Max Havelaar 1732 Studios

Dutch · The Novel

Hoofdstuk 5

Chapter 5

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  1. 1

    CHAPTER FIVE

    VYFDEFIFTHvijfde · ordinal adjectivemodifies HOOFDSTUK

    Historical spelling with y for modern ij.

    HOOFDSTUKCHAPTERhoofdstuk · noun, neuter singularhead of chapter title
  2. 2

    At ten in the morning there was an unusual stir on the high road that links the district of Pandeglang with Lebak. "High road" is perhaps saying rather too much for the broad footpath that people, out of courtesy and for want of anything better, called the "road." But if one set out from Serang, the chief town of the Bantam residency, in a carriage and four, meaning to make one's way to Rangkas-Betoeng, the new chief town of the Lebak country, one could be nearly certain of arriving there in due course. So it was a road after all.

  3. 3

    True, one was forever sticking fast in the mud, which in the Bantam lowlands is heavy, clayey, and clinging; true, one was repeatedly obliged to call on the help of the inhabitants of the nearest villages — even when they were not very near, for villages are not plentiful in those parts — but once one had finally managed to gather a score of farmers from round about, it usually did not take very long before horse and carriage were back on firm ground.

  4. 4

    The coachman cracked his whip, the runners — in Europe, I believe, one would say "grooms," or rather, there is nothing in Europe that corresponds to these runners — these incomparable runners, then, with their short thick little whips, would skip along again at the side of the team, shrieking out indescribable noises and lashing the horses under the belly to spur them on. In this way one jolted along for a while, until the dispiriting moment came round again when one sank up to the axles in the mud.

  5. 5

    Then the cry for help began afresh. One waited patiently until that help arrived, and ... struggled on.

  6. 6

    Often, as I passed along that road, it seemed to me that here or there I might come upon a carriage carrying travellers from the previous century, who had sunk in the mud and been forgotten.

  7. 7

    But this never once happened to me.

  8. 8

    So I assume that all who ever came along this road did in the end arrive where they wished to be.

  9. 9

    One would be much mistaken to form an idea of the whole of the great road across Java by the measure of that road in the Lebak country.

  10. 10

    The high road proper, with its many branches, which Marshal Daendels had laid out at great cost of human life, is indeed a magnificent piece of work, and one stands amazed at the force of will of the man who, despite all the obstacles his enviers and opponents in the mother country put in his way, dared to defy the unwillingness of the population and the discontent of the chiefs in order to bring about something that to this day still rouses and deserves the admiration of every visitor.

  11. 11

    No system of post-horses in Europe — not even in England, Russia, or Hungary — can be set on a par with the one on Java.

  12. 12

    Over high mountain ridges, along chasms that make you shudder, the heavily laden travelling-carriage flies onward at a single gallop.

  13. 13

    The coachman sits as though nailed to the box, for hours, indeed whole days on end, and swings the heavy whip with an iron arm.

  14. 14

    He knows exactly how to reckon where and by how much he must rein in the racing horses, so that after a headlong descent of a mountain slope, there at that bend ...

  15. 15

    — My God, the road is ... gone! We are driving into an abyss, cries the inexperienced traveller; there is no road ... there is the chasm!

  16. 16

    Yes, so it seems.

  17. 17

    The road bends, and just as one gallop-bound more would lose firm ground beneath the leaders, the horses wheel about and sling the vehicle round the corner.

  18. 18

    They fly up the mountain height that you did not see a moment before, and ... the abyss lies behind you.

  19. 19

    On such an occasion there are moments when the carriage rests only on the wheels at the outer side of the curve you are describing: the centrifugal force has lifted the inner wheels off the ground.

  20. 20

    It takes cool blood not to shut one's eyes, and whoever travels on Java for the first time writes to his family in Europe that he has been in mortal danger. But whoever belongs there laughs at such fear.

  21. 21

    It is not my aim — least of all at the beginning of my tale — to keep the reader long occupied with the describing of places, landscapes, or buildings. I am too afraid of scaring him off with anything that might smack of long-windedness; and only later, when I feel that he has been won over to me, when I can tell from his look and bearing that the fate of the heroine who springs from a fourth-floor balcony somewhere holds his interest, then I will, with bold contempt for all the laws of gravity, let her hover between heaven and earth until I have unburdened my heart in a meticulous sketch of the beauties of the landscape, or of the building that seems set down there for the sole purpose of furnishing a pretext for a many-paged disquisition on medieval architecture.

  22. 22

    All those castles resemble one another.

  23. 23

    Invariably they are of heterogeneous construction. The corps de logis always dates from a good few reigns earlier than the additions that some later king or other has tacked on to it.

  24. 24

    The towers are in a state of decay ... Worthy reader, there are no towers.

  25. 25

    A tower is a notion, a dream, an ideal, a fabrication, an intolerable piece of bragging!

  26. 26

    There are half-towers, and ... little turrets.

  27. 27

    The zeal that thought it had to set towers upon the buildings raised in honour of some saint or other did not last long enough to bring them to completion, and the spire that is to point the faithful toward heaven usually rests, a few stages too low, on the massive base — which puts one in mind of the man without thighs at the fair.

  28. 28

    Only little turrets, small needles on village churches, are ever finished.

  29. 29

    It is truly no compliment to Western civilization that the notion of bringing some great work to completion has so seldom been able to hold its ground long enough to see that work carried through.

  30. 30

    I am not speaking now of undertakings whose completion was necessary to cover the costs. Whoever wishes to know exactly what I mean should go and look at the Cathedral of Cologne.

  31. 31

    Let him give himself an account of the grand conception of that building, in the soul of its architect Gerhard von Riehl ... of the faith in the hearts of the people that put him in a position to begin that work and carry it on ... of the influence of the ideas that needed so colossal a thing to serve as a visible representation of the unseen religious feeling ... and let him compare this exaltation with the temper that, some centuries later, gave birth to the moment at which the work was abandoned. There lies a deep gulf between Erwin von Steinbach and our architects!

  32. 32

    I know that for years now men have been at work bridging this gulf. At Cologne too they are building at the Cathedral once more.

  33. 33

    But will the broken thread be joined again? Will we find once more, in our own days, what then made up the strength of churchman and master-builder?

  34. 34

    I do not believe it. Money will surely be forthcoming, and for that, stone and lime are to be bought.

  35. 35

    One can pay the artist who draws up a plan, and the mason who lays the stones. But not to be had for money is that strayed, yet still venerable, feeling which saw in a building-design a poem — a poem of granite that spoke aloud to the people, a poem in marble that stood there like an unmoving, ever-enduring, eternal prayer.

  36. 36

    On the border between Lebak and Pandeglang, then, there was an unusual stir one certain morning.

  37. 37

    Hundreds of saddled horses covered the road, and at least a thousand people — which was a great many for that spot — moved to and fro in busy waiting.

  38. 38

    Here one saw the chiefs of the villages, and the district chiefs from the Lebak country, each with his retinue; and to judge by the handsome half-Arab horse that, in its rich harness, was champing at the silver watering-bit, a chief of higher rank too was present in this place.

  39. 39

    And so indeed it was.

  40. 40

    The Regent of Lebak, Radhen Adhipatti Karta Natta Negara, had left Rangkas-Betoeng with a great retinue, and despite his advanced age had covered the twelve or fourteen miles that separate his dwelling-place from the borders of the neighbouring district of Pandeglang.

  41. 41

    A new assistant-resident was expected, and custom — which in the Indies has the force of law more than anywhere else — requires that the official charged with the government of a district be ceremonially received on his arrival.

  42. 42

    The controller too was present there, a man of middle age who, ever since the death of the previous assistant-resident some months before, had as next in rank been carrying on the administration.

  43. 43

    As soon as the time of the new assistant-resident's coming was known, men had hastily caused a pendoppo to be put up, had brought a table and a few chairs there, and had set out some refreshments. In this pendoppo the Regent, together with the controller, awaited the arrival of the new chief.

  44. 44

    After a broad-brimmed hat, an umbrella, or a hollow tree, a pendoppo is surely the simplest expression of the notion: roof.

  45. 45

    Picture to yourself four or six bamboo poles driven into the ground, joined together at their upper ends by other lengths of bamboo, to which is fastened a covering made of the long leaves of the water-palm — which in these parts is called atap — and you will be able to imagine such a pendoppo. It is, as you see, as simple as can be, and here too it was meant to serve only as a pied-à-terre for the European and native officials who had come to that spot to welcome their new superior at the borders.

  46. 46

    I did not express myself altogether precisely when I called the assistant-resident the superior, of the Regent as well.

  47. 47

    A digression on the mechanism of the government in these regions is here indispensable, for a proper understanding of what is to follow.

  48. 48

    What is called the Netherlands Indies — the adjective "Netherlands" strikes me as somewhat inaccurate, though it was officially adopted — is, as regards the relation of the mother country to the population, to be divided into two very different main parts.

  49. 49

    One part consists of tribes whose princes and petty princes have acknowledged the sovereignty of the Netherlands as suzerain, but where the direct administration has, in greater or lesser degree, nonetheless remained in the hands of the native Chiefs themselves.

  50. 50

    Another part — to which, with a very small and perhaps only apparent exception, the whole of Java belongs — is directly subject to the Netherlands.

  51. 51

    Of tribute or levy or alliance there is no question here.

  52. 52

    The Javanese is a Netherlands subject.

  53. 53

    The King of the Netherlands is his king.

  54. 54

    The descendants of his former princes and lords are Netherlands officials. They are appointed, transferred, promoted, by the Governor-General who governs in the name of the King.

  55. 55

    The criminal is condemned and sentenced by a law that has issued from The Hague.

  56. 56

    The taxes that the Javanese pays flow into the treasury of the Netherlands.

  57. 57

    It is of this part only of the Netherlands possessions — which thus in truth forms a part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands — that these pages will chiefly speak.

  58. 58

    The Governor-General is assisted by a Council, which, however, has no decisive influence on his decisions.

  59. 59

    At Batavia the several branches of administration are divided into "departments," at the head of which Directors are placed, who form the link between the supreme government of the Governor-General and the Residents in the provinces.

  60. 60

    In the handling, however, of matters of a political nature, these officials apply directly to the Governor-General.

  61. 61

    The title of Resident comes from the time when the Netherlands still governed the population only indirectly, as liege lord, and had itself represented at the courts of the still-reigning Princes by Residents.

  62. 62

    Those Princes no longer exist, and the residents have become, as provincial Governors or Prefects, administrators of territories.

  63. 63

    Their sphere of work has changed, but the name has remained.

  64. 64

    It is these residents who actually represent the Netherlands authority to the Javanese population. The people know neither the Governor-General, nor the Councillors of the Indies, nor the Directors at Batavia.

  65. 65

    They know only the Resident, and the officials who do the governing under him. Such a residency — there are some that contain nearly a million souls — is divided into three, four, or five districts or regencies, at the head of which Assistant-Residents are placed.

  66. 66

    Under these in turn the administration is carried on by controllers, overseers, and a number of other officials who are needed for the collecting of the taxes, for the supervision of agriculture, for the erecting of buildings, for the waterworks, for the police, and for the administration of justice.

  67. 67

    In each district a native chief of high rank, with the title of Regent, stands at the assistant-resident's side.

  68. 68

    Such a Regent, although his relation to the government and his sphere of work are entirely those of a salaried official, always belongs to the high nobility of the land, and often to the family of the princes who in earlier times ruled independently in that territory or in the neighbourhood.

  69. 69

    Very statesmanlike use is thus made of their ancient feudal influence — which throughout Asia is of great weight, and is regarded among most tribes as a point of religion — inasmuch as, by appointing these chiefs to be officials, a hierarchy is created, at whose summit stands the Netherlands authority, exercised through the Governor-General.

  70. 70

    There is nothing new under the sun.

  71. 71

    Were not the Imperial Counts, the Margraves, the Counts of the Gau, and the Burgraves of the German Empire likewise appointed by the Emperor, and mostly chosen from among the Barons?

  72. 72

    Without a digression on the origin of the nobility, which lies wholly in nature, I should nonetheless like to make room for the observation of how, in our part of the world and yonder in the far Indies, the same causes had the same effects.

  73. 73

    A country must be governed from a great distance, and for this officials are needed who represent the central authority.

  74. 74

    Under the system of military arbitrariness, the Romans chose for this purpose the Prefects, in the beginning usually the commanders of the legions that had subdued the country in question.

  75. 75

    Such regions therefore remained: provinces, that is to say: conquered territories.

  76. 76

    But when, later, the central authority of the German Empire felt the need to bind some distant people to itself by other means than mere material preponderance — as soon as a remote region came to be regarded as belonging to the Empire by kinship of origin, language, and customs — the necessity made itself felt of charging someone with the conduct of affairs who not only was at home in that country, but who, by his standing, was raised above his fellow citizens in those parts, so that obedience to the Emperor's commands might be made easy through the concurrent inclination to submit to him who was charged with carrying out those commands. By this means the expense was at the same time wholly or partly avoided of a standing army at the charge of the general treasury, or, as most often happened, at the charge of the territories themselves that had to be guarded by such an army.

  77. 77

    So the first Counts were chosen from among the Barons of the land, and strictly speaking the word "count" is therefore no title of nobility, but merely the designation of a person charged with a certain office.

  78. 78

    I believe, then, that in the Middle Ages the opinion held good that the German Emperor did indeed have the right to appoint counts, that is, administrators of territories, and dukes, that is, leaders of armies, but that the Barons maintained that, as regards their birth, they were the Emperor's equals and dependent on God alone, save for the obligation to serve the Emperor in so far as he had been chosen with their consent and from among their own number. A count held an office to which the Emperor had called him.

  79. 79

    A baron regarded himself as baron "by the grace of God." The counts represented the Emperor, and as such carried his banner, that is, the Standard of the Empire. A baron called men to arms under his own colours, as a banneret.

  80. 80

    Now the circumstance that counts and dukes were usually chosen from among the barons brought it about that they laid the weight of their office in the scale alongside the influence they derived from their birth; and from this there seems later — especially once men had grown accustomed to the heritability of these offices — to have arisen the precedence that these titles held over that of baron.

  81. 81

    Even at the present day many a free-lordly family — without imperial or royal patent, that is, such a family as derives its nobility from the origin of the land itself, which was always noble because it was noble — autochthonous — would reject an elevation to the rank of count as a coming-down.

  82. 82

    There are instances of it.

  83. 83

    The persons who were charged with the government of such a county naturally strove to obtain from the Emperor that their sons, or, failing these, other blood relations, should succeed them in their office.

  84. 84

    This too usually came to pass, though I do not believe that the right to this succession was ever organically acknowledged — at least as regards these officials in the Netherlands, for example, the counts of Holland, Zeeland, Hainaut, or Flanders, the dukes of Brabant, Gelderland, and so on.

  85. 85

    In the beginning it was a favour, soon a custom, and at last a necessity, but never did this heritability become law.

  86. 86

    In nearly the same manner — as regards the choice of the persons, for here there is no question of equality in the sphere of work, although in this respect too a certain correspondence catches the eye — there stands at the head of a district on Java a native official who combines the rank given him by the government with his autochthonous influence, in order to make the administration easy for the European official who represents the Netherlands authority.

  87. 87

    Here too the heritability, without having been established by a law, has become a custom.

  88. 88

    Even during the Regent's lifetime this matter is usually settled, and it counts as a reward for diligence and loyalty in office if he is given the promise that he shall be succeeded in his post by his son.

  89. 89

    There must be very weighty reasons indeed before one departs from this rule, and where this should be the case, one still usually chooses the successor from among the members of the same family.

  90. 90

    The relation between European officials and such high-placed Javanese grandees is of a very delicate nature.

  91. 91

    The assistant-resident of a district is the responsible person. He has his instructions, and is supposed to be the head of the district.

  92. 92

    This does not, however, prevent the Regent — through local knowledge, through birth, through influence over the population, through pecuniary income and the manner of living that goes with it — from being raised far above him.

  93. 93

    Moreover the Regent, as representative of the Javanese element of a region, and supposed to speak in the name of the hundred or more thousand souls who people his regency, is also in the eyes of the Government a far more important person than the simple European official, whose discontent need not be feared, since many others can be got to take his place, whereas the less good humour of a Regent might perhaps become the seed of unrest or revolt. From all this, then, flows the strange circumstance that in reality the inferior commands the superior.

  94. 94

    The assistant-resident orders the Regent to make returns to him. He orders him to send out men for the labour on bridges and roads.

  95. 95

    He orders him to have taxes collected. He calls upon him to take his seat in the district court, over which he, the assistant-resident, presides.

  96. 96

    He reprimands him where he is guilty of dereliction of duty. This very peculiar relation is made workable only by extremely courteous forms, which nonetheless need exclude neither cordiality nor, where it should prove necessary, severity; and I believe that the tone that must prevail in this relation is fairly well indicated in the official prescription bearing upon it: the European official is to treat the native official who stands at his side as his younger brother.

  97. 97

    But let him not forget that this younger brother is much beloved — or feared — by the parents, and that, should a dispute arise, his greater years would be reckoned against him as ground for taking it amiss that he had not treated his younger brother with more forbearance or tact.

  98. 98

    The inborn courtesy of the Javanese grandee — even the lowly Javanese is far more polite than his European counterpart — nonetheless makes this seemingly difficult relation more bearable than it would otherwise be.

  99. 99

    Let the European be well-bred and refined, let him conduct himself with friendly dignity, and he may then be sure that the Regent, for his part, will make the administration easy for him.

  100. 100

    The grating command, uttered in the form of a request, is complied with to the letter. The difference in standing, birth, and wealth is effaced by the Regent himself, who raises the European, as representative of the King of the Netherlands, up to his own level; and in the end a relation which, viewed superficially, ought to have produced collision becomes very often the source of an agreeable association.

  101. 101

    I said that such Regents also held precedence over the European official by reason of wealth, and this is natural.

  102. 102

    The European, when he is called to govern a province whose area equals that of many German duchies, is usually a man of middle age or more than middle age, married and a father. He holds an office for his bread.

  103. 103

    His income is just sufficient, and often not even sufficient, to provide his own people with what is needful.

  104. 104

    The Regent is: Tommongong, Adhipatti, indeed even Pangerang, that is, a Javanese prince. The question for him is not that he should merely live; he must live as the people are accustomed to seeing his aristocracy live.

  105. 105

    Where the European occupies one house, the Regent's dwelling is often a Kratoon, with many houses and villages within it.

  106. 106

    Where the European has one wife with three or four children, the Regent maintains a number of women along with all that goes with them.

  107. 107

    Where the European rides out followed by a few officials — no more than are needed on his tour of inspection to give information along the way — the Regent is attended by the hundreds who belong to the retinue that, in the eyes of the people, is inseparable from his high rank.

  108. 108

    The European lives as a citizen; the Regent lives — or is supposed to live — as a prince.

  109. 109

    But all this must be paid for.

  110. 110

    The Netherlands government, which has founded itself upon the influence of these Regents, knows this, and nothing is therefore more natural than that it has raised their incomes to a height that would seem exaggerated to the non-Indian, but which in truth is seldom sufficient to meet the expenses bound up with the manner of living of such a native Chief.

  111. 111

    It is not unusual to see Regents who have an income of two — yes, three — hundred thousand guilders a year in financial straits.

  112. 112

    Much contributes to this: the all but princely indifference with which they squander their incomes, their negligence in keeping watch over their subordinates, their passion for buying, and above all the abuse — often made of these qualities by Europeans.

  113. 113

    The incomes of the Javanese Chiefs might be divided into four parts. First of all, the fixed monthly salary.

  114. 114

    Next, a fixed sum as compensation for purchased-out rights that have passed to the Netherlands government. Third, a reward in proportion to the quantity of the produce raised in their regency, such as coffee, sugar, indigo, cinnamon, and so on.

  115. 115

    And lastly, the arbitrary disposal of the labour and the property of their dependents. The two last sources of income call for some explanation.

  116. 116

    The Javanese is by the very nature of the case a farmer. The soil on which he was born, which promises much for little labour, draws him to this; and above all he is given over heart and soul to the cultivating of his rice-fields, in which indeed he is very skilled.

  117. 117

    He grows up amid his sawahs and gagahs and tipars, accompanies his father to the field from a very tender age, where he helps him in the labour with plough and spade, at the dams and at the watercourses for the irrigating of his fields. He counts his years by harvests, he reckons time by the colour of the standing stalks in his field, he feels at home among the comrades who cut the rice with him, he seeks his wife among the girls of the dessah who in the evening, to merry song, stamp the rice to free it of its husk ... the possession of a pair of buffaloes to draw his plough is the ideal that beckons to him ... in short, rice-growing is for the Javanese what, in the Rhineland and in the south of France, the vintage is.

  118. 118

    But there came strangers from the West, who made themselves masters of the land.

  119. 119

    They wished to profit by the fertility of the soil, and ordered the inhabitant to devote a part of his labour and of his time to the producing of other things that would yield more gain on the markets of Europe.

  120. 120

    To induce the lowly man to do this, no more than a very simple statecraft was needed.

  121. 121

    He obeys his chiefs; one had therefore only to win over these chiefs by promising them a share of the profit, and ... it succeeded completely.

  122. 122

    Anyone who considers the staggering mass of Javanese produce that is put up for sale in the Netherlands may convince himself of how effective this statecraft is, even if he does not find it noble. For should anyone ask whether the cultivator himself enjoys a reward proportionate to this yield, I must give him a negative answer.

  123. 123

    The Government obliges him to grow on his own ground whatever pleases it; it punishes him if he sells what he has thus produced to anyone but itself; and it alone fixes the price it pays him for it.

  124. 124

    The costs of shipment to Europe, handled through a privileged trading body, are high. The bounties allotted to the Chiefs, on the other hand, burden the purchase price; and ... since after all the whole business must yield a profit, that profit can be found in no other way than by paying the Javanese just enough that he does not die of hunger, which would diminish the productive strength of the nation.

  125. 125

    To the European officials, too, a reward is paid in proportion to the yield.

  126. 126

    Thus the poor Javanese is indeed driven on by a double authority; he is indeed often torn away from his rice fields; famine is indeed often the consequence of these measures; and yet ... gaily, at Batavia, at Samarang, at Soerabaja, at Passaroean, at Bezoeki, at Probolingo, at Patjitan, at Tjilatjap, flutter the flags aboard the ships being loaded with the harvests that make the Netherlands rich. Famine?

  127. 127

    On rich, fertile, blessed Java, famine? Yes, reader.

  128. 128

    A few years ago whole districts died out from hunger. Mothers offered their children for sale in exchange for food.

  129. 129

    Mothers have eaten their children ... But then the mother country took the matter in hand.

  130. 130

    In the council chambers of the people's representatives there was discontent over it, and the Governor-General of the time had to issue orders that the expansion of the so-called European-market produce should henceforth no longer be carried so far as to bring on famine ...

  131. 131

    I have grown bitter over this. What would you think of a man who could set down such things without bitterness?

  132. 132

    It remains for me to speak of the last and chief sort of income belonging to the native chiefs: the arbitrary disposal of the persons and property of their subjects.

  133. 133

    According to the general notion throughout almost the whole of Asia, the subject, with all that he possesses, belongs to the prince.

  134. 134

    This is the case on Java as well, and the descendants or kinsmen of the former princes gladly make use of the ignorance of the population, which does not rightly grasp that its Tommongong or Adhipatti or Pangerang is now a salaried official who has sold his own rights and theirs for a fixed income, and that the scantily paid labor in coffee garden or sugar field has therefore taken the place of the taxes that the lords of the land formerly exacted from the inhabitants.

  135. 135

    Nothing, then, is more common than that hundreds of households are summoned from a great distance to work, without payment, fields that belong to the Regent.

  136. 136

    Nothing is more common than the unpaid supplying of provisions for the upkeep of the Regent's household. And should that Regent cast a covetous eye upon the horse, the buffalo, the daughter, the wife of the humble man, it would be thought unheard-of were the latter to refuse the unconditional surrender of the coveted object.

  137. 137

    There are Regents who make a moderate use of such arbitrary dispositions, and demand no more of the humble man than is strictly necessary to maintain their rank.

  138. 138

    Others go somewhat further, and nowhere is this unlawfulness wholly absent.

  139. 139

    It is therefore difficult, indeed impossible, to root out such abuse entirely, since it is deeply rooted in the very nature of the population that suffers under it.

  140. 140

    The Javanese is openhanded, above all where it is a matter of giving proof of his attachment to his Chief, to the descendant of those whom his fathers obeyed.

  141. 141

    Indeed, he would feel that he fell short of the reverence he owes his hereditary lord were he to set foot in his kraton without gifts.

  142. 142

    Such gifts are then often of so little value that to refuse them would carry something humiliating in itself, and thus this custom is often more to be likened to the homage of a child who seeks to express his love for his father by offering a small present, than to be construed as tribute paid to tyrannical caprice.

  143. 143

    But ... in this way a dear custom hinders the abolition of abuse.

  144. 144

    If the aloen-aloen before the Regent's dwelling lay in a neglected state, the population living nearby would be ashamed of it, and much authority would be needed to keep them from clearing that square of weeds and bringing it into a state befitting the Regent's rank.

  145. 145

    To give any payment for this would generally be regarded as an insult.

  146. 146

    But beside that aloen-aloen, or elsewhere, lie sawahs awaiting the plough, or awaiting a channel to carry water to them, often from miles away ... these sawahs belong to the Regent.

  147. 147

    To work or irrigate his fields, he summons the population of whole villages, whose own sawahs are equally in need of tending ... and there is the abuse.

  148. 148

    This is known to the Government, and whoever reads the official gazettes, which contain the laws, instructions, and guidelines for the officials, applauds the humanity that seems to have presided over their drafting.

  149. 149

    Everywhere it is impressed upon the European, vested with authority in the interior, as one of his most sacred obligations, to protect the population against its own submissiveness and against the rapacity of the Chiefs. And, as though it were not enough to prescribe this obligation in general terms, a separate oath is further required of the assistant residents, on taking charge of the administration of a division, that they will regard this fatherly care for the population as a first duty.

  150. 150

    This is assuredly a noble calling.

  151. 151

    To uphold justice, to protect the humble against the powerful, to shield the weak against the overwhelming force of the strong, to reclaim the poor man's ewe lamb from the stalls of the princely robber ... see, it is enough to set the heart aglow with delight at the thought that one is called to something so fine! And whoever, in the Javanese interior, may sometimes be discontented with his post or his pay, let him cast his eye upon the lofty duty that rests on him, upon the glorious satisfaction that the fulfillment of such a duty brings with it, and he will crave no other reward.

  152. 152

    But ... this duty is not easy.

  153. 153

    First of all, one must judge precisely where use has left off to make room for abuse. And ... where the abuse exists, where robbery or caprice has indeed been committed, the victims themselves are very often accomplices in it, whether out of submission carried too far, or out of fear, or out of distrust of the will or the power of the person who is supposed to protect them.

  154. 154

    Everyone knows that the European official may at any moment be called to another post, and that the Regent, the powerful Regent, stays put.

  155. 155

    Then again, there are so very many ways of appropriating the property of a poor, simple soul!

  156. 156

    If a mantrie tells him that the Regent covets his horse, with the result that the coveted animal soon finds a place in the Regent's stables, this still proves by no means that the latter did not intend--oh, certainly!--to pay a high price for it ... at some time or other.

  157. 157

    If hundreds labor on a Chief's fields without receiving payment for it, it in no way follows that he let this happen for his own benefit.

  158. 158

    Might it not have been his intention to leave them the harvest, out of the humane calculation that his ground lay better, was more fertile than theirs, and would therefore reward their labor more generously?

  159. 159

    Besides, where is the European official to find the witnesses who would have the courage to make a deposition against their lord, the dreaded Regent?

  160. 160

    And, were he to venture an accusation without being able to prove it, what then becomes of the relation of elder brother, who in such a case would have wounded his younger brother's honor without cause?

  161. 161

    What becomes of the favor of the Government, which gives him bread for service, but withdraws that bread from him, would dismiss him as incompetent, were he to have suspected or accused with frivolity so high-placed a person as a Tommongong, Adhipatti, or Pangerang?

  162. 162

    No, no, that duty is not easy!

  163. 163

    This is plain already from the fact that the inclination of the native Chiefs to overstep the bounds of permissible disposal over the labor and property of their subjects is everywhere unreservedly acknowledged ... that all assistant residents take the oath to combat this culpable habit ... and ... that yet only very rarely is a Regent accused of caprice or abuse of authority.

  164. 164

    There seems, then, to be an almost insurmountable difficulty in giving effect to the oath: "to protect the native population against extortion and oppression."

The particulars

The text
Max Havelaar, Multatuli. The Novel.
Translation
Public-domain Dutch (Multatuli, d. 1887; published 1860). English translation © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC.
Reading aloud
Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
Words
Every word of the text, by letter.
Data
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Two whoopie pies and a pine. An inside joke.