Prīmus et Secundus Annus, Lēctiōnēs 51–56

Cornēlius lītterās scrībit, Cornelius writes a letter

A few days before

Paucīs ante diēbus means a few days ago.

Ante places the shouting before the letter. The ablative paucīs diēbus gives the difference: a few days.

The amount of difference

With comparatives and words that imply comparison, the ablative can state the measure of difference.

Ante compares two times. In paucīs ante diēbus, paucīs diēbus measures their difference.

The table gives common ablative measures and the difference each states.

Ablative of the Measure of Difference

1
The gift which your messenger handed to me I receive with great joy.
Dōnum,donum: gift, present
quodqui: who, which, what, that
nūntiusnuntius: messenger
tuusyour, yours
inin, on; into, to, against
manummanus: hand; band, force
mihiego: I
trādidit,trado: give over, surrender, deliver
māgnōmagnus: great, large
cumwhen; since; although
gaudiōgaudium: joy
accipiō.accipio: take, grasp, receive, accept, undertake
2
My wife and I thank you very much.
3
What has happened lately at Rome?
4
What opinion do the senators hold of Julius Caesar? These things you wanted to learn; yet at Brundisium everything is reported with such speed.
5
What news can I tell you?
6
Julius grows more powerful by the day and is loved more by the common people; for a few days ago, while he was travelling from Alba to the City, many cried out 'Hail, King!'; but Julius, a most prudent man, said, 'I am Caesar, not king.' I for my part, however, fear for his safety.
7
For while on a holiday the young men of senatorial rank were running a race against one another along the Sacred Way and he himself was watching from the steps of a temple, a great crowd gathered; but suddenly Mark Antony offered him a diadem; everywhere there was silence; no one applauded except a few of Julius's friends.
8
He refused the diadem; then everyone applauded.
9
Antony, however, not yet satisfied, offered the diadem three times.
10
I am glad he acted so foolishly; for he has brought Caesar into ill will.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LVI, §§315-317

§315. The following adjectives are irregular in the formation of the superlative and have no positive. Forms rarely used are in parentheses.

COMPARATIVE              SUPERLATIVE
citerior, hither      (citimus, hithermost)
interior, inner       (intimus, inmost)
prior, former          prīmus, first
propior, nearer        proximus, next, nearest
ulterior, further      ultimus, furthest

§316. In the sentence Galba is a head taller than Sextus, the phrase a head taller expresses the measure of difference in height between Galba and Sextus. The Latin form of expression would be Galba is taller than Sextus by a head. This is clearly an ablative relation, and the construction is called the ablative of the measure of difference.

EXAMPLES

Galba est altior capite quam Sextus
  Galba is a head taller (taller by a head) than Sextus.
Illud iter ad Italiam est multō brevius
  That route to Italy is much shorter (shorter by much)

§317. RULE. Ablative of the Measure of Difference. With comparatives and words implying comparison the ablative is used to denote the measure of difference.

a. Especially common in this construction are the neuter ablatives

eō, by this, by that           nihilō,[1] by nothing
hōc, by this                   paulō, by a little
multō, by much
[1] nihil was originally nihilum and declined like pīlum. There is no plural.

Dōnum: gift, present
trādidit: give over, surrender, from trado
gaudiō: joy, from gaudium
nūper: lately, recently
accidit: cut, cut into, from accido
opīniōnem: opinion, supposition, from opinio
senātōrēs: senator, from senator
cōgnōscere: learn, from cognosco
potentior: powerful, strong, from potens
plēbe: common people, general citizens, from plebs
magis: more, in a higher degree
salūte: safety, from salus
metuō: fear
senātōriī: of a senator, senatorial, from senatorius
iuvenēs: youth, young man, from juvenis
multitūdō: multitude
Antōnius: Antony
diadēma: diadem
offert: hurt, from obfero
ubīque: anywhere, everywhere
plaudit: clap, strike, from plaudo
rēiēcit: throw back, from reicio
ter: three times
obtulit: offer, from obtulo
Gaudeō: be glad, rejoice
invidiam: hate, from invidia

11
Already most of the senators hate him, and Cassius at least, I think, will not let this opportunity for action pass.
12
Caesar, however, seems to me to be unconcerned.
13
I am sending this letter to Brundisium by the same messenger.
14
Dated the Kalends of March.
15
Farewell.
16
After Mark Antony offered the diadem, Caesar refused it.
17
After Caesar was hailed, he answered: 'I am not king.'
18
After I received your messenger, I sent him away.
19
After I received your letter, I went to Rome.
20
After he took Alesia, Caesar returned home.

ōdērunt: hate, from odi
putō: think, believe
facultātem: means, from facultas
praetermittet: let pass, from praetermitto
sēcūrus: secure, safe
eundem: the same, from idem
nūntium: female messenger
Kalendīs: Kalends, 1st of month, from Kalendae
Valē: be strong, from valeo

Alterae dē eādem rē lītterae, a second letter on the same matter

The signal gives the circumstance

Tum, sīgnō datō, gladiōs stringunt means "Then, at a signal, they draw their swords."

Sīgnō and datō are ablative singular neuter. Together, sīgnō datō is an ablative absolute.

The main action stays separate

Sīgnō datō expresses the circumstance for gladiōs stringunt. It names neither who draws nor what they draw.

An ablative noun with an agreeing participle can express this circumstance without serving as the subject or object of the main action.

21
I have received your letter, for which I thank you very much.
22
That which I feared has happened.
23
For Julius was killed yesterday.
24
But who are the conspirators?
25
You know them well; Marcus Brutus, who is an honourable man, but loved the republic more than Caesar himself, and Cassius, who envied Caesar, were the authors of the conspiracy.
26
Nor were omens lacking; for on the Kalends of March a certain seer warned Caesar in the street: 'Beware the Ides of March!' Unconcerned, however, Julius was going to the senate on the Ides of March when he caught sight of the seer in the crowd, and said to him, 'Ho, seer, the Ides of March have come.' Then he: 'They have come indeed, Caesar, but they have not yet passed.' Then, while citizens were asking various things of him, Artemidorus gave him a note in which he had set down the names of the conspirators; but the conspirators gave Caesar no chance to read; for they pressed round him on every side.
27
Then, at a signal, they draw their swords (I myself was there too, but stunned I could do nothing) and pierce Caesar with countless blows.
28
He alone resisted for a little while in silence; but as soon as he sees Brutus, his friend, among his enemies, he cries out 'You too, Brutus?' and falls dead before the very statue of Pompey.
29
I pity that so illustrious a general, but I am glad that Brutus has saved the republic.
30
And you, what do you think about these matters?

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXVII, §§379-381

§379. Learn the principal parts and conjugation of volō, wish; nōlō (ne + volō), be unwilling; mālō (magis + volō), be more willing, prefer (§497). Note the irregularities in the present indicative, subjunctive, and infinitive, and in the imperfect subjunctive. (Cf. §354.)

a. These verbs are usually followed by the infinitive with or without a subject accusative; as, volunt venīre, they wish to come; volunt amīcōs venīre, they wish their friends to come. The English usage is the same.[1]
[1] Sometimes the subjunctive of purpose is used after these verbs. (See §366.)

[ Conjugations given in §497:

PRINCIPAL PARTS: volō, velle, voluī, ----, be willing, will, wish nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, ----, be unwilling, will not mālō, mālle, māluī, ----, be more willing, prefer

INDICATIVE
SINGULAR
Pres. volō nōlō mālō
vīs nōn vis māvīs
vult nōn vult māvult

PLURAL
volumus nōlumus mālumus
vultis nōn vultis māvul´tis
volunt nōlunt mālunt

Impf. volēbam nōlēbam mālēbam
Fut. volam, volēs, etc. nōlam, nōlēs, etc. mālam, mālēs, etc.
Perf. voluī nōluī māluī
Plup. volueram nōlueram mālueram
F.P. voluerō nōluerō māluerō

SUBJUNCTIVE
SINGULAR
Pres. velim nōlim mālim
velīs nōlīs mālīs
velit nōlit mālit

PLURAL
velī´mus nōlī´mus mālī´mus
velī´tis nōlī´tis mālī´tis
velint nōlint mālint

Impf. vellem nōllem māllem
Perf. voluerim nōluerim māluerim
Plup. voluissem nōluissem māluissem

IMPERATIVE
Pres. nōlī
nōlīte
Fut. nōlītō, etc.

INFINITIVE
Pres. velle nōlle mālle
Perf. voluisse nōluisse māluisse

PARTICIPLE
Pres. volēns, -entis nōlēns, -entis ----]

§380. Observe the following sentences:

1. Magistrō laudante omnēs puerī dīligenter labōrant, with the teacher praising, or since the teacher praises, or the teacher praising, all the boys labor diligently.

2. Caesare dūcente nēmō prōgredī timet, with Cæsar leading, or when Cæsar leads, or if Cæsar leads, or Cæsar leading, no one fears to advance.

3. Hīs rēbus cognitīs mīlitēs fūgērunt, when this was known, or since this was known, or these things having been learned, the soldiers fled.

4. Proeliō commissō multī vulnerātī sunt, after the battle had begun, or when the battle had begun, or the battle having been joined, many were wounded.

a. One of the fundamental ablative relations is expressed in English by the preposition with (cf. §50). In each of the sentences above we have a noun and a participle in agreement in the ablative, and the translation shows that in each instance the ablative expresses attendant circumstance. For example, in the first sentence the circumstance attending or accompanying the diligent labor of the boys is the praise of the teacher. This is clearly a with relation, and the ablative is the case to use.

b. We observe, further, that the ablative and its participle are absolutely independent grammatically of the rest of the sentence. If we were to express the thought in English in a similar way, we should use the nominative independent or absolute. In Latin the construction is called the Ablative Absolute, or the Ablative with a Participle. This form of expression is exceedingly common in Latin, but rather rare in English, so we must not, as a rule, employ the English absolute construction to translate the ablative abolute. The attendant circumstance may be one of time (when or after), or one of cause (since), or one of concession (though), or one of condition (if). In each case try to discover the precise relation, and translate the ablative and its participle by a clause which will best express the thought.

§381. RULE. Ablative Absolute. The ablative of a noun or pronoun with a present or perfect participle in agreement is used to express attendant circumstance.

NOTE 1. The verb sum has no present participle. In consequence we often find two nouns or a noun and an adjective in the ablative absolute with no participle expressed; as, tē duce, you (being) leader, with you as leader; patre īnfirmō, my father (being) weak.

NOTE 2. Be very careful not to put in the ablative absolute a noun and participle that form the subject or object of a sentence. Compare

a. The Gauls, having been conquered by Cæsar, returned home

b. The Gauls having been conquered by Cæsar, the army returned home

In a the subject is The Gauls having been conquered by Cæsar, and we translate,

Gallī ā Caesare victi domum revertērunt

In b the subject is the army. The Gauls having been conquered by Cæsar is nominative absolute in English, which requires the ablative absolute in Latin, and we translate,

Gallīs ā Caesare victīs exercitus domum revertit

NOTE 3. The fact that only deponent verbs have a perfect active participle (cf. §375.a) often compels a change of voice when translating from one language to the other. For example, we can translate Cæsar having encouraged the legions just as it stands, because hortor is a deponent verb. But if we wish to say Cæsar having conquered the Gauls, we have to change the voice of the participle to the passive because vincō is not deponent, and say, the Gauls having been conquered by Cæsar (see translation above).

coniūrātī: conspirator, from conjurati
honestus: distinguished, reputable
invidēbat: envy, regard with envy, from invideo
auctōrēs: seller, vendor, from auctor
coniūrātiōnis: conspiracy, plot, from conjuratio
prōdigia: portent, from prodigium
dēerant: choose, pick out, from desum
vātēs: prophet, mouthpiece of deity
admonuit: admonish, remind, from admoneo
Cavē: beware, avoid, from caveo
Īdūs: Ides, abb. Id
Heus: hey!, ho!
libellum: small silver coin, plumbline, from libellus
indicāverat: point out, show, from indico
undique: from all sides
premēbant: press hard, harass, from premo
obstupefactus: strike dumb, from obstupefacio
īctibus: blow, stroke, from ictus
parumper: for a short
simul: at the same time
ac: and, from atque
statuam: statue, from statua
Pompēī: Pompey, from Pompeius
Miseret: pity, feel sorry for, from misereo
illūstris: bright, shining

31
Farewell. Dated
32
the 17th day before the Kalends
33
of April.
34
Why was Gaius thanking Quintus?
35
Why was Caesar killed by Brutus?
36
Why was he killed by Cassius?
37
With what purpose did these men conspire?
38
On what day did the seer warn Caesar?
39
On what day was Caesar killed?
40
With what purpose had Artemidorus written the note?

coniūrāvērunt: swear, join in an oath, from conjuro

41
What were the spectators doing?
42
Whom did Cornelius pity?
43
What sort of people do you pity?
44
By whom was Caesar pressed?
45
About what had the seer warned Caesar?
46
I received the gift which the messenger handed over.
47
Caesar refused the diadem.
48
Antony brought Caesar into ill will.
49
I am sending this letter to you.
50
Caesar did not read Artemidorus's note.

Verbum Dēpōnēns, deponent verbs

Passive form, active meaning

Illōs sequitur verna parvus means the little verna follows them.

Sequitur has the passive ending -tur, but its meaning is active. A deponent verb has passive forms but active meanings.

Patiētur follows the same rule: verna etiam verbera patiētur means the verna too will suffer a beating.

Principal parts keep the passive form

The principal parts of a deponent verb remain passive in form and active in meaning.

The table sets the three principal parts of each verb beside its active meaning.

From the book

51
Marcus rises from bed at first light and does not eat before he sets out from home to school.
52
If on the way he wants to linger for the sake of chasing animals, the old slave who accompanies him speaks thus: 'Hurry, Marcus, I beg you, unless you want to enter school late.' Behind them follows the little verna, who carries the books and tablets.
53
If he happens to have forgotten his book or pen, the master will speak angrily to Marcus thus: 'Why did you leave your pen at home?
54
What instrument do you want to use for writing?
55
Haven't you earned a beating?' The boy will be punished in silence; but the verna too, I think, will suffer after school the beating he has fully earned.
56
From where did Marcus set out every day at the first hour?
57
When did he rise from bed?
58
How do a slave and a verna differ from each other?
59
With what purpose did the verna follow Marcus?
60
With what purpose did the old slave accompany him?

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LX, §§338-340

§338. A number of verbs are passive in form but active in meaning; as, hortor, I encourage; vereor, I fear. Such verbs are called deponent because they have laid aside (dē-pōnere, to lay aside) the active forms.

a. Besides having all the forms of the passive, deponent verbs have also the future active infinitive and a few other active forms which will be noted later. (Sec§§375, 403.b.)

§339. The principal parts of deponents are of course passive in form, as,

Conj. I         hortor, hortārī, hortātus sum, encourage
Conj. II        vereor, verērī, veritus sum, fear
Conj. III (a) sequor, sequī, secūtus sum, follow
          (b) patior, patī, passus sum, suffer, allow
Conj. IV        partior, partīrī, partītus sum, share, divide

Learn the synopses of these verbs. (See §493.) Patior is conjugated like the passive of capiō (§492).

§340. PREPOSITIONS WITH THE ACCUSATIVE

The prepositions with the accusative that occur most frequently are

ante, before
apud, among
circum, around
contrā, against, contrary to
extrā, outside of
in, into, in, against, upon
inter, between, among
intrā, within
ob, on account of (quam ob rem, wherefore, therefore)
per, through, by means of
post, after, behind
propter, on account of, because of
trāns, across, over

a. Most of these you have had before. Review the old ones and learn the new ones. Review the list of prepositions governing the ablative, §209.

lūce: light, from lux
proficīscitur: depart, set out, from proficisco
morārī: delay, from moror
persequendī: follow up, pursue, from persequor
comitātur: accompany, go along with, from comito
loquitur: speak, tell, from loquor
precor: beg, from preco
ingredī: be in, from ingradior
oblītus: forget, from obliviscor
īrātus: get, from irascor
ūtī: use, make use of, from uto
verbera: lash, whip, from verber
meritus: earn, from mereo
opīnor: suppose, imagine
patiētur: suffer, from patior

61
With what purpose did Marcus often linger?
62
Why is the master angry?
63
Which of the boys had earned a beating?
64
Which suffered a beating?
65
What instrument do you use for writing on the blackboard?
66
What limbs do we use for swimming? Which for jumping?
67
Who accompanies you to school?
68
If you come into school late, what will the master say?
69
When do you rise from bed?
70
When do you set out from home?

Marcus performs the embrace

Postquam mātrem amplexus est means "After he had embraced his mother."

Amplexus has passive form, but Marcus performs the action.

The deponent perfect participle

A deponent perfect participle has a passive form but an active meaning.

The rule also governs dēlāpsus sum, "I slipped." Marcus performs both actions.

71
At the sixth hour, while Marcus was returning home, his parents were waiting for him in the garden.
72
After he had embraced his mother and greeted his father, she asked him: 'Why is your toga so dirty?' Marcus said to her, 'Because I slipped in the mud while chasing a bird.'
73
Then his mother, angry because the boy was so careless, said, 'Then you will not have dinner; go to your bedroom at once.' But Marcus began to cry, for he knew how to persuade his mother with tears, and said, 'Forgive me, mother; don't be angry; I have already been punished enough; for I almost died before the slave pulled me out of the ditch.'
74
Then his mother embraced her son again and sent him off to put on another toga.
75
He soon returns to dinner laughing and dressed in a clean toga.
76
What are father and mother called?
77
Which parent was Marcus embracing?
78
Which parent did he greet?
79
Why had Marcus's toga become dirty?
80
When did Marcus's toga become dirty?

§374. The Latin verb has the following Participles:[1]
[1] Review §203.

CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV
ACTIVE
PRESENT amāns monēns regēns capiēns audiēns
FUTURE amātūrus monitūrus rēctūrus captūrus audītūrus

PASSIVE
PERFECT amātus monitus rēctus captus audītus
FUTURE[2] amandus monendus regendus capiendus audiendus

CONJ. I CONJ. II
ACTIVE
PRESENT amāns monēns
loving advising
FUTURE amātūrus monitūrus
about to love about to advise

PASSIVE
PERFECT amātus monitus
loved, having advised, having been advised
been loved
FUTURE[2] amandus monendus
to be loved to be advised

CONJ. III CONJ. IV
ACTIVE
PRESENT regēns capiēns audiēns
ruling taking hearing
FUTURE rēctūrus captūrus audītūrus
about to rule about to take about to hear

PASSIVE
PERFECT rēctus captus audītus
ruled, having taken, having heard, havinh
been ruled been taken been heard
FUTURE[2] regendus capiendus audiendus
to be ruled to be taken to be heard
[2] The future passive participle is often called the gerundive.

a. The present active and future passive participles are formed from the present stem, and the future active and perfect passive participles are formed from the participial stem.

b. The present active participle is formed by adding -ns to the present stem. In -iō verbs of the third conjugation, and in the fourth conjugation, the stem is modified by the addition of -ē-, as capi-ē-ns, audi-ē-ns. It is declined like an adjective of one ending of the third declension. (Cf. §256.)

amāns, loving
BASE amant- STEM amanti-
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
Nom. amāns amāns amantēs amantia
Gen. amantis amantis amantium amantium
Dat. amantī amantī amantibus amantibus
Acc. amantem amāns amantīs amantia
or -ēs
Abl. amantī amantī amantibus amantibus
or -e or -e

(1) When used as an adjective the ablative singular ends in -ī; when used as a participle or as a substantive, in -e.

(2) In a similar way decline monēns, regēns, capiēns, audiēns.

c. The future active participle is formed by adding -ūrus to the base of the participial stem. We have already met this form combined with esse to produce the future active infinitive. (Cf. §206.)

d. For the perfect passive participle see §201. The future passive participle or gerundive is formed by adding -ndus to the present stem.

e. All participles in -us are declined like bonus.

f. Participles agree with nouns or pronouns like adjectives.

g. Give all the participles of the following verbs: cūrō, iubeō, sūmō, iaciō, mūniō.

§375. Participles of Deponent Verbs. Deponent verbs have the participles of the active voice as well as of the passive; consequently every deponent verb has four participles, as,

              Pres. Act. hortāns, urging
               Fut. Act. hortātūrus, about to urge
   Perf. Pass. (in form) hortātus, having urged
Fut. Pass. (Gerundive) hortandus, to be urged

a. Observe that the perfect participle of deponent verbs is passive in form but active in meaning. No other verbs have a perfect active participle. On the other hand, the future passive participle of deponent verbs is passive in meaning as in other verbs.

b. Give the participles of cōnor, vereor, sequor, patior, partior.

§376. Tenses of the Participle. The tenses express time as follows:

1. The present active participle corresponds to the English present active participle in -ing, but can be used only of an action occurring at the same time as the action of the main verb; as, mīlitēs īnsequentēs cēpērunt multōs, the soldiers, while pursuing, captured many. Here the pursuing and the capturing are going on together.

2. The perfect participle (excepting of deponents) is regularly passive and corresponds to the English past participle with or without the auxiliary having been; as, audītus, heard or having been heard.

3. The future active participle, translated about to, etc., denotes time after the action of the main verb.

§377. Review §§203, 204, and, note the following model sentences:

1. Mīlitēs currentēs erant dēfessī, the soldiers who were running (lit. running) were weary.

2. Caesar profectūrus Rōmam nōn exspectāvit, Cæsar, when about to set out (lit. about to set out) for Rome, did not wait.

3. Oppidum captum vīdimus, we saw the town which had been captured (lit. captured town).

4. Imperātor trīduum morātus profectus est, the general, since (when, or after) he had delayed (lit. the general, having delayed) three days, set out.

5. Mīlitēs vīctī terga nōn vertērunt, the soldiers, though they were conquered (lit. the soldiers conquered), did not retreat.

In each of these sentences the literal translation of the participle is given in parentheses. We note, however, that its proper translation usually requires a clause beginning with some conjunction (when, since, after, though, etc.), or a relative clause. Consider, in each case, what translation will best bring out the thought, and do not, as a rule, translate the participle literally.

parentēs: parent, father, from parens
amplexus: clasp, embrace
sordida: dirty, unclean, from sordidus
līmō: mud, from limus
dēlāpsus: work hard, from delabor
imprūdēns: ignorant
persuādēre: persuade, advise, from persuadeo
lacrimīs: tear, from lacrima
Īgnōsce: pardon, forgive, from ignosco
īrāscī: get, from irasco
paene: almost
extrāxit: drag out, pull forth, from extraho
amplexa: surround, encircle, from amplector
regreditur: go back, return, from regredior
rīdēns: laugh at, laugh, from rideo
pūrā: pure, clean, from purus

81
Why was Sempronia angry?
82
How did Marcus persuade his mother?
83
Why do mothers always forgive their sons?
84
Ought mothers always to forgive their sons?
85
With what purpose did Sempronia send Marcus off?
86
Did Marcus deserve his dinner?
87
By whom was Marcus pulled out of the ditch?
88
In what state was Marcus sent to his bedroom?
89
In what state did Marcus return to dinner?
90
Marcus embraced his mother; Marcus greeted his father.

regressus: going back, return

91
Marcus returned; Marcus dined.
92
The boy slipped in the mud; the boy has a dirty toga.
93
Marcus set out from home; Marcus lingered on the way.
94
The pupils forgot their pens; the pupils will be punished.
95
Caesar entered the senate; the conspirators killed Caesar.
96
Marcus returned from school; his mother embraces Marcus.
97
Marcus earned a beating; his mother forgave Marcus.
98
Grandfather died; the boys and girls weep.
99
Marcus chased animals; Marcus arrived late at school.

profectus: set out, from proficiscor
ingressus: entry

Participia Praesēns et Futūrum, present and future participles

An action still to come

In quem ad flōrem currit et carptūrus eum manū tangit, carptūrus means "about to pick."

The touching happens first. The future active participle marks the picking as still to come.

At the same time and before

In eōs inter sē discum iacientēs cōnspexit, iacientēs means "throwing."

The present participle makes the throwing simultaneous with the seeing.

In discum ā deō coniectum in cor puerī dēvertit, coniectum means "thrown." The throwing is prior to the turning.

A perfect participle marks prior action.

Agreement changes the form

These time relations remain while a participle agrees with its noun in gender, number, and case.

In eōs inter sē discum iacientēs cōnspexit, accusative plural iacientēs agrees with eōs.

The forms of amāns show the case and number forms of a present active participle.

The forms of amāns

100
One day in early spring Titus, who could now walk, having gone into the garden with his nurse, was looking at the flowers.
101
Everywhere stand trees, which in summer, while the sun shines, will give sweet shade and in autumn bear fruit.
102
Here seeds have been sown, from which soon flowers of various colours, lilies, violets, roses, will be born; there hyacinths, crocuses, narcissi are already in bloom.
103
Titus loved them all, and especially the hyacinth; he runs to this flower and, about to pick it, touches it with his hand.
104
But suddenly he remembers not only the words of his nurse but the smacks too; for she had often forbidden him to pick flowers.
105
Then he said, 'What is this flower called?' After he learned this, he asked again: 'Why is it called hyacinth?' She said, 'I shall tell you.
106
'Hyacinthus was a very beautiful boy, as big as Marcus.
107
Both Phoebus Apollo and Zephyrus loved him; but the boy played more gladly with Apollo.
108
Once Zephyrus caught sight of them throwing a discus between them, and in anger turned the discus thrown by the god aside into the boy's heart.
109
He, struck by the grievous wound, fell to the ground; neither the art of Phoebus nor the tears of Zephyrus, who now repents of the deed, can call him back to life.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXVI, §§374-377