Latin · Unit 7

Lēctiōnēs 44–50

Prīmus Annus II

Dē Rōmulō et Remō; Castra Rōmāna; Obsidiō Alesiae; Triumphus Rōmānus

196 lines

Praeteritum Perfectum Tempus, the pluperfect tense

What the river had already done

Tiberis super rīpās aquam effūderat means the Tiber had poured its water over its banks.

Et agrōs, quī circā erant, inundāverat means and had flooded the surrounding fields.

The river had completed both actions before the slaves could not reach its channel.

The form for the earlier action

Expulerat, interfēcerat, and pepercerat state acts completed before the later decision to kill the babies.

Each pluperfect form joins -erā- and an active ending to the perfect stem.

Effūderat and inundāverat use the same form for the river's earlier actions.

1
The nurse was sitting with the baby Titus and his sisters under an old oak, while Marcus plays in the wood.
Nūtrīxnutrix: nurse
cumwhen; since; although
īnfante
TitōTitus: Titus
etand
sorōribussoror: sister
ēiusis: he, she, it; that
subunder, below, up to; at
veterevetus: old, aged, ancient
quercūquercus: oak, oak-tree
sedebat,sedeo: sit, remain
dumwhile, as long as
MārcusMarcus: Marcus, Mark
inin, on; into, to, against
silvāsilva: wood, forest
lūdit.ludo: play, mock, tease, trick
2
An old shepherd comes up to them, whom they all ask with one voice: 'Tell us, please, old man, a story about the heroes.'
3
And so he began to tell:
4
'Romulus and Remus, as they say, were the twin sons of the god Mars and Rhea Silvia.
5
But a cruel king, Amulius by name, was then reigning at Alba Longa.
6
For he had already driven his brother from the throne and killed all his brother's sons; Rhea Silvia, however, he had spared.
7
At last he decided to kill these babies too; and so he ordered slaves to throw them into the river Tiber.
8
As it happened the Tiber had poured its water over its banks and flooded the fields round about; and the slaves could not get to the river's proper channel.
9
So they left the little basket in which the babies lay in a pool.
10
After the water had subsided again, a thirsty she-wolf, which was coming down to the river, heard the crying of the boys.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXXIV, §§197-199

§197. A review of the tenses of the indicative active shows the following formation:

           { PRESENT        = First of the principal parts
TENSES     { IMPERFECT      = Present stem + -ba-m
OF THE     { FUTURE         = Present stem + -bō, Conj. I and II
INDICATIVE {                                 -a-m, Conj. III and IV
           { PERFECT        = Third of the principal parts
           { PLUPERFECT     = Perfect stem + -era-m
           { FUTURE PERFECT = Perfect stem + -erō

§198. The synopsis of the active voice of amō, as far as we have learned the conjugation, is as follows:

PRINCIPAL PARTS amō, amāre, amāvī

PRES. STEM amā-

       { Pres.        amō
INDIC. { Imperf.      amābam
       { Fut.         amābō
PRES. IMV.            amā
PRES. INFIN.          amāre

PERF. STEM amāv-

       { Perf.        amāvī
INDIC. { Pluperf.     amāveram
       { Fut. perf. amāverō
PERF. INFIN.          amāvisse

1. Learn to write in the same form and to give rapidly the principal parts and synopsis of parō, dō, laudō, dēleō, habeō, moveō, pāreō, videō, dīcō, discēdō, dūcō, mittō, capiō, muniō, veniō.[1]
[1] Learn to give synopses rapidly, and not only in the first person singular but in any person of either number.

§199. Learn the following principal parts:[2]
[2] These are all verbs that you have had before, and the perfect is the only new form to be learned.

PRES. INDIC.   PRES. INFIN.  PERF. INDIC.

IRREGULAR VERBS
  sum           esse           fuī           be
  ab´sum        abes´se        ā´fuī         be away
  dō            dare           dedī          give

CONJUGATION II
  contineō      continēre      continuī      hold in, keep
  doceō         docēre         docuī         teach
  egeō          egēre          eguī          need
  faveō         favēre         fāvī          favor
  iubeō         iubēre         iussī         order
  noceō         nocēre         nocuī         injure
  persuādeō     persuādēre     persuāsī      persuade
  respondeō     respondēre     respondī      reply
  sedeō         sedēre         sēdī          sit
  studeō        studēre        studuī        be eager

CONJUGATION III
  agō           agere          ēgī           drive
  crēdō         crēdere        crēdidī       believe
  fugiō         fugere         fūgī          flee
  iaciō         iacere         iēcī          hurl
  interficiō    interficere    interfēcī     kill
  rapiō         rapere         rapuī         seize
  resis´tō      resis´tere     re´stitī      resist

CONJUGATION IV
  repe´riō      reperī´re      rep´perī      find

Nūtrīx: nurse
īnfante: infant
vetere: old, aged, from vetus
quercū: oak, oak-tree, from quercus
sōdēs: if you do not mind
hērōibus: hero, from heros
Rōmulus: of
geminī: twins
crūdēlis: cruel, bloodthirsty
Amūlius: basin
rēgnābat: reign, rule, from regno
rēgnō: reign, sovereignty, from regnum
pepercerat: forbear, refrain from, from parco
necāre: kill, from neco
iussit: order, command, from jubeo
effūderat: pour out, from effundo
circā: traverse, from circo
inundāverat: overflow, inundate, from inundo
iūstum: justice, from justa
cursum: course, from cursus
stāgnō: alloy of sliver and lead, from stagnum
alveum: cavity, hollow, from alveus
relīquērunt: leave, abandon, from relinquo
lupa: she-wolf
sitiēns: be thirsty, from sitio
vāgītūs: crying

11
For many days she suckled them.
12
At last a shepherd of the royal flock found the twins and gave them to his wife.
13
She brought them up.
14
So saved, the boys afterwards founded the city of Rome.
15
How many oaks are there in your garden?
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With whom was Titus sitting?
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Where was Amulius reigning?
18
Whom had he driven from the throne?
19
Whom had he killed?
20
Why was Rhea Silvia still alive?

nūtrīvit: suckle. breast feed, from nutrio
rēgiī: royal, of a king, from regius
ēducāvit: bring up, from educo
cōnservātī: keep safe, save, from conservo
posteā: afterwards
condidērunt: put, from condo
Silvia: wood, forest

21
How did Numitor decide to kill the twins?
22
What did he order the slaves to do?
23
Why could the slaves not do it?
24
When does a river pour its water over its banks?
25
If a river has poured its water over its banks, what are the fields like?
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When did the she-wolf come down to the Tiber?
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Who saved the babies?
28
Where is Rome?
29
Who founded Rome?

Vōx Passīva: Tempus Praesēns, the passive voice, present tense

Fossa receives the action

Fossa circum tōta castra foditur means "A ditch is dug around the whole camp."

Fossa is the subject of foditur, so the ditch receives the action. Foditur is passive.

Passive endings mark person and number

Foditur ends in -tur. Dīviduntur and pōnuntur end in -ntur.

Both passive endings mark third person. -tur is singular, and -ntur is plural.

The table sets all six passive endings beside their person and number.

Passive Personal Endings

30
One day Marcus had just risen from bed when he caught sight of a camp pitched on the hill beyond the river.
31
Then he said, 'What are those tents? yesterday they were not there before I went to sleep.' His father answered him: 'It is a camp, where a Roman army sleeps at night when it is waging war.' So while they eat breakfast, his father explains the camp in words like these.
32
'When a Roman column is on the march, in the evening a tribune with picked soldiers is sent ahead for the sake of pitching camp.
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A place is chosen by him near which water and food can easily be found.
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At once the tribune raises a flag and marks out a square space, which the allies begin to fortify.
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A ditch is dug around the whole camp, from which earth is heaped up for the sake of building the rampart.
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In the rampart four gates are made.
37
Meanwhile by other soldiers the middle of the camp is divided by streets into various parts, and the tents are pitched in their proper places.
38
Separately the praetorium, which is the general's tent, is built; all of which is done with the greatest speed, because not far off the tired column is approaching.'
39
I write a sentence.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXVII, §§163-166

§163. The Voices. Thus far the verb forms have been in the active voice; that is, they have represented the subject as performing an action; as,

The lion ---> killed ---> the hunter

A verb is said to be in the passive voice when it represents its subject as receiving an action; as,

The lion <--- was killed <--- by the hunter

Note the direction of the arrows.

§164. Passive Personal Endings. In the passive voice we use a different set of personal endings. They are as follows:

   SINGULAR                PLURAL
1. -r, I                1. -mur, we
2. -ris, -re, you       2. -minī, you
3. -tur, he, she, it    3. -ntur, they

a. Observe that the letter -r appears somewhere in all but one of the endings. This is sometimes called the passive sign.

§165. PARADIGMS

amō, amāre                   monēo, monēre
PRES. STEM amā-              PRES. STEM monē-

PRESENT INDICATIVE                                            PERSONAL
                                                               ENDINGS
SINGULAR
a´mor, I am loved            mo´neor, I am advised              -or[1]
amā´ris or amā´re,           monē´ris or monē´re.          -ris or -re
  you are loved                you are advised
amā´tur,  he is loved        monē´tur,  he is advised             -tur
[1] In the present the personal ending of the first person singular is -or.

PLURAL
amā´mur,  we are loved       monē´mur,  we are advised            -mur
amā´minī,  you are loved     monē´minī,  you are advised         -mini
aman´tur,  they are loved    monen´tur,  they are advised        -ntur

IMPERFECT INDICATIVE (TENSE SIGN -bā-)

SINGULAR
amā´bar,                     monē´bar,                              -r
  I was being loved            I was being advised
amābā´ris or amābā´re,       monēbā´ris or monēbā´re       -ris or -re
  you were being loved         you were being advised
amābā´tur,                   monēbā´tur,                          -tur
  he was being loved          he was being advised

PLURAL
amābā´mur,                   monēbā´mur,                          -mur
  we were being loved          we were being advised
amābā´minī,                  monēbā´minī,                        -minī
  you were being loved         you were being advised
amāban´tur,                  monēban´tur,                        -ntur
  they were being loved        they were being advised

FUTURE (TENSE SIGN -bi-)

SINGULAR
amā´bor,                     monē´bor,                              -r
  I shall be loved             I shall be advised
amā´beris, or amā´bere     monē´beris or monē´bere,    -ris or -re
  you will be loved            you will be advised
amā´bitur,                   monē´bitur,                          -tur
  he will be loved             he will be advised

PLURAL
amā´bimur,                   monē´bimur,                          -mur
  we shall be loved            we shall be advised
amābi´minī,                  monēbi´minī,                        -minī
  you will be loved            you will be advised
amābun´tur,                  monēbun´tur,                        -ntur
  they will be loved           they will be advised

1. The tense sign and the personal endings are added as in the active.

2. In the future the tense sign -bi- appears as -bo- in the first person, -be- in the second, singular number, and as -bu- in the third person plural.

3. Inflect laudō, necō, portō, moveō, dēleō, iubeō, in the present, imperfect, and future indicative, active and passive.

§166. Intransitive verbs, such as mātūrō, I hasten; habitō, I dwell, do not have a passive voice with a personal subject.

cubīlī: bed, couch, from cubile
cōnspexit: observe, from conspicio
tribūnus: tribune
praemittitur: send ahead or forward, from praemitto
vēxillum: flag, banner
spatium: room, space
sīgnat: mark, stamp, from signo
mūnire: fortify, from munio
struendī: build, construct, from struo
cumulātur: heap, gather into a pile, from cumulo
variās: different, from varius
dīviduntur: divide, from divido
propriīs: own, very own, from proprius
Sēparātim: apart, separately
praetōrium: prætorium
exstruitur: build up, erect, from exstruo
fessum: tired, wearied, from fessus

40
We eat food.
41
We pitch camp.
42
I send a tribune ahead.
43
I send two tribunes ahead.
44
We heap up earth.
45
We make four gates in the rampart.
46
We divide the camp into various parts.
47
We build the praetorium.
48
We dig a ditch.
49
I teach you.

50
You hear me.
51
You teach us.
52
We hear you.
53
I question you.
54
The farmer tills the field.
55
The helmsman steers the ship.
56
I teach you.
57
The shepherd pastures the sheep.
58
The master questions us.
59
The boy opens the door.

60
The general leads the soldiers.
61
Caesar conquers the Britons.
62
Horatius defends the bridge.
63
The archer shoots an arrow.
64
The allies fortify the camp.
65
A soldier can find water.
66
Marcus catches sight of the camp.
67
You hear my words.
68
You teach and question us.

vincit: bind, tie, from vincio
Sagittārius: armed with bow

Vōx Passīva: Praesēns et Futūrum, the passive, present and future

The present takes passive endings

Impedīmenta et spolia cumulantur means "The baggage and spoils are heaped up."

Cumulant is active. The passive cumulantur replaces its active ending with -ntur.

The future keeps its tense sign

Ā vigilibus cernentur means "They will be seen by the sentries."

The -e- marks the future, as it does in active verbs. The passive ending -ntur follows it.

69
The column enters the camp.
70
The baggage and spoils are heaped up in the space between the rampart and the tents; there too the horses and cattle are pastured.
71
Then the legions are sent off each to its own part of the camp.
72
Dinner is prepared at once; armour and weapons are put away; the soldiers eat and drink.
73
After dinner sentries are posted along the whole rampart; and so all danger is averted; for if the enemy come up to the rampart in silence either to reconnoitre or to storm it, they will be seen by the sentries; these will at once cry out and give the signal with a trumpet; everyone will at once be roused from sleep for the sake of driving back the enemy.
74
While the sentries guard the camp, the legions sleep safe and untroubled.
75
The soldiers heap up the baggage in the camp.
76
The shepherds pasture the cattle.
77
We pasture our horses.
78
We pasture this horse.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXVIII, §169

§169. Review the present, imperfect, and future indicative active of regō and audiō, and learn the passive of the same tenses (§§490, 491).

a. Observe that the tense signs of the imperfect and future are the same as in the active voice, and that the passive personal endings (§164) are added instead of the active ones.

b. Note the slight irregularity in the second person singular present of the third conjugation. There the final -e- of the stem is not changed to -i-, as it is in the active. We therefore have re´geris or re´gere, not re´giris, re´gire.

c. Inflect agō, dīcō, dūcō, mūniō, reperiō, in the present, imperfect, and future indicative, active and passive.

Impedīmenta: hindrance, from impedimentum
spolia: spoils, booty, from spolium
repōnuntur: put back, from repono
bibunt: drink, from bibo
vigilēs: awake, wakeful, from vigil
dispōnuntur: dispose, place here and there, from dispono
āvertitur: turn away from, divert, from averto
silentiō: silence, from silentium
explōrandī: search out, explore, from exploro
expūgnandī: assault, storm, from expugno
cernentur: sift, separate, from cerno
extemplō: immediately, forthwith
tubā: trumpet
excitābuntur: wake up, stir up, from excito
repellendī: drive, from repello
cūstōdiunt: guard, watch over, from custodio

79
The slaves prepare dinner.
80
The sentries guard the camp.
81
The sentries guard the city.
82
Hannibal crosses the river Ebro.
83
Hannibal crosses the Alps.
84
The foot-soldiers drag the elephants across the broken road.
85
The sentry sees the enemy.
86
The sentries see the enemy.
87
Tired, we put away our arms.
88
The master questions you.

89
The master hears you.
90
With what instrument is the signal given in camp?
91
With what instrument is an exercise written?
92
With what instrument is Horatius pulled from the river?
93
With what instrument is a bad pupil beaten?
94
With what weapon is an enemy killed?
95
With what weapons can enemies be killed?
96
In what vehicle are sailors carried?
97
In what vehicle is a farmer carried?
98
On what is a horseman carried?
99
With what instrument is a sentence written on the blackboard?

vehiculō: carriage, vehicle, from vehiculum

Vōx Passīva: Tempus Futūrum, the passive, future tense

Future signs with passive endings

Castra extemplō movēbuntur. Arma ab omnibus parābuntur. Aciēs īnstruētur. Camp will be struck at once. Arms will be prepared by everyone. The battle line will be drawn up.

Movēbuntur and parābuntur take the plural passive ending -ntur. Īnstruētur takes the singular ending -tur.

The future tense signs remain the same as in active forms.

The ending agrees with the subject

Hī enim Rōmam auferentur, ubi vendentur. Pecūnia vōbīs mīlitibusque distribuētur. These will be carried to Rome and sold. The money will be shared among you and the soldiers.

Auferentur and vendentur use -ntur with plural hī. Distribuētur uses -tur with singular pecūnia.

Each verb combines a future tense sign with the passive ending required by its subject.

100
In the morning the tribunes and centurions are called together outside the praetorium.
101
The leader gives them orders and speaks words like these.
102
'Camp will be struck at once; arms will be got ready by everyone; the battle line will be drawn up.
103
For the enemy are already in sight; they will not, I believe, wait for our attack, but will themselves attack us first.
104
If at first you are driven back by the enemy, do not despair.
105
For if you are brave and fight as fiercely as you can, the enemy will at last be put to flight by you.
106
Those who will not surrender, kill; but do not kill the captives.
107
For these will be carried off to Rome, where they will be sold; and the money will be shared out among you and the soldiers.
108
These orders, tribunes and centurions, announce at once to the soldiers.'

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXIX, §§172-175

§172. Review the active voice of capiō, present, imperfect, and future, and learn the passive of the same tenses (§492).

a. The present forms capior and capiuntur are like audior, audiuntur, and the rest of the tense is like regor.

b. In like manner inflect the passive of iaciō and rapiō.

§173. The Infinitive. The infinitive mood gives the general meaning of the verb without person or number; as, amāre, to love. Infinitive means unlimited. The forms of the other moods, being limited by person and number, are called the finite, or limited, verb forms.

§174. The forms of the Present Infinitive, active and passive, are as follows:

CONJ.  PRES.      PRES. INFINITIVE    PRES. INFINITIVE
       STEM         ACTIVE              PASSIVE

  I.   amā-       amā´re,             amā´rī,
                    to love             to be loved
 II.   monē-      monē´re,            monē´rī,
                    to advise           to be advised
III.   rege-      re´gere,            re´gī,
                    to rule             to be ruled
       cape-       ca´pere            ca´pī,
                    to take             to be taken
 IV.   audī-       audī´re,           audīrī,
                     to hear            to be heard

1. Observe that to form the present active infinitive we add -re to the present stem.

a. The present infinitive of sum is esse. There is no passive.

2. Observe that the present passive infinitive is formed from the active by changing final -e to -ī, except in the third conjugation, which changes final -ere to -ī.

3. Give the active and passive present infinitives of doceō, sedeō, volō, cūrō, mittō, dūcō, mūniō, reperiō, iaciō, rapiō.

§175. The forms of the Present Imperative, active and passive, are as follows:

       ACTIVE[1]              PASSIVE
CONJ.  SINGULAR    PLURAL     SINGULAR             PLURAL
   I.  a´mā        amā´te     amā´re,              amā´minī,
                              be thou loved       be ye loved
  II.  mo´nē       monē´te    monē´re,             monē´minī,
                              be thou advised     be ye advised
 III.  re´ge       re´gite    re´gere,             regi´minī,
                              be thou ruled        be ye ruled
       ca´pe       ca´pite    ca´pere,             capi´minī,
                              be thou taken        be ye taken
  IV.  au´dī       audī´te    audī´re,             audī´minī,
                              be thou heard        be ye heard
[1] For the sake of comparison the active is repeated from §161.

1. Observe that the second person singular of the present passive imperative is like the present active infinitive, and that both singular and plural are like the second person singular[2] and plural, respectively, of the present passive indicative.
[2] That is, using the personal ending -re. A form like amāre may be either indicative, infinitive, or imperative.

2. Give the present imperative, both active and passive, of the verbs in §174.3.

movēbuntur: move, stir, from moveo
aciēs: line of battle
cōnspectū: view, sight, from conspectus
impetum: attack, from impetus
crēdō: trust, believe
priōrēs: former, from prior
dēspērāre: despair, from despero
ācerrimē: sharp, keen, from acer
dēdere: surrender, give up, from dedo
vendentur: sell, from vendo
distribuētur: divide, distribute, from distribuo
nūntiāte: report, announce, from nuntio

Vōx Passīva: Tempora Praeterita, the passive, past tenses

The form of sum marks the tense

Plēraeque Gallōrum gentēs ā Iūliō Caesare victae erant.

This means, Most of the tribes of the Gauls had been conquered by Julius Caesar.

Victae erant is pluperfect passive. It combines the perfect passive participle victae with the imperfect erant.

Fugātus est is perfect passive. It combines fugātus with the present est. A synopsis sets corresponding tenses of one verb together.

The fourth principal part is a participle

The fourth principal part is the perfect passive participle. Every perfect passive tense uses a form of it.

The perfect passive participle table gives this principal part for five regular verbs.

Perf. pass. part.

The participle agrees with the subject

In victae erant, victae is feminine plural because gentēs is feminine plural.

In fugātus est, fugātus is masculine singular because its subject, quī, refers to Vercingetorīx.

In a perfect passive tense, the participle agrees with the subject as a predicate adjective.

109
Marcus gladly listened to many things about battles and victories.
110
Especially he always wanted to hear about Caesar's victories.
111
For his father had fought under Caesar's command against the Gauls and Britons; so he could tell Marcus many things about the Gallic war.
112
Once Cornelius said to Marcus, 'Today I shall tell you about the siege of Alesia.'
113
Marcus said to him, 'May my sisters hear this story too?' After the sisters had been called, the father began to tell the children this:
114
'Most of the tribes of the Gauls had been conquered by Julius Caesar; one tribe, however, whose name was the Arverni, long resisted the Romans.
115
Their chieftain was Vercingetorix, a leader of the highest courage, who, worn out by many battles, was at last driven in flight within the walls of Alesia.
116
But while Caesar was marching against the town with all his forces, the walls were being strengthened by the Gauls.
117
Soon Caesar arrived and, because the town could not be taken at once, turned his plans to a siege.'
118
Vercingetorix was leading the Arverni.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXXV, §§201-206

§201. The fourth and last of the principal parts (§183) is the perfect passive participle. From it we get the participial stem on which are formed the future active infinitive and all the passive perfects.

1. Learn the following principal parts, which are for the first time given in full:

CONJ.  PRES. INDIC.  PRES. INFIN.  PERF. INDIC.  PERF. PASS. PART.
   I.  amō           amā´-re       amā´v-ī       amā´t-us
   This is the model for all regular verbs of the first conjugation.
  II.  mo´neō        monē´-re      mo´nu-ī       mo´nit-us
 III.  regō          re´ge-re      rēx-ī         rēct-us
       ca´piō        ca´pe-re      cēp-ī         capt-us
  IV.  au´diō        audī´-re      audī´v-ī      audī´t-us

2. The base of the participial stem is found by dropping -us from the perfect passive participle.

§202. In English the perfect, past perfect, and future perfect tenses of the indicative passive are made up of forms of the auxiliary verb to be and the past participle; as, I have been loved, I had been loved, I shall have been loved.

Very similarly, in Latin, the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect passive tenses use respectively the present, imperfect, and future of sum as an auxiliary verb with the perfect passive participle, as

Perfect passive, amā´tus sum, I have been or was loved Pluperfect passive, amā´tus eram, I had been loved Future perfect passive, amā´tus erō, I shall have been loved

1. In the same way give the synopsis of the corresponding tenses of moneō, regō, capiō, and audiō, and give the English meanings.

§203. Nature of the Participle. A participle is partly verb and partly adjective. As a verb it possesses tense and voice. As an adjective it is declined and agrees with the word it modifies in gender, number, and case.

§204. The perfect passive participle is declined like bonus, bona, bonum, and in the compound tenses (§202) it agrees as a predicate adjective with the subject of the verb.

EXAMPLES IN SINGULAR Vir laudātus est, the man was praised, or has been praised Puella laudāta est, the girl was praised, or has been praised Cōnsilium laudātum est, the plan was praised, or has been praised

EXAMPLES IN PLURAL Virī laudātī sunt, the men were praised, or have been praised Puellae laudātae sunt, the girls were praised, or have been praised Cōnsilia laudāta sunt, the plans were praised, or have been praised

1. Inflect the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative passive of amō, moneō, regō, capiō, and audiō (§§488-492).

§205. The perfect passive infinitive is formed by adding esse, the present infinitive of sum, to the perfect passive participle; as, amā´t-us (-a, -um) esse, to have been loved; mo´nit-us (-a, -um) esse, to have been advised.

1. Form the perfect passive infinitive of regō, capiō, audiō, and give the English meanings.

§206. The future active infinitive is formed by adding esse, the present infinitive of sum, to the future active participle. This participle is made by adding -ūrus, -a, -um to the base of the participial stem. Thus the future active infinitive of amō is amat-ū´rus (-a, -um) esse, to be about to love.

a. Note that in forming the three tenses of the active infinitive we use all three conjugation stems:

Present, amāre (present stem), to love
Perfect, amāvisse (perfect stem), to have loved
Future, amātūrus esse (participial stem), to be about to love

1. Give the three tenses of the active infinitive of laudō, moneō, regō, capiō, audiō, with the English meanings.

Praecipuē: before, in front of, from praecipuus
obsidiōne: siege, from obsidio
Alesiae: bird, from Alesia
historiam: history, from historia
līberīs: children, from liberi
fortitūdine: strength, courage, from fortitudo
dēfessus: become exhausted, grow weary, from defetiscor
fugātus: put to flight, rout, from fugo
cōpiīs: plenty, abundance, from copia
tendit: stretch, from tendo
fīrmābantur: strengthen, harden, from firmo
obsidendum: blockade, besiege, from obsideo

119
Julius Caesar conquered this tribe. (iii) The Romans put the Gauls to flight.
120
The Arverni were strengthening the walls of Alesia.
121
Caesar was besieging Alesia.
122
The Romans besieged Alesia.
123
I was teaching you yesterday.
124
The besieged got their arms ready.
125
You wrote eight sentences.
126
Caesar pitched camp near Alesia.
127
What story was I telling you yesterday?
128
How many stories have I already told you?

129
The leader called the tribunes and centurions together.
130
The leader gave them orders.
131
The tribunes announced the orders to the soldiers.

Two words form the perfect passive

Castra extrā moenia ā Rōmanīs posita sunt means "A camp was pitched by the Romans outside the walls."

Posita is the perfect passive participle. Sunt is a present form of sum. Together they form the perfect passive.

The participle changes with the subject

Quōrum multī quidem extemplō occīsī sunt means "Many of them indeed were killed at once."

Neuter plural castra takes posita. Masculine plural multī takes occīsī. Each participle agrees with its subject.

The perfect passive combines that agreeing participle with a present form of sum.

132
Caesar, as I said, decided to besiege the town of Alesia.
133
A camp was pitched by the Romans outside the walls, and the town was surrounded by an outer wall; from there Caesar attacked the walls every day, but could neither take them by assault nor bring them down with engines.
134
And so the siege was drawn out for many months: but at last the besieged were without food and water.
135
Everyone was called together into the forum.
136
Then one of the chiefs of the Gauls gave this advice: 'We have no food; we need food for the sake of living; we must eat our babies.' Vercingetorix, however, forbade the Gauls to do this.
137
Then the chiefs decided to surrender to the Romans.
138
Those who could not be taken by force of arms were at last conquered by hunger.
139
Vercingetorix and the Gauls surrendered to Caesar.
140
Many of them indeed were killed at once; the rest, all the bravest, all the strongest, all the handsomest, were thrown into chains together with Vercingetorix himself.
141
The next year they were brought to Rome.

exteriōre: outer, from exter
tormentīs: engine of war, from tormentum
dēicere: throw, from deicio
mēnsēs: month, from mensis
prōdūcēbātur: lead forward, bring out, from produco
carēbant: be without, from careo
prīncipibus: chief, from princeps
vetuit: forbid, from veto
famē: hunger, from fames
quisque—cum: each, each one
vincula: chain, bond, from vinculum
addūctī: lead up, from adduco

142
There Caesar led them in triumph.
143
The Romans pitched camp outside the walls.
144
The Romans surrounded the town with an outer wall.
145
Caesar could not take Alesia.
146
The Romans could not bring down the walls.
147
The Gauls drew out the siege for many months.
148
We killed many Gauls.
149
We threw the rest into chains.
150
These we at last brought to Rome.
151
Caesar led Vercingetorix in triumph.
152
The leader called the men and women together into the forum.

triumphō: triumph, victory parade, from triumphus
attulimus: bring, from attulo
fēmināsque: woman, from femina

Participium Perfectum Passīvum, the perfect passive participle

The decorating comes first

In templīs apertīs ārae flōribus ōrnātae fūmābant means, "In the open temples the altars, decorated with flowers, were smoking."

The altars receive the decorating before they smoke. The perfect passive participle ōrnātae presents that earlier action.

The participle agrees with its noun

Ōrnātae agrees with feminine plural ārae.

The triumphal procession has plaustra onerāta, cornibus aurātīs, Vercingetorīx vinctus, and Caesar vestītus et corōnātus.

Each perfect passive participle agrees with its noun and presents that noun as having received an earlier action.

153
Caesar had returned to Rome in victory with the Gallic captives, and Cornelius was in the column.
154
So on the appointed day Sempronia took the whole family with her to watch and placed herself near the forum among the citizens dressed in holiday clothes.
155
In the open temples the altars, decorated with flowers, were smoking.
156
Now Titus says, 'I don't see the horses.
157
Where is father, where is Caesar?
158
His mother answers him: 'Caesar is making a speech to the soldiers assembled outside the city; he praises their courage; he shares out the spoils; but soon he will mount his chariot and enter the city through the Triumphal Gate.
159
Then you will see both Caesar and your father.' Suddenly everyone raises a shout; for the triumph is here.
160
In front went the senate, which had assembled to greet Caesar; then came wagons loaded with the finest spoils; then white bulls with gilded horns were led by the priests to the sacrifice; after them, among the other captives, went Vercingetorix, a proud man, bound in chains; then Caesar himself, dressed in the embroidered toga and crowned with laurel, rode in a splendid chariot drawn by four horses; finally, at the rear of the column, cavalry and foot-soldiers kept shouting 'Io, triumph!' and singing with a loud voice; and Cornelius could not hear the small voice of the baby, who kept repeating 'Father!', among those shouts.
161
But after Caesar went up to the Capitol, the bulls were slaughtered on the altars and the spoils dedicated to Jupiter.
162
What were the temples, the wagons, the horns of the bulls like?

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXVI, §§374-377

§374. The Latin verb has the following Participles:[1]
[1] Review §203.

CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV
ACTIVE
PRESENT amāns monēns regēns capiēns audiēns
FUTURE amātūrus monitūrus rēctūrus captūrus audītūrus

PASSIVE
PERFECT amātus monitus rēctus captus audītus
FUTURE[2] amandus monendus regendus capiendus audiendus

CONJ. I CONJ. II
ACTIVE
PRESENT amāns monēns
loving advising
FUTURE amātūrus monitūrus
about to love about to advise

PASSIVE
PERFECT amātus monitus
loved, having advised, having been advised
been loved
FUTURE[2] amandus monendus
to be loved to be advised

CONJ. III CONJ. IV
ACTIVE
PRESENT regēns capiēns audiēns
ruling taking hearing
FUTURE rēctūrus captūrus audītūrus
about to rule about to take about to hear

PASSIVE
PERFECT rēctus captus audītus
ruled, having taken, having heard, havinh
been ruled been taken been heard
FUTURE[2] regendus capiendus audiendus
to be ruled to be taken to be heard
[2] The future passive participle is often called the gerundive.

a. The present active and future passive participles are formed from the present stem, and the future active and perfect passive participles are formed from the participial stem.

b. The present active participle is formed by adding -ns to the present stem. In -iō verbs of the third conjugation, and in the fourth conjugation, the stem is modified by the addition of -ē-, as capi-ē-ns, audi-ē-ns. It is declined like an adjective of one ending of the third declension. (Cf. §256.)

amāns, loving
BASE amant- STEM amanti-
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
Nom. amāns amāns amantēs amantia
Gen. amantis amantis amantium amantium
Dat. amantī amantī amantibus amantibus
Acc. amantem amāns amantīs amantia
or -ēs
Abl. amantī amantī amantibus amantibus
or -e or -e

(1) When used as an adjective the ablative singular ends in -ī; when used as a participle or as a substantive, in -e.

(2) In a similar way decline monēns, regēns, capiēns, audiēns.

c. The future active participle is formed by adding -ūrus to the base of the participial stem. We have already met this form combined with esse to produce the future active infinitive. (Cf. §206.)

d. For the perfect passive participle see §201. The future passive participle or gerundive is formed by adding -ndus to the present stem.

e. All participles in -us are declined like bonus.

f. Participles agree with nouns or pronouns like adjectives.

g. Give all the participles of the following verbs: cūrō, iubeō, sūmō, iaciō, mūniō.

§375. Participles of Deponent Verbs. Deponent verbs have the participles of the active voice as well as of the passive; consequently every deponent verb has four participles, as,

              Pres. Act. hortāns, urging
               Fut. Act. hortātūrus, about to urge
   Perf. Pass. (in form) hortātus, having urged
Fut. Pass. (Gerundive) hortandus, to be urged

a. Observe that the perfect participle of deponent verbs is passive in form but active in meaning. No other verbs have a perfect active participle. On the other hand, the future passive participle of deponent verbs is passive in meaning as in other verbs.

b. Give the participles of cōnor, vereor, sequor, patior, partior.

§376. Tenses of the Participle. The tenses express time as follows:

1. The present active participle corresponds to the English present active participle in -ing, but can be used only of an action occurring at the same time as the action of the main verb; as, mīlitēs īnsequentēs cēpērunt multōs, the soldiers, while pursuing, captured many. Here the pursuing and the capturing are going on together.

2. The perfect participle (excepting of deponents) is regularly passive and corresponds to the English past participle with or without the auxiliary having been; as, audītus, heard or having been heard.

3. The future active participle, translated about to, etc., denotes time after the action of the main verb.

§377. Review §§203, 204, and, note the following model sentences:

1. Mīlitēs currentēs erant dēfessī, the soldiers who were running (lit. running) were weary.

2. Caesar profectūrus Rōmam nōn exspectāvit, Cæsar, when about to set out (lit. about to set out) for Rome, did not wait.

3. Oppidum captum vīdimus, we saw the town which had been captured (lit. captured town).

4. Imperātor trīduum morātus profectus est, the general, since (when, or after) he had delayed (lit. the general, having delayed) three days, set out.

5. Mīlitēs vīctī terga nōn vertērunt, the soldiers, though they were conquered (lit. the soldiers conquered), did not retreat.

In each of these sentences the literal translation of the participle is given in parentheses. We note, however, that its proper translation usually requires a clause beginning with some conjunction (when, since, after, though, etc.), or a relative clause. Consider, in each case, what translation will best bring out the thought, and do not, as a rule, translate the participle literally.

victor: victor
Īnstitūtō: custom, principle, from institutum
indūtōs: put on, clothe, from induo
ārae: altar, from ara
flōribus: flower, blossom, from flos
ōrnātae: fit out, adorn, from orno
fūmābant: smoke, from fumo
ōrātiōnem: speech, oration, from oratio
virtūtem: manliness, courage, from virtus
currum: chariot, from currus
Triumphālem: of celebration of a triumph, from triumphalis
ūniversī: whole world
tollunt: lift, raise, from tollo
Praeībat: go before, precede, from praeeo
senātus: council of elders, senate
salūtandī: greet, from saluto
plaustra: wagon, cart, from plaustrum
onerāta: load, burden, from onero
aurātīs: kind of fish, gilthead, from aurata
cornibus: horn, wing, from cornu
sacerdōtibus: priest, priestess, from sacerdos
superbus: proud, haughty
pīctā: paint, tint, from pingo
vestītus: clothing
laurō: monastery, from laurus
corōnātus: wreathe, crown, from corono
splendidō: splendid, glittering, from splendidus
dēnique: finally
novissimum: rear, those at the rear, from novissima
clāmitābant: cry out, yell, from clamito
iterābat: do a second time, from itero
caesī: cut, from caesum
Iovī: Jupiter, from Juppiter
dēdicāta: declare, from dedico

163
What were the citizens, the altars, the bulls like?
164
What were Vercingetorix, Caesar, Caesar's toga, Caesar's chariot, Titus's voice, the soldiers' voice like?
165
On what day did Sempronia go to Rome?
166
Whom was she taking with her?
167
With what purpose did she go to Rome?
168
Where did the Cornelian family place themselves?
169
To whom did Caesar make a speech?
170
What did Caesar praise? What did he share out?
171
With what purpose had the senate assembled?
172
Where were the bulls being led?

173
By whom were the bulls being led?
174
How did Caesar go?
175
Where were the bulls slaughtered?
176
What is the father of the gods called?
177
Caesar was crowned; Caesar mounted the chariot. e.g. Caesar, crowned, mounted the chariot.
178
The Gauls were bound; the Gauls were led in triumph.
179
The Gauls were besieged; the Gauls defended the town.
180
Vercingetorix was conquered; Vercingetorix surrendered to the Romans.
181
The soldiers were called together; the soldiers heard Caesar's speech.
182
Caesar called the soldiers together; the soldiers heard Caesar's speech.

183
The Romans besieged the Gauls; the Gauls defended the town.
184
The Etruscans wounded Horatius; Horatius leaped into the river.
185
The leader sent the tribune ahead; the tribune pitched camp.
186
Caesar captured the Gauls; Caesar led the Gauls to Rome.
187
Caesar besieged Alesia a long time; Caesar at last took Alesia.
188
The bridge was broken; Horatius could not cross the bridge.
189
Caesar called the soldiers together; Caesar praised the soldiers.
190
Caesar captured the Gauls; Caesar returned to Rome with the Gauls.
191
Caesar called the soldiers together; Caesar made a speech to the soldiers.
192
The priests decorated the altars; the altars were smoking.

vulnerāvērunt: wound, from vulnero

193
The centurion was wounded; the leader gave the centurion a reward.
194
The master opened the door; the master entered the room.
195
The boy did his exercise; the boy went to sleep.
196
The soldiers put away their arms; the soldiers dined. (xxi) The spoils were dedicated to Jupiter; Caesar returned home.

Centuriō: centurion, captain

The particulars

The course: Paine and Mainwaring, Prīmus Annus (Oxford, 1912) and Secundus Annus (1917); Appleton and Jones, Puer Rōmānus (1913); D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (Boston, 1911); Ritchie, Fabulae Faciles (1903). Public domain. The teaching pages, the glosses and the narration are ours.
Reading aloud: Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
The app: The course on your phone, with the drills, your place kept and the audio offline.
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The book: The Aeneid, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
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