says or He said
           {     the Gauls to have been brave)[1]
           { 3. Dīcit or Dīxit Gallōs futūrōs esse fortīs
           {    (He says or He said
           {     the Gauls to be about to be brave)[1]
[1] These parenthetical renderings are not inserted as translations, but merely to show the literal meaning of the Latin.

Comparing these Latin indirect statements with the English in the preceding section, we observe three marked differences:

a. There is no conjunction corresponding to that.

b. The verb is in the infinitive and its subject is in the accusative.

c. The tenses of the infinitive are not changed after a past tense of the principal verb.

§416. RULE. Indirect Statements. When a direct statement becomes indirect, the principal verb is changed to the infinitive and its subject nominative becomes subject accusative of the infinitive.

§417. Tenses of the Infinitive. When the sentences in §415 were changed from the direct to the indirect form of statement, sunt became esse, erant became fuisse, and erunt became futūrōs esse.

§418. RULE. Infinitive Tenses in Indirect Statements. A present indicative of a direct statement becomes present infinitive of the indirect, a past indicative becomes perfect infinitive, and a future indicative becomes future infinitive.

NOTE. When translating into Latin an English indirect statement, first decide what tense of the indicative would have been used in the direct form. That will show you what tense of the infinitive to use in the indirect.

§419. RULE. Verbs followed by Indirect Statements. The accusative-with-infinitive construction in indirect statements is found after verbs of saying, telling, knowing, thinking, and perceiving.

§420. Verbs regularly followed by indirect statements are:

a. Verbs of saying and telling:
  dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictus, say
  negō, negāre, negāvī, negātus, deny, say not
  nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātus, announce
  respondeō, respondēre, respondī, respōnsus, reply

b. Verbs of knowing:
  cognōscō, cognōscere, cognōvī, cognitus, learn,
    (in the perf.) know
  sciō, scīre, scīvī, scītus, know

c. Verbs of thinking: arbitror, arbitrārī, arbitrātus sum, think, consider exīstimō, exīstimāre, exīstimāvī, exīstimātus, think, believe iūdicō, iūdicāre, iūdicāvi, iūdicātus, judge, decide putō, putāre, putāvī, putātus, reckon, think spērō, spērāre, spērāvi, spērātus, hope

d. Verbs of perceiving:
  audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus, hear
  sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsus, feel, perceive
  videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsus, see
  intellegō, intellegere, intellēxī, intellēctus, understand,
    perceive

Learn such of these verbs as are new to you.

§421. IDIOMS
  postrīdiē eius diēī, on the next day
    (lit. on the next day of that day)
  initā aestāte, at the beginning of summer
  memoriā tenēre, to remember (lit. to hold by memory)
  per explōrātōrēs cognōscere, to learn through scouts

Latin into English (D'Ooge LXXII)

11
Caesar learned through scouts that the Gauls had crossed the river.
12
The Romans heard that the Helvetii, at the beginning of summer, would go out from their territory.
13
The ambassadors answered that no one before Caesar had gone to that island.
14
The chiefs of the Gauls say that they will form no plan against the authority of Caesar.
15
We think that the power of the queen is greater than that of the citizens.
16
The Romans deny that they will rob the Gauls of their liberty.
17
When these things had been learned, we perceived that the ambassadors had not come to seek peace.
18
The Helvetii know that the Romans hold their former victories in memory.
19
The allies, since they understood that many were being wounded, decided to return into their own territory.
20
Someone announced that Marcus had been made consul.

ēreptūrōs: snatch away, take by force

Give the forms (D'Ooge LXXII)

21
That they might not go, go (sing.), they were going, he had gone.
22
go
23
go
24
go

English into Latin (D'Ooge LXXII)

25
The boy is slow. He says that the boy is, was, (and) will be slow.
26
The horse is, has been, (and) will be strong. He judged that the horse was, had been, (and) would be strong.
27
We think that the army will go forth from the camp at the beginning of summer.
28
The next day we learned through scouts that the enemy’s town was ten miles off.[2]
29
The king replied that the ornaments belonged to[3] the queen.

Publius Goes to Germany: Its Great Forests and Strange Animals (Lentulus LXXII)

30
At the beginning of summer Caesar was being informed by letters, and was learning through scouts, that several states of Gaul were eager for revolution, and were conspiring against the Roman people and giving hostages among themselves, and that certain Germans too would join themselves with these.
31
Alarmed by these letters and messages, Caesar decided to set out against the Gauls as quickly as possible, in order to crush them unawares, and to send Labienus, his lieutenant, with two legions of infantry and two thousand horsemen against the Germans. And so, having provided a supply of grain, he moved his camp.
32
By both the affair was well managed; for Caesar reached the territory of the enemy so quickly that no time was given for collecting forces; and Labienus inflicted so heavy a punishment on the Germans that no one of that nation for the time to come dared to give help to the Gauls.
33
This journey into Germany Publius also made, and while he was staying there he saw many wonderful things.
34
Especially, indeed, he wondered at a huge forest, which was said to be of such great size that no one could cross it, nor did anyone know either its beginning or its end.
35
About this matter he had learned more from a certain soldier who, once captured by the Germans, had lived there many years.
36
He, speaking about the forest, said, "This forest is of boundless size; nor is there anyone of this part of Germany who knows its beginning or has gone to its end.
37
There are born there many such kinds of animals as are not found in other places.
38
There are oxen which have one horn; there are also animals which are called elks.
39
These have no joints in their legs.

coniūnctūrōs: connected word
nūntiīsque: female messenger
inopīnantīs: be in, from inopinor
audēret: dare, from audeo
Īnfīnītae: boundless, endless, from infinitus
nee: and not, nor, from nec

40
And so, if by chance they have fallen down, they can in no way raise themselves up.
41
They have trees for beds; they lean against them, and so, reclining, they take their rest.
42
There is a third kind, of those which are called uri.
43
These are a little smaller than elephants.
44
Great is their strength and great their speed.
45
They spare neither man nor beast."

ūrī: wild ox, from urion
vēlōcitās: swiftness

Vocabulary Review: The Irregular Verb Ferō: The Dative with Compounds (D'Ooge LXXIII)

The verb inside īnferunt

Germānī Gallīs bellum īnferunt means "the Germans make war upon the Gauls."

Īnferunt is a compound of in and ferō, "bear."

Ferō has the principal parts ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus.

The infinitive forms show the stem change between present ferre and perfect tulisse.

Infinitive

A compound can take two objects

Some verbs compounded with ad, ante, con, dē, in, inter, ob, post, prae, prō, sub, or super admit a dative indirect object.

A transitive compound may also take an accusative direct object.

Īnferunt takes dative Gallīs and accusative bellum in the same sentence.

Four expressions with ferō

Molestē ferre means "to be annoyed at" or "to be indignant at."

Sē cōnferre ad means "to betake one's self to."

Alicui bellum īnferre means "to make war upon some one."

Pedem referre means "to retreat."

46
this circumstance brought great disaster to the army
47
the Germans make war upon the Gauls
48
these troops did not take part in the battle
49
the horsemen meet the fleeing enemy
50
Galba put his son in command of the troops
51
to be annoyed at, to be indignant at
52
to betake one's self to
53
to make war upon some one
54
to retreat (lit. to bear back the foot)

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXXIII, §§423-427

§423. Review the word lists in §§513, 514.

§424. Learn the principal parts and conjugation of the verb ferō, bear (§498).

1. Learn the principal parts and meanings of the following compounds of ferō, bear:

ad´ferō, adfer´re, at´tulī, adlā´tus, bring to; report cōn´ferō, cōnfer´re, con´tulī, conlā´tus, bring together, collect dē´ferō, dēfer´re, dē´tulī, dēlā´tus, bring to; report; grant, confer īn´ferō, īnfer´re, in´tulī, inlā´tus, bring in, bring against re´ferō, refer´re, ret´tulī, relā´tus, bear back, report

[ Conjugation given in §498:

PRINCIPAL PARTS ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus
PRES. STEM  fer-    PERF. STEM  tul-    PART. STEM  lāt-

INDICATIVE
        ACTIVE                    PASSIVE
Pres. ferō      ferimus         feror        ferimur
        fers      fertīs          ferris, -re  ferimimī
        fert      ferunt          fertur       feruntur
Impf. ferēbam                   ferēbar
Fut.    feram, ferēs, etc.        ferar, ferēris, etc.
Perf. tulī                      lātus, -a, -um sum
Plup. tuleram                   lātus, -a, -um eram
F.P.    tulerō                    lātus, -a, -um erō

SUBJUNCTIVE
Pres. feram, ferās, etc.        ferar, ferāris, etc.
Impf. ferrem                    ferrer
Perf. tulerim                   lātus, -a, -um sim
Plup. tulissem                  lātus, -a, -um essem

IMPERATIVE
Pres. 2d Pers.    fer     ferte     ferre    feriminī
Fut. 2d Pers.     fertō   fertōte   fertor
     3d Pers.     fertō   ferunto   fertor   feruntor

INFINITIVE
Pres. ferre                     ferrī
Perf. tulisse                   lātus, -a, -um esse
Fut.    lātūrus, -a, -um esse     ----

PARTICIPLES
Pres. ferēns, -entis    Pres. ----
Fut.    lātūrus, -a, -um  Ger.    ferendus, -a, -um
Perf. ----              Perf. lātus, -a, -um

GERUND
Gen. ferendī
Dat. ferendō
Acc. ferendum
Abl. ferendō

SUPINE (Active Voice)
Acc. [[lātum]]
Abl. [[lātū]] ]

§425. The dative is the case of the indirect object. Many intransitive verbs take an indirect object and are therefore used with the dative (cf. §153). Transitive verbs take a direct object in the accusative; but sometimes they have an indirect object or dative as well. The whole question, then, as to whether or not a verb takes the dative, depends upon its capacity for governing an indirect object. A number of verbs, some transitive and some intransitive, which in their simple form would not take an indirect object, when compounded with certain prepositions, have a meaning which calls for an indirect object. Observe the following sentences:

1. Haec rēs exercituī magnam calamitātem attulit, this circumstance brought great disaster to the army.

2. Germānī Gallīs bellum īnferunt, the Germans make war upon the Gauls.

3. Hae cōpiae proeliō nōn intererant, these troops did not take part in the battle.

4. Equitēs fugientibus hostibus occurrunt, the horsemen meet the fleeing enemy.

5. Galba cōpiīs fīlium praefēcit, Galba put his son in command of the troops.

In each sentence there is a dative, and in each a verb combined with a preposition. In no case would the simple verb take the dative.

§426. RULE. Dative with Compounds. Some verbs compounded with ad, ante, con, dē, in, inter, ob, post, prae, prō, sub, super, admit the dative of the indirect object. Transitive compounds may take both an accusative and a dative.

NOTE 1. Among such verbs are[1]
[1] But the accusative with ad or in is used with some of these, when the idea of motion to or against is strong.

ad´ferō, adfer´re, at´tulī, adlā´tus, bring to; report ad´sum, ades´se, ad´fuī, adfutū´rus, assist; be present dē´ferō, dēfer´re, dē´tulī, dēlātus, report; grant, confer dē´sum, dees´se, dē´fuī,----, be wanting, be lacking īn´ferō, īnfer´re, in´tulī, inlā´tus, bring against, bring upon inter´sum, interes´se, inter´fuī, interfutū´rus, take part in occur´rō, occur´rere, occur´rī, occur´sus, run against, meet praefi´ciō, praefi´cere, praefē´cī, praefec´tus, appoint over, place in command of prae´sum, praees´se, prae´fuī, ----, be over, be in command

§427. IDIOMS

graviter or molestē ferre, to be annoyed at, to be indignant at,
  followed by the accusative and infinitive
sē cōnferre ad or in, with the accusative,
  to betake one’s self to
alicui bellum īnferre, to make war upon some one
pedem referre, to retreat (lit. to bear back the foot)

Latin into English (D'Ooge LXXIII)

55
When the boats were approaching the island, the barbarians, moved by terror, tried to retreat.
56
The Gauls took it ill that the Romans were laying waste their fields.
57
Caesar commanded the allies not to make war on their neighbors.
58
The scouts who met Caesar said that the army of the enemy, worn out by wounds, had betaken itself to another place.
59
The enemy knew that the Romans lacked grain and that this fact would bring the greatest danger to Caesar.
60
When the baggage had been collected in one place, some of the soldiers crossed the river which was not far off.
61
The king urged these men to go to the oracle and report to him the things they had heard.
62
Whom did the commander put in charge of that legion? Publius was in command of that legion.
63
When Caesar was in nearer Gaul, frequent rumors were brought to him, and by letters too he was informed that the Gauls were giving hostages among themselves.

pracerat: be at the head of, from praesum

Give the forms (D'Ooge LXXIII)

64
bear
65
bear
66
bear

English into Latin (D'Ooge LXXIII)

67
The Gauls will make war upon Cæsar’s allies.
68
We heard that the Gauls would make war upon Cæsar’s allies.
69
Publius did not take part in that battle.
70
We have been informed that Publius did not take part in that battle.
71
The man who was in command of the cavalry was wounded and began to retreat.
72
Cæsar did not place you in command of the cohort to bring[3] disaster upon the army.

The Storming of a City (Lentulus LXXIII)

73
Publius, having stayed several days in Germany, returned to Gaul and betook himself to Caesar's camp.
74
The latter, because he took it ill that the Gauls of that region had refused to give hostages and had been unwilling to furnish grain to the army, decided to make war on them.
75
Having laid waste the fields and burned the villages, he came to a very strong town which was fortified both by nature and by art.
76
It was surrounded by a wall twenty-five feet high.
77
On two sides it was protected by its position; on the third, with a steep pitch, it sloped down to the plain; only on the fourth side was the approach easy.
78
To attack this town, though the task was most difficult, Caesar nevertheless decided.
79
And when the camp had been fortified, he gave Publius the task of preparing the things necessary for the assault.
80
Now the Romans' method of assault is this.
81
First towers are built by which the soldiers may get out on to the top of the wall; sheds are made under whose cover the soldiers may come up to the wall; screens are prepared behind which the soldiers may work the engines; there are also battering-rams to shatter the wall and gates.
82
When all these things have been got ready, then a mound is built up on that side where the approach is easiest and is pushed forward with the sheds to the town itself.
83
Then a tower is moved forward on the mound; by the battering-rams which had been placed under the sheds the wall and gates are shattered; by ballistae, catapults, and the other engines stones and weapons are hurled into the town.
84
Finally, when the tower and mound now reach the height of the wall and the rams have broken through the fortifications, at a given signal the soldiers rush in and take the town by storm.

duōsitum: on two, situated, from duo, situs
praeruptō: broken off, steep, from praeruptus
fastīgiō: top, from fastigium
plānitiem: plain, from planities
vergēgat: incline, lie
oppugnātiō: storming, assault
vīneae: shed, from vinea
succēdant: follow, succeed, from succedo
pluteī: shield, parapet, from pluteus
administrent: manage, direct, from administro
arietēs: battering-ram, from aries
discutiant: shatter, dash to pieces, from discutio
agger: mound
prōmovētur: move forward, advance, from promoveo
ballistīs: ballista, from ballista
catapultīs: catapult, from catapulta
altitūdinem: height, from altitudo
adaequant: make equal, make level with, from adaequo
perfrēgērunt: shatter, from perfringo
inruunt: rush in, from inruo

Vocabulary Review: The Subjunctive in Indirect Questions (D'Ooge LXXIV)

A reported question

Quis Gallōs vincit means "Who is conquering the Gauls."

Rogat quis Gallōs vincat means "He asks who is conquering the Gauls."

An indirect question reports a question instead of asking it directly.

The verb changes its mood

The direct question uses indicative vincit. The indirect question uses subjunctive vincat.

Ubī est Rōma and Rogat ubi sit Rōma show the same change from est to sit.

The tense follows sequence

Rogat quis Gallōs vincat and Rogat ubi sit Rōma use the present subjunctive after rogat.

Rogavit quis Gallōs vinceret and Rogāvit ubi esset Rōma use the imperfect subjunctive after past verbs.

These tenses follow the sequence of tenses.

85
Who is conquering the Gauls?
86
He asks who is conquering the Gauls
87
He asked who was conquering the Gauls
88
Where is Rome?
89
He asks where Rome is
90
He asked where Rome was

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXXIV, §§429-433

§429. Review the word lists in §§517, 518.

§430. When we report a statement instead of giving it directly, we have an indirect statement. (Cf. §414.) So, if we report a question instead of asking it directly, we have an indirect question.

DIRECT QUESTION                  INDIRECT QUESTION
Who conquered the Gauls?      He asked who conquered the Gauls

a. An indirect question depends, usually as object, upon a verb of asking (as petō, postulō, quaerō, rogō) or upon some verb or expression of saying or mental action. (Cf. §420.)

§431. Compare the following direct and indirect questions:

DIRECT INDIRECT

Quis Gallōs vincit?      {  a. Rogat quis Gallōs vincat
Who is conquering the    {       He asks who is conquering the
  Gauls?                 {       Gauls
                         {  b. Rogavit quis Gallōs vinceret
                         {       He asked who was conquering
                         {       the Gauls

                         {  a. Rogat ubi sit Rōma
Ubī est Rōma?            {       He asks where Rome is
Where is Rome?           {  b. Rogāvit ubi esset Rōma
                         {        He asked where Rome was

                         {  a. Rogat num Caesar Gallōs vīcerit
                         {       He asks whether Cæsar conquered
Caesarne Gallōs vīcit? {       the Gauls
Did Cæsar conquer the    {  b. Rogāvit num Caesar Gallōs
  Gauls?                 {         vīcisset
                         {       He asked whether Cæsar had
                         {       conquered the Gauls

a. The verb in a direct question is in the indicative mood, but the mood is subjunctive in an indirect question.

b. The tense of the subjunctive follows the rules for tense sequence.

c. Indirect questions are introduced by the same interrogative words as introduce direct questions, excepting thatyes-or-no direct questions (cf. §210) on becoming indirect are usually introduced by num, whether.

§432. RULE. Indirect Questions. In an indirect question the verb is in the subjunctive and its tense is determined by the law for tense sequence.

§433. IDIOMS

dē tertiā vigiliā, about the third watch iniūriās alicui īnferre, to inflict injuries upon some one facere verba prō, with the ablative, to speak in behalf of in reliquum tempus, for the future

91
Did Cæsar conquer the Gauls?
92
He asks whether Cæsar conquered the Gauls
93
He asked whether Cæsar had conquered the Gauls
94
about the third watch
95
to inflict injuries upon some one
96
to speak in behalf of
97
for the future

Latin into English (D'Ooge LXXIV)

98
The king asked what the ambassadors demanded and why they had come to him.
99
He asked also whether they held in memory neither the recent wrongs nor the doubtful friendship of the Romans.
100
Do you see what towns the enemy have attacked?
101
Do you not know why the Gauls have betaken themselves to the foot of the mountain?
102
We heard what wrongs the Germans had inflicted on you.
103
About the third watch the commander sent men to find out what the nature of the mountain was.
104
On behalf of these the orator spoke and asked why the consuls wished to send ships to a place full of the greatest danger.
105
When the lieutenants had been called together, he showed what he wished to be done.
106
The messenger was reporting what had been said in the council of the Gauls about handing over their arms.
107
I warn you not to lead the foot soldiers and horsemen across the river for the rest of the time.

plēnem: abundantly

English into Latin (D'Ooge LXXIV)

108
What hill did they seize? I see what hill they seized.
109
Who has inflicted these injuries upon our dependents?
110
They asked who had inflicted those injuries upon their dependents.
111
Whither did you go about the third watch? You know whither I went.
112
At what time did the boys return home? I will ask at what time the boys returned home.

The City is Taken: The Captives Are Questioned (Lentulus LXXIV)

113
When all the things necessary for the assault had been got ready by Publius, it is deliberated in council what plan for storming the town they should adopt.
114
Then one of the centurions, a man most skilled in military affairs, said, "I advise that on that side where the approach is easiest we build up a mound and move forward a tower, and, bringing up a battering-ram, try at the same time to shatter the wall." Since this plan pleased all, Caesar dismissed the council.
115
Then, having urged the soldiers to hold their former victories in memory, he ordered the mound to be built up, and the tower and battering-ram to be brought up.
116
Nor were the townsmen without a plan.
117
Some hurled fire and every kind of weapon from the wall on to the tower; others rolled huge rocks down on the sheds and the battering-ram.
118
Long and most fiercely was the fighting on both sides.
119
Not even the wounded gave ground.
120
At last, about the third watch, Publius, whom Caesar had put in charge of that work, announced that a part of the wall, shaken by the blows of the ram, had fallen down.
121
When this was heard, Caesar gives the signal; the soldiers rush in and take the town with great slaughter of the enemy.
122
On the day after that day, this town having been stormed, those of the captives who are the noblest are brought before the commander in front of the headquarters.

exstruāmus: pile, raise
prōmoveāmus: move forward
dēvolvērunt: roll
labefactam: make unsteady, from labefacio

123
He himself, conspicuous in a gilded coat of mail and a purple cloak, questions the captives through an interpreter in this manner: Who are you?
124
INTERPRETER. The commander asks who you are.
125
CAPTIVES. We are the sons of the king.
126
INTERPRETER. They say that they are the sons of the king.
127
COMMANDER. Why have you inflicted such great wrongs on me?
128
INTERPRETER. He asks why you have inflicted such great wrongs on him.
129
CAPTIVES. We have not inflicted wrongs on him, but have waged war for our fatherland.
130
We have always wished to be friends to the Romans, but the Romans without cause have tried to drive us from our home and fatherland.
131
INTERPRETER. They deny that they have inflicted wrongs on you, but say that they have waged war for their fatherland. They say that they have always wished to be friends to the Romans, but that the Romans without cause have tried to drive them from their home and fatherland.
132
COMMANDER. Will you remain loyal for the time to come, if this rebellion is pardoned?
133
Then indeed the captives with many tears swore that they would remain loyal, and Caesar sent them home unharmed.

paludāmentō: military cloak, from paludamentum
interpretem: interpreter, from interpres
intuleritis: bring, import
patriāque: native land
Manēbitisne: morning, morn
rebelliōne: renewal of war, rebellion, from rebellio
condōnātā: pardon, from condono

Vocabulary Review: The Dative of Purpose, or End for Which (D'Ooge LXXV)

The dative states purpose

Explōrātōrēs locum castrīs dēlēgērunt means the scouts chose a place for a camp.

Castrīs is dative. It states what the place is intended for: a camp.

Two datives together

Hoc erat magnō impedīmentō Gallīs means this was a great hindrance to the Gauls.

Impedīmentō states the purpose or end. Gallīs names the people affected.

The dative denotes purpose or end, often with another dative for the person or thing affected.

134
the scouts chose a place for a camp
135
this was (for) a great hindrance to the Gauls
136
he left two legions as (lit. for) a guard to the camp
137
to give up a plan
138
to choose a place for a camp
139
to be of great advantage to some one (lit. for great advantage to some one)

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXXV, §§435-438

§435. Review the word lists in §§521, 522.

§436. Observe the following sentences:

1. Explōrātōrēs locum castrīs dēlēgērunt, the scouts chose a place for a camp.

2. Hoc erat magnō impedīmentō Gallīs, this was (for) a great hindrance to the Gauls.

3. Duās legiōnēs praesidiō castrīs relīquit, he left two legions as (lit. for) a guard to the camp.

In each of these sentences we find a dative expressing the purpose or end for which something is intended or for which it serves. These datives are castrīs, impedīmentō, and praesidiō. In the second and third sentences we find a second dative expressing the person or thing affected (Gallīs and castrīs). As you notice, these are true datives, covering the relations of for which and to which. (Cf. §43.)

§437. RULE. Dative of Purpose or End. The dative is used to denote the purpose or end for which, often with another dative denoting the person or thing affected.

§438. IDIOMS

cōnsilium omittere, to give up a plan locum castrīs dēligere, to choose a place for a camp alicui magnō ūsuī esse, to be of great advantage to some one (lit. for great advantage to some one)

Latin into English (D'Ooge LXXV)

140
He asked why those forces had been left behind. They answered that those forces were a protection for the camp.
141
Caesar sent scouts to choose a place for a camp.
142
Everyone thought that the very name of Caesar would be a great terror to the barbarians.
143
At dawn the same army joined a fierce battle, but the severe wounds of his men were a great anxiety to the commander.
144
The king answered that the friendship of the Roman people ought to be an honor and a protection to him.
145
Who was in command of the cavalry which the allies had sent as an aid to Caesar?
146
To some, prosperity is the greatest disaster, and adversity is of wonderful advantage.
147
It was a great hindrance to the Gauls in the fight that the cavalry was pressing on the right wing.
148
The memory of their old-time courage, no less than the fear of the enemy, was of great advantage to our men.
149
So dense was the forest that they could not advance.

exīstimāvit: estimate, from existimo

English into Latin (D'Ooge LXXV)

150
I advise you [1]to give up the plan [2]of making war upon the brave Gauls.
151
Do you know [3]where the cavalry has chosen a place for a camp?
152
The fear of the enemy will be of great advantage to you.
153
Cæsar left three cohorts as (for) a guard to the baggage.
154
In winter the waves of the lake are so great [4]that they are (for) a great hindrance to ships.
155
Cæsar inflicted severe[5] punishment on those who burned the public buildings.

Civil War Breaks Out Between Cæsar and Pompey: The Battle of Pharsalia (Lentulus LXXV)

156
When the Gallic war was not even yet finished, a civil war arose between Caesar and Pompey.
157
For Pompey, who was seeking the supreme power, had persuaded the senate to judge Caesar an enemy of the state and to order his army to be disbanded.
158
When these things were learned, Caesar refused to disband his army, and, having urged the soldiers to defend their so often victorious leader from the wrongs of his enemies, commanded them to follow him to Rome.
159
With the greatest eagerness the soldiers obeyed, and when the Rubicon had been crossed the beginning of the civil war was made.
160
Almost all the cities of Italy, indeed, favored Caesar's cause and received him kindly.
161
Alarmed by this, Pompey departed from Rome before Caesar's arrival and reached Brundisium; from there a few days later he crossed the sea to Epirus with all his forces.
162
Caesar followed him with seven legions and five hundred horsemen, and conspicuous in Caesar's retinue was Publius.
163
After several lighter battles had been fought, at last the opposing forces pitched camp at Pharsalus, situated in Thessaly.
164
Although Pompey's army was twice as large as Caesar's, still there were many who greatly feared the veteran legions which had overcome the Gauls and the Germans.
165
These men, before the battle was joined, Labienus the lieutenant, who had lately deserted from Caesar, addressed thus: "Do not think that this is an army of veteran soldiers.

cīvīle: civil, from civilis
exortum: without share in
totiēns: so often, so many times
alacritāte: eagerness, alacrity, from alacritas
quīngentīs: five hundred, from quingenti
comitātum: escort, company, from comitatus
Thessaliā: Thessaly
veterānās: old, veteran, from veteranus
adlocūtus: speak to, address, from adloquor

166
I have taken part in all the battles, and I do not rashly announce a thing I do not know.
167
A very small part of that army which overcame the Gauls still survives.
168
A great part has been killed, many have gone home, many have been left in Italy.
169
These forces which you see were lately enrolled in nearer Gaul."
170
When he had said this, he swore that he would not return to camp except as a victor. This same thing Pompey and all the rest swore, and with great hope and joy, as if to certain victory, the forces went out of the camp.
171
Likewise Caesar, with his mind prepared for the fight, led out his army, and, having left seven cohorts as a guard for the camp, drew up his forces in a triple line.
172
Then, as the soldiers were burning with eagerness for battle, he gave the signal with the trumpet.
173
The soldiers ran forward and, having hurled their spears, drew their swords.
174
Nor indeed was the enemy lacking in courage.
175
For they both withstood the spears that were hurled and met the attack of the swords and kept their ranks.

temerē: rashly, heedlessly
incognitam: unknown, from incognitus
prōnūntiō: proclaim, declare
Perexigua: very small, very short, from perexiguus
Item: also
dīmicandum: fight, struggle, from dimico
triplicī: threefold, triple, from triplex

176
On both sides the fighting was long and fierce, and no one gave ground.
177
Then Pompey's horsemen tried to go around Caesar's line.
178
When Caesar noticed this, he ordered the third line, which up to that time had been inactive, to run forward.
179
Then indeed the weary enemy could not withstand the attack of fresh troops, and all turned their backs.
180
But Pompey, despairing of his fortunes, betook himself on horseback to the camp, and from there soon escaped with a few horsemen.

circumīre: go around, from circumeo
integrōrum: untouched, whole, from integer