α

ʼἀθήνη

Athena; of Athena 4 times

Ἀθήνη, Ἀθηναίης

nominative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun

• ὣς φάτο, μείδησεν δὲ θεὰ γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη,
• ἡ δʼ εἰς εὐρύχορον Λακεδαίμονα Παλλὰς Ἀθήνη
• αὐτάρ τοι τόδε ἔργον Ἀθηναίης ἀγελείης,

ἄαπτος

invincible; irresistible 3 times

ἀάπτους

ἄαπτος 'not to be touched/checked' — epic epithet for irresistible force, here Odysseus's hands.

• τῷ κέ τεῳ στύξαιμι μένος καὶ χεῖρας ἀάπτους,
• ὦ φίλοι, οὐ γὰρ σχήσει ἀνὴρ ὅδε χεῖρας ἀάπτους,
• ὦ φίλοι, ἤδη σχήσει ἀνὴρ ὅδε χεῖρας ἀάπτους·

ἄατος

insatiable once

ἆτ

Vocative adjective 'never sated (of tricks)', continuing the string of epithets for Odysseus.

• σχέτλιε, ποικιλομῆτα, δόλων ἆτʼ, οὐκ ἄρʼ ἔμελλες,

ἄγαλμα

offerings; the adornment; as ornament/glory 7 times

ἄγαλμα, ἀγάλματ, ἀγάλματα, ἄγαλμ

accusative singular neuter noun; accusative plural neuter noun

ἄγαλμα, 'a thing of delight/glory' — predicate accusative describing the horses' purpose.

• πολλὰ δʼ ἀγάλματʼ ἀνῆψεν, ὑφάσματά τε χρυσόν τε,
• ἀσκήσας, ἵνʼ ἄγαλμα θεὰ κεχάροιτο ἰδοῦσα.
• ἐνθάδε λείψω ἄγαλμα· σὺ γὰρ πεδίοιο ἀνάσσεις

ἄγαμαι

begrudged; being angered at; to begrudge 15 times

ἀγάσασθαι, ἀγάσαντο, ἀγασσάμενοι, ἀγάσσεσθαι, ἀγάσσατο, ἀγάασθε, ἠγάασθε, ἄγασθε and 5 more

present medio-passive indicative, 2nd plural verb; present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb; aorist middle infinitive

participle of ἄγαμαι 'feel indignation/anger at,' explaining the gods' motive.

• μή τι μεταστρέψωσιν ἀγασσάμενοι κακὰ ἔργα.
• ἀλλὰ τὰ μέν που μέλλεν ἀγάσσεσθαι θεὸς αὐτός,
• τοῖσιν δʼ ἀμφοτέροισιν ἀγάσσατο θυμὸς ἀγήνωρ.

ἄγγελος

messenger; a messenger; as messenger 9 times

ἄγγελος, ἄγγελον, ἄγγελός

nominative singular masculine noun; nominative singular feminine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

The hawk as Apollo's swift messenger is a recurring Homeric omen-bird motif.

• Ἑρμεία, σὺ γὰρ αὖτε τά τʼ ἄλλα περ ἄγγελός ἐσσι,
• Ἡφαίστοιο ἄνακτος. ἄφαρ δέ οἱ ἄγγελος ἦλθεν
• ὠκέα δʼ Ἠελίῳ Ὑπερίονι ἄγγελος ἦλθε

ἄγγος

vessels; in vessels 4 times

ἄγγεσιν, ἄγγεα

dative plural neuter noun; nominative plural neuter noun

• ὅπλισσόν τʼ ἤια καὶ ἄγγεσιν ἄρσον ἅπαντα,
• χωρὶς δʼ αὖθʼ ἕρσαι. ναῖον δʼ ὀρῷ ἄγγεα πάντα,
• ἥμισυ δʼ αὖτʼ ἔστησεν ἐν ἄγγεσιν, ὄφρα οἱ εἴη

ἄγε

come now; come; come! 105 times

ἄγε, ἄγετ, ἄγεθ, ἄγ, ἄγετε

ἄγε, an exhortative particle ('come now'), used to urge collective action — common in Homeric speeches.

• ἀλλʼ ἄγεθʼ, ἡμεῖς οἵδε περιφραζώμεθα πάντες
• ἀλλʼ ἄγε μοι τόδε εἰπὲ καὶ ἀτρεκέως κατάλεξον·
• ἀλλʼ ἄγε μοι τόδε εἰπὲ καὶ ἀτρεκέως κατάλεξον,

ἄγη

astonishment; amazement twice

ἄγη

ἄγη 'astonishment/awe' as grammatical subject—rare noun, personifying the emotion as gripping him.

• λίην γὰρ μέγα εἶπες· ἄγη μʼ ἔχει. οὐκ ἂν ἐμοί γε
• ἀλλὰ λίην μέγα εἶπες· ἄγη μʼ ἔχει· οὐδέ κεν εἴη

ἄγνυμι

broke; was broken; shattered 8 times

ἔαξεν, ἐάγη, ἔαξαν, ἀγνυμενάων, ἦξε, ἄξεσθαι

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb

ἔαξεν from ἄγνυμι, strong aorist 'broke'; the mast snaps as the storm peaks.

• ἄνδρες, ἀτὰρ νῆάς γε ποτὶ σπιλάδεσσιν ἔαξαν
• ἐκ χειρῶν προέηκε· μέσον δέ οἱ ἱστὸν ἔαξεν
• ὦρσε δʼ ἐπὶ κραιπνὸν Βορέην, πρὸ δὲ κύματʼ ἔαξεν,

ἄγνωστος

unrecognizable; unknown 3 times

ἄγνωστον

• ἄγνωστον πάντεσσιν ἐεικοστῷ ἐνιαυτῷ
• ἄγνωστον τεύξειεν ἕκαστά τε μυθήσαιτο,
• ἀλλʼ ἄγε σʼ ἄγνωστον τεύξω πάντεσσι βροτοῖσι·

ἄγραυλος

of the field; farmyard, pastured 3 times

ἀγραύλοιο, ἄγραυλοι

genitive singular masculine adjective; nominative plural feminine adjective

ἄγραυλος 'living in the fields', begins a famous extended epic simile comparing men to calves.

• ὡς δʼ ὅτʼ ἂν ἄγραυλοι πόριες περὶ βοῦς ἀγελαίας,
• ἐς πόντον προΐησι βοὸς κέρας ἀγραύλοιο,
• ὅς ῥά τε βεβρωκὼς βοὸς ἔρχεται ἀγραύλοιο·

ἄγριος

savage; wild; fierce 13 times

ἄγριοι, ἄγριον, ἄγριος, ἄγρια, ἄγριαι, ἀγρίου

nominative plural masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

four-adjective pileup (δεινόν, ἀργαλέον, ἄγριον, μαχητόν) piles on Scylla's monstrousness in one breath.

• ἄγριοι, οἵ που κεῖνον ἐρυκανόωσʼ ἀέκοντα.
• Ἄντιφος αἰχμητής· τὸν δʼ ἄγριος ἔκτανε Κύκλωψ
• ἦ ῥʼ οἵ γʼ ὑβρισταί τε καὶ ἄγριοι οὐδὲ δίκαιοι,

ἄγχι

near; close; close by 32 times

ἄγχι, ἄγχ

adverb; preposition

• ἄγχι σχὼν κεφαλήν, ἵνα μὴ πευθοίαθʼ οἱ ἄλλοι·
• νηὶ δʼ ἐνὶ πρυμνῇ κατʼ ἄρʼ ἕζετο· ἄγχι δʼ ἄρʼ αὐτῆς
• ἤλασεν ἄγχι στάς· πέλεκυς δʼ ἀπέκοψε τένοντας

ἄγχιστος

nearest; most closely 3 times

ἄγχιστα, ἄγχιστον

nominative singular neuter adjective; accusative plural neuter superlative adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective

ἄγχιστα, superlative adverb, 'most nearly (like death)' — an eerie simile for deep sleep.

• γαίης Φαιήκων, ὅθι τʼ ἄγχιστον πέλεν αὐτῷ·
• εἶδός τε μέγεθός τε φυήν τʼ ἄγχιστα ἐίσκω·
• νήγρετος, ἥδιστος, θανάτῳ ἄγχιστα ἐοικώς.

ἄγω

led; leading; brought 134 times

ἄγων, ἄγε, ἤγαγε, ἤγαγον, ἄγοντες, ἦγον, ἄγον, ἦγεν and 46 more

present active participle, nominative singular masculine; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb

εἷσαν here is aorist of ἵζω 'seat', not ἕζομαι; lemma tag reflects the treebank's merged headword.

• αὐτὴν δʼ ἐς θρόνον εἷσεν ἄγων, ὑπὸ λῖτα πετάσσας,
• ἤγαγον εἰς Ἰθάκην; τίνες ἔμμεναι εὐχετόωντο;
• ἐς Τεμέσην μετὰ χαλκόν, ἄγω δʼ αἴθωνα σίδηρον.

ἄελλα

storm-winds; storms; storm-blasts 7 times

ἄελλαι, ἀέλλας

nominative plural feminine noun; accusative plural feminine noun

ἄελλαι 'storm winds' personified as agents that shattered the ships

• νῆα κυβερνῆσαι, ὁπότε σπέρχοιεν ἄελλαι.
• ἐλθέμεν, ὅν τινα πρῶτον ἀποσφήλωσιν ἄελλαι
• χερσὶ τρίαιναν ἑλών· πάσας δʼ ὀρόθυνεν ἀέλλας

ἄεσα

spend the night; we spent twice

ἀέσαι, ἄσαμεν

aorist active infinitive; aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb

rare aorist ἄεσα 'pass the night' — root distinct from ἀείδω, easy to confuse

• ἔνθα δὲ νύκτʼ ἀέσαι· τὸν δʼ ὀτρῦναι πόλιν εἴσω
• οὔ ποτʼ ἐπʼ ἠπείρου νύκτʼ ἄσαμεν, ἀλλʼ ἐνὶ πόντῳ

ἄημι

to blow; blowing; blew 8 times

ἀῆναι, ἀέντων, ἄη, ἀήμεναι, ἀήμενος

present active infinitive; present active participle, genitive plural masculine; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἀήμεναι, epic infinitive in -μεναι, complements ὦρτο 'rose to blow'.

• ὦρτο δʼ ἐπὶ λιγὺς οὖρος ἀήμεναι· αἱ δὲ μάλʼ ὦκα
• οὖρος, ἐπεὶ δὴ πρῶτα θεὸς προέηκεν ἀῆναι.
• τοὺς μὲν ἄρʼ οὔτʼ ἀνέμων διάη μένος ὑγρὸν ἀέντων,

ἄθαπτος

unburied twice

ἄθαπτον

accusative singular neuter adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

ἄκλαυτον καὶ ἄθαπτον — the pathos of denied funeral rites, a grave breach of custom that haunts Elpenor's shade

• ἄκλαυτον καὶ ἄθαπτον, ἐπεὶ πόνος ἄλλος ἔπειγε.
• μή μʼ ἄκλαυτον ἄθαπτον ἰὼν ὄπιθεν καταλείπειν

ἄθλιος

the contests; as a contest twice

ἀέθλια

ἀέθλια predicate accusative, 'as a trial/contest'—foreshadows the bow contest

• Φαιήκων οἱ ἄριστοι, ἀέθλια θαυμανέοντες.
• ἐν μεγάροις Ὀδυσῆος, ἀέθλια καὶ φόνου ἀρχήν.

ἄιδρις

ignorant once

ἄιδρις

ἄιδρις 'ignorant' governs a genitive of the thing not known: χώρου, 'ignorant of the land.'

• χώρου ἄιδρις ἐών; ἕταροι δέ τοι οἵδʼ ἐνὶ Κίρκης

ἄιρος

un-Irus once

Ἄϊρος

Ἄϊρος is a mocking coinage, alpha-privative on the beggar's name Ἶρος, meaning 'un-Irus/no-longer-Irus'.

• ἦ τάχα Ἶρος Ἄϊρος ἐπίσπαστον κακὸν ἕξει,

ἄιστος

vanished; unseen twice

ἄιστον, ἄιστος

accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

ἄιστον ('unseen, vanished without trace') - a pointed word for a man whose fate is unknown, central to the Telemachy's plot.

• οἳ κεῖνον μὲν ἄιστον ἐποίησαν περὶ πάντων
• οἴχετʼ ἄιστος ἄπυστος, ἐμοὶ δʼ ὀδύνας τε γόους τε

ἄκανθα

thistledown once

ἀκάνθας

Extended epic simile begins here comparing Odysseus's tossing to windblown thistles.

• ὡς δʼ ὅτʼ ὀπωρινὸς Βορέης φορέῃσιν ἀκάνθας

Ἄκαστος

Acastus once

Ἀκάστῳ

otherwise-unknown Dulichian king invented for this false tale — part of the beggar's fictitious story

• ἔνθʼ ὅ γέ μʼ ἠνώγει πέμψαι βασιλῆϊ Ἀκάστῳ

ἄκικυς

feeble; weak twice

ἄκικυς

Polyphemus mocks Odysseus with three scornful predicate adjectives, bitter irony given the trick played on him.

• νῦν δέ μʼ ἐὼν ὀλίγος τε καὶ οὐτιδανὸς καὶ ἄκικυς
• ὢ πόποι, ἦ καὶ ἔπειτα κακός τʼ ἔσομαι καὶ ἄκικυς,

ἄκλαυστος

unwept; tearless 3 times

ἄκλαυτον

accusative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective

ἄκλαυστος, alpha-privative adjective 'without weeping'; paired with ἄθαπτον for pathos.

• δὴν ἄκλαυτον ἔσεσθαι, ἐπὴν ἐὺ πάντα πύθηαι.
• ἄκλαυτον καὶ ἄθαπτον, ἐπεὶ πόνος ἄλλος ἔπειγε.
• μή μʼ ἄκλαυτον ἄθαπτον ἰὼν ὄπιθεν καταλείπειν

ἄκνηστις

spine once

ἄκνηστιν

ἄκνηστις, a rare anatomical term found only here in Homer, 'ridge of the backbone.'

• τὸν δʼ ἐγὼ ἐκβαίνοντα κατʼ ἄκνηστιν μέσα νῶτα

ἄκοιτις

wife; his wife; wives 12 times

ἄκοιτιν, ἀκοίτις, ἄκοιτις

accusative singular feminine noun; accusative plural feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun

double accusative with ποιέω: 'made her (his) wife'

• μήτʼ αὐτὸν κτείνειν μήτε μνάασθαι ἄκοιτιν·
• Ἀτρεΐδης Τροίηνδε κιὼν εἴρυσθαι ἄκοιτιν.
• Ἀρήτην· τὴν δʼ Ἀλκίνοος ποιήσατʼ ἄκοιτιν,

ἄκρα

the height twice

ἄκρης

κατ᾽ ἄκρης, formulaic phrase 'from on high/utterly,' vivid of the wave crashing down.

• ὣς ἄρα μιν εἰπόντʼ ἔλασεν μέγα κῦμα κατʼ ἄκρης
• ἢ κατὰ πετράων βαλέειν ἐρύσαντας ἐπʼ ἄκρης,

ἄκρατος

unmixed; unmixed, undiluted 3 times

ἄκρητον, ἀκρήτῳ

accusative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective; dative singular masculine adjective

ἄκρατος milk drunk straight marks the Cyclops as savage, unlike Greeks who mixed wine with water

• ἕστασαν, ἄκρητον θεῖον ποτὸν ἐντὸς ἔχοντες,
• ἀνδρόμεα κρέʼ ἔδων καὶ ἐπʼ ἄκρητον γάλα πίνων,
• οἴνῳ ἐν ἀκρήτῳ καὶ ἀλείφατι· δῶκε δὲ μήτηρ

ἄκρις

headlands; headland; hilltops 5 times

ἄκριας, ἄκρῃ

accusative plural feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun

• ἄκρῃ προσπελάσας· ἄνεμος δʼ ἐκ πόντου ἔνεικεν·
• ᾤκεον ἐν σπήεσσι διʼ ἄκριας ἠνεμοέσσας.
• πῇ δὴ αὖτʼ, ὦ δύστηνε, διʼ ἄκριας ἔρχεαι οἶος,

ἄκριτος

without measure; without end, confused 3 times

ἄκριτον, ἄκριτα

accusative singular neuter adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective

ἄκριτα 'undecided/unresolved', capturing the chaotic Trojan debate

• ὣς ὁ μὲν ἑστήκει, τοὶ δʼ ἄκριτα πόλλʼ ἀγόρευον
• ἔρχευ, ἐπεὶ κάκιον πενθήμεναι ἄκριτον αἰεί.
• ἧσθαι, ἐπεὶ κάκιον πενθήμεναι ἄκριτον αἰεί·

ἄκρον

headland; tip/point; tip 4 times

ἄκρον, ἄκρῳ

accusative singular neuter noun; dative singular neuter noun

• ἀλλʼ ὅτε Σούνιον ἱρὸν ἀφικόμεθʼ, ἄκρον Ἀθηνέων,
• ἄκρον, ἄφαρ δὲ λαβὼν ἐπυράκτεον ἐν πυρὶ κηλέῳ.
• οἱ μὲν μοχλὸν ἑλόντες ἐλάινον, ὀξὺν ἐπʼ ἄκρῳ,

ἄκρος

topmost; tip; highest 6 times

ἄκρον, ἀκροτάτη, ἀκροτάτῳ, ἄκροισι, ἀκρότατον

accusative singular neuter adjective; nominative singular feminine superlative adjective; dative singular masculine superlative adjective

Superlative ἀκροτάτη 'furthest/highest' describing the headland's jutting point.

• τυτθόν, ἐδεύησεν δʼ οἰήιον ἄκρον ἱκέσθαι.
• φιτροὺς δʼ αἶψα ταμόντες, ὅθʼ ἀκροτάτη πρόεχʼ ἀκτή,
• πήξαμεν ἀκροτάτῳ τύμβῳ ἐυῆρες ἐρετμόν.

ἄκων

javelin; a javelin; javelins 4 times

ἄκοντα, ἄκοντες

accusative singular masculine noun; nominative plural masculine noun

• ποσσὶ δʼ ὑπὸ λιπαροῖσι πέδιλʼ ἔχε, χερσὶ δʼ ἄκοντα.
• καὶ πόλεμοι καὶ ἄκοντες ἐΰξεστοι καὶ ὀϊστοί,
• εἵλετο δʼ ὀξὺν ἄκοντα, κυνῶν ἀλκτῆρα καὶ ἀνδρῶν.

ἄλαλκε

to ward off; ward off; will ward off 4 times

ἀλαλκέμεν, ἀλάλκοιεν, ἀλάλκῃσιν, ἀλάλκοις

aorist active infinitive; aorist active optative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb

Rare epic aorist infinitive ἀλαλκέμεν 'to ward off,' from a defective verb used almost only in Homer.

• καὶ φίλῳ ἀνδρὶ δύνανται ἀλαλκέμεν, ὁππότε κεν δὴ
• εἴσʼ οἵ κεν κατὰ δῆμον ἀλάλκοιεν κακότητα.
• ἔρχευ, ὅ κέν τοι κρατὸς ἀλάλκῃσιν κακὸν ἦμαρ.

ἄλαστος

unforgettable; unceasingly 4 times

ἄλαστον

nominative singular neuter adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective

ἄλαστον, 'not to be forgotten' — an alpha-privative epithet marking trauma that can never be let go.

• τείρει, ἐπεί με μάλιστα καθίκετο πένθος ἄλαστον.
• αὐτῷ κήδεʼ ἔσεσθαι, ἐμοὶ δʼ ἄχος αἰὲν ἄλαστον
• νῦν αὖ παιδὸς ἄλαστον ὀδύρομαι, ὃν τέκʼ Ὀδυσσεύς,

ἄλγος

pains; griefs; sorrows 57 times

ἄλγεα, ἄλγε, ἄλγεσι, ἄλγος, ἄλγεσιν, ἄλγεά

accusative plural neuter noun; dative plural neuter noun; nominative singular neuter noun

• πολλὰ δʼ ὅ γʼ ἐν πόντῳ πάθεν ἄλγεα ὃν κατὰ θυμόν,
• σφῇσιν ἀτασθαλίῃσιν ὑπὲρ μόρον ἄλγεʼ ἔχουσιν,
• ὃς λαὸν ἤγειρα· μάλιστα δέ μʼ ἄλγος ἱκάνει.

ἄλεισον

cup; cups; goblet 7 times

ἄλεισον, ἄλεισα

accusative singular neuter noun; accusative plural neuter noun

σοὶ προτέρῳ 'to you the elder [first]' — courtesy of serving the older guest before the younger, per Homeric etiquette.

• τοὔνεκα σοὶ προτέρῳ δώσω χρύσειον ἄλεισον.
• οὕνεκα οἷ προτέρῃ δῶκε χρύσειον ἄλεισον·
• δώσω καλὸν ἄλεισον, ἵνα σπένδῃσθα θεοῖσιν

ἄλειφαρ

with oil; oil 4 times

ἀλείφατι, ἀλείφατος

dative singular neuter noun; genitive singular neuter noun

• λευκοί, ἀποστίλβοντες ἀλείφατος· οἷς ἔπι μὲν πρὶν
• ὕδατί τε λιαρῷ καὶ ἀλείφατι· πολλὰ δέ σʼ ἀμφὶ
• καίεο δʼ ἔν τʼ ἐσθῆτι θεῶν καὶ ἀλείφατι πολλῷ

ἄλη

wandering 4 times

ἄλης, ἄλη

genitive singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun

ἄλη, Odysseus's twenty years of wandering, named as the force that may have worn out his strength.

• αἰὲν ἄλης χαλεπῆς μεμνημένοι, οὐδέ ποθʼ ὕμιν
• ὡς ἐμοί, ὅττι μʼ ἔπαυσας ἄλης καὶ ὀϊζύος αἰνῆς.
• ἀνέρες, ὅν τινʼ ἵκηται ἄλη καὶ πῆμα καὶ ἄλγος.

ἄλκιμος

brave; strong; mighty 12 times

ἄλκιμον, ἄλκιμος, ἄλκιμα

accusative singular neuter adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular neuter adjective

• εἵλετο δʼ ἄλκιμον ἔγχος, ἀκαχμένον ὀξέι χαλκῷ,
• ἄλκιμος ἔσσʼ, ἵνα τίς σε καὶ ὀψιγόνων ἐὺ εἴπῃ.
• ἄλκιμος ἔσσʼ, ἵνα τίς σε καὶ ὀψιγόνων ἐὺ εἴπῃ.

ἄλλῃ

elsewhere; else; another way 10 times

ἄλλῃ

ἄλλυδις ἄλλῃ, 'some one way, some another' — a fixed formulaic pair meaning scattered in all directions.

• ἡμεῖς δʼ οὔτʼ ἐπὶ ἔργα πάρος γʼ ἴμεν οὔτε πῃ ἄλλῃ,
• ἦ οὐκ Ἄργεος ἦεν Ἀχαιικοῦ, ἀλλά πῃ ἄλλῃ
• καρφαλέων· τὰ μὲν ἄρ τε διεσκέδασʼ ἄλλυδις ἄλλῃ·

ἄλλοθεν

from elsewhere; from one side; from one place 17 times

ἄλλοθεν

ἄλλοθεν ἄλλον, an idiomatic distributive pair meaning 'now this one, now that one.'

• ἐλθεῖν· κεῖνος γὰρ νέον ἄλλοθεν εἰλήλουθεν,
• σπέρμα πυρὸς σώζων, ἵνα μή ποθεν ἄλλοθεν αὔοι,
• ἄλλοθεν· ἦ γὰρ τούσδε γʼ ἀτιμάζει κατὰ δῆμον

ἄλλοθι

elsewhere 4 times

ἄλλοθι, ἄλλοθ

adverb; preposition

• ἥ μʼ ἔτεχʼ, ἥ μʼ ἔθρεψε· πατὴρ δʼ ἐμὸς ἄλλοθι γαίης,
• μὴ μνηστεύσαντες μηδʼ ἄλλοθʼ ὁμιλήσαντες
• ἧσʼ, ὦ ξεῖνʼ· ἡμεῖς δὲ καὶ ἄλλοθι δήομεν ἕδρην

ἄλλος

other; another; others 390 times

ἄλλοι, ἄλλος, ἄλλων, ἄλλο, ἄλλον, ἄλλα, ἄλλους, ἄλλαι and 14 more

nominative plural masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; genitive plural masculine adjective

Neuter plural adjective used adverbially, 'in other respects.'

• ἔνθʼ ἄλλοι μὲν πάντες, ὅσοι φύγον αἰπὺν ὄλεθρον,
• ἔνθʼ ὅ γʼ ἐτέρπετο δαιτὶ παρήμενος· οἱ δὲ δὴ ἄλλοι
• ὡς ἀπόλοιτο καὶ ἄλλος, ὅτις τοιαῦτά γε ῥέζοι·

ἄλλοτε

at one time; at another time; at another 14 times

ἄλλοτε, ἄλλοθ

• ἄλλοτε μέν τε γόῳ φρένα τέρπομαι, ἄλλοτε δʼ αὖτε
• ἀνδρῶν ἐσθλῶν παῖδες· ἀτὰρ θεὸς ἄλλοτε ἄλλῳ
• ἄλλοτε μέν τε Νότος Βορέῃ προβάλεσκε φέρεσθαι,

ἄλλυδις

one way; this way; one this way 7 times

ἄλλυδις

ἄλλυδις ἄλλη 'one this way, one that way', idiomatic doubling for scattering in all directions

• πλησίαι ἀλλήλων τετραμμέναι ἄλλυδις ἄλλη.
• καρφαλέων· τὰ μὲν ἄρ τε διεσκέδασʼ ἄλλυδις ἄλλῃ·
• τρέσσαν δʼ ἄλλυδις ἄλλη ἐπʼ ἠιόνας προὐχούσας·

ἄλλως

otherwise; idly 10 times

ἄλλως

• ὢ πόποι, ἦ μάλα δὴ μετεβούλευσαν θεοὶ ἄλλως
• ὡς καὶ σοὶ εἶδος μὲν ἀριπρεπές, οὐδέ κεν ἄλλως
• ἱκόμεθʼ, εἴ τι πόροις ξεινήιον ἠὲ καὶ ἄλλως

ἄλοχος

wife; wives; his wife 49 times

ἄλοχον, ἀλόχῳ, ἀλόχου, ἄλοχος, ἀλόχοιο, ἄλοχόν, ἀλόχους, ἀλόχοισιν and 3 more

accusative singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun

ἄλοχος 'wife' points to Clytemnestra, murderer of Agamemnon — the recurring cautionary parallel in the Odyssey.

• γῆμʼ ἄλοχον μνηστήν, τὸν δʼ ἔκτανε νοστήσαντα,
• ἶσα δέ μιν κεδνῇ ἀλόχῳ τίεν ἐν μεγάροισιν,
• ὤλεθʼ ὑπʼ Αἰγίσθοιο δόλῳ καὶ ἧς ἀλόχοιο.

ἄλσος

grove; groves 7 times

ἄλσος, ἄλσεϊ, ἀλσέων, ἄλσεα

accusative singular neuter noun; dative singular neuter noun; genitive plural neuter noun

• δήεις ἀγλαὸν ἄλσος Ἀθήνης ἄγχι κελεύθου
• δύσετό τʼ ἠέλιος καὶ τοὶ κλυτὸν ἄλσος ἵκοντο
• ἁζόμενοι· ᾤκει γὰρ ἐν ἄλσεϊ δενδρήεντι

ἄλφιτον

barley meal; of barley meal; barley-meal 12 times

ἄλφιτα, ἀλφίτου

accusative plural neuter noun; genitive singular neuter noun

• οἶνον ἐν ἀμφιφορεῦσι, καὶ ἄλφιτα, μυελὸν ἀνδρῶν,
• ἐν δέ μοι ἄλφιτα χεῦον ἐϋρραφέεσσι δοροῖσιν·
• εἴκοσι δʼ ἔστω μέτρα μυληφάτου ἀλφίτου ἀκτῆς.

ἄμαξα

wagon; wagons; the Wain 6 times

ἄμαξαν, ἄμαξαι

accusative singular feminine noun; nominative plural feminine noun

• Ἄρκτον θʼ, ἣν καὶ ἄμαξαν ἐπίκλησιν καλέουσιν,
• ἡμιόνους καὶ ἄμαξαν ἐφοπλίσαι, ἥ κεν ἄγῃσι
• οἱ μὲν ἄρʼ ἐκτὸς ἄμαξαν ἐύτροχον ἡμιονείην

ἄμβροτος

immortal 9 times

ἄμβροτα, ἄμβροτον, ἀμβρότῳ, ἄμβροτος

accusative plural neuter adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective

ἄμβροτος, 'undying' — marks the veil (κρήδεμνον) as divine, Ino's magic gift.

• ἄμβροτον· οὐδέ τί τοι παθέειν δέος οὐδʼ ἀπολέσθαι.
• δάκρυσι δεύεσκον, τά μοι ἄμβροτα δῶκε Καλυψώ·
• σῖτον καὶ μέθυ ἡδύ, καὶ ἄμβροτα εἵματα ἕσσεν,

ἄμπελος

vines; vine 3 times

ἄμπελοι, ἄμπελος

nominative plural feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun

• πυροὶ καὶ κριθαὶ ἠδʼ ἄμπελοι, αἵ τε φέρουσιν
• ὑδρηλοὶ μαλακοί· μάλα κʼ ἄφθιτοι ἄμπελοι εἶεν.
• οὐ φυτόν, οὐ συκέη, οὐκ ἄμπελος, οὐ μὲν ἐλαίη,

ἄμυδις

together; at the same moment; at once, together 5 times

ἄμυδις

• μνηστῆρας δʼ ἄμυδις κάθισαν καὶ παῦσαν ἀέθλων.
• μή μʼ ἄμυδις στίβη τε κακὴ καὶ θῆλυς ἐέρση
• πάντʼ ἄμυδις κεφαλῆς· ὁ δʼ ἄρʼ ἀρνευτῆρι ἐοικὼς

ἄμφω

both; both together; eyes 18 times

ἄμφω

nominative dual masculine adjective; accusative dual neuter adjective; accusative dual masculine adjective

ἄμφω, dual number used for exactly two (Athena and Telemachus)

• ἄμφω ἱέσθην κοίλην ἐπὶ νῆα νέεσθαι.
• ἐς ποταμοῦ προχοάς. ὁ δʼ ἄρʼ ἄμφω γούνατʼ ἔκαμψε
• μηρούς τε κνήμας τε καὶ ἄμφω χεῖρας ὕπερθεν

ἄν

(modal particle); would; (potential particle) 650 times

κεν, κε, κ, ἂν, κέ, κέν, ἄν, χ

particle; conjunction

κεν with the subjunctive εἴπω gives a future-vivid nuance — 'whatever I am about to say.'

• ὁππότʼ ἂν ἡβήσῃ τε καὶ ἧς ἱμείρεται αἴης.
• πῶς ἂν ἔπειτʼ Ὀδυσῆος ἐγὼ θείοιο λαθοίμην,
• νόστον Ὀδυσσῆος ταλασίφρονος, ὥς κε νέηται·

ἄναλκις

cowards; cowardly; weak, feeble 5 times

ἀνάλκιδος, ἀνάλκιδες, ἄναλκιν

genitive singular masculine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

ἄναλκις 'lacking valor' — pointed insult, contrasting Aegisthus with true warriors.

• μητρός τε στυγερῆς καὶ ἀνάλκιδος Αἰγίσθοιο·
• ὦ φίλος, οὔ σε ἔολπα κακὸν καὶ ἄναλκιν ἔσεσθαι,
• ἤθελον εὐνηθῆναι ἀνάλκιδες αὐτοὶ ἐόντες.

ἄναλτος

insatiable; insatiable one 3 times

ἄναλτον

accusative singular feminine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

ἄναλτος, 'never filled' - epithet for the greedy beggar Irus

• βούλεται αἰτίζων βόσκειν ἣν γαστέρʼ ἄναλτον.
• ὃς τοῦτον τὸν ἄναλτον ἀλητεύειν ἀπέπαυσας
• βούλεαι, ὄφρʼ ἄν ἔχῃς βόσκειν σὴν γαστέρʼ ἄναλτον.

ἄναξ

lord; master; his master 82 times

ἄνακτος, ἄναξ, ἄνακτι, ἄνακτα, ἀνάκτων, ἄνακτες, ἀνάκτεσιν, ἄνα and 2 more

genitive singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

ἄναξ appositive to Πριάμοιο, a common epic title stacked after a king's name

• αὐτὰρ ἐγὼν οἴκοιο ἄναξ ἔσομʼ ἡμετέροιο
• εὔχεο νῦν, ὦ ξεῖνε, Ποσειδάωνι ἄνακτι·
• αὐτίκα δʼ εὔχετο πολλὰ Ποσειδάωνι ἄνακτι·

ἄνασσα

queen, mistress; lady; queen, lady 3 times

ἄνασσ, ἄνασσα

vocative singular feminine noun; vocative plural feminine noun

Vocative address to a girl he takes as possibly divine — polite, elevated title.

• ἀλλὰ ἄνασσʼ ἵληθι, δίδωθι δέ μοι κλέος ἐσθλόν,
• γουνοῦμαί σε, ἄνασσα· θεός νύ τις, ἦ βροτός ἐσσι;
• ἀλλά, ἄνασσʼ, ἐλέαιρε· σὲ γὰρ κακὰ πολλὰ μογήσας

ἄναυδος

speechless; speechless one twice

ἄναυδος, ἀναύδῳ

nominative singular masculine adjective; dative singular masculine adjective

ἄναυδος 'without voice/speechless' — a simile comparing Odysseus's silence to muteness.

• ἂν στόμα τε ῥῖνάς θʼ· ὁ δʼ ἄρʼ ἄπνευστος καὶ ἄναυδος
• τίφθʼ οὕτως, Ὀδυσεῦ, κατʼ ἄρʼ ἕζεαι ἶσος ἀναύδῳ,

ἄνειμι

returning; rising; went up 12 times

ἀνιοῦσαν, ἀνήιον, ἀνιόντα, ἀνιόντι, ἀνιόντος, ἀνιὼν

present active participle, accusative singular feminine; present active participle, accusative singular masculine; imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb

ἄνειμι 'go back/return', present participle describing Poseidon's actual ongoing journey home, contemporaneous with ἴδεν ('saw').

• οἱ μὲν δυσομένου Ὑπερίονος οἱ δʼ ἀνιόντος,
• ἐξ Ἐφύρης ἀνιόντα παρʼ Ἴλου Μερμερίδαο—
• τὸν δʼ ἐξ Αἰθιόπων ἀνιὼν κρείων ἐνοσίχθων

ἄνεμος

wind; of winds; of the wind 64 times

ἀνέμων, ἀνέμοιο, ἄνεμος, ἄνεμός, ἀνέμοισιν, ἄνεμοι, ἀνέμῳ, ἀνέμοισι and 4 more

nominative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun; genitive plural masculine noun

ἀνέμοισι is dative of means/agent with the passive infinitive φέρεσθαι ('be borne along by'), not a direction — 'to the winds' wrongly implies motion toward.

• ἠδʼ ἐπʼ ἀπείρονα γαῖαν ἅμα πνοιῇς ἀνέμοιο·
• τὼ δʼ ἕως μέν ῥʼ ἐπέτοντο μετὰ πνοιῇς ἀνέμοιο
• ἔπρησεν δʼ ἄνεμος μέσον ἱστίον, ἀμφὶ δὲ κῦμα

ἄνευ

without 4 times

ἄνευ

• θάρσει, μαῖʼ, ἐπεὶ οὔ τοι ἄνευ θεοῦ ἥδε γε βουλή.
• ἔκτοθεν· ἔντοσθεν δέ τʼ ἄνευ δεσμοῖο μένουσι
• Τηλέμαχʼ, οὔ τοι ἄνευ θεοῦ ἔπτατο δεξιὸς ὄρνις

ἄνευθε

apart; apart from; distant 7 times

ἄνευθ, ἄνευθε, ἄνευθεν

adverb; preposition

• τόσσον ἄνευθʼ ὅσσον τε πανημερίη γλαφυρὴ νηῦς
• μνησόμεθʼ, ὥς χʼ ὁ ξεῖνος ἄνευθε πόνου καὶ ἀνίης
• πρὸς ζόφον, αἱ δέ τʼ ἄνευθε πρὸς ἠῶ τʼ ἠέλιόν τε,

ἄνεω

silent; speechless; in silence 4 times

ἄνεῳ, ἄνεω

ἄνεῳ is an indeclinable/adverbial predicate adjective 'without voice' describing the resulting state after ἐγένοντο.

• ἧσθʼ ἄνεῳ, ἀτὰρ οὔ τι καθαπτόμενοι ἐπέεσσι
• οἱ δʼ ἄνεῳ ἐγένοντο, δόμον κάτα φῶτα ἰδόντες·
• οἱ δʼ ἄνεῳ ἐγένοντο· πατὴρ δʼ ἠμείβετο μύθῳ·

ἄνθος

flower; flowers; blossom 6 times

ἄνθει, ἄνθος, ἄνθεα

dative singular neuter noun; accusative singular neuter noun; nominative plural neuter noun

• οὔλας ἧκε κόμας, ὑακινθίνῳ ἄνθει ὁμοίας.
• ἄνθος ἀφιεῖσαι, ἕτεραι δʼ ὑποπερκάζουσιν.
• ἦλθον ἔπειθʼ ὅσα φύλλα καὶ ἄνθεα γίγνεται ὥρῃ,

ἄνθρωπος

men; of men; people 118 times

ἀνθρώπων, ἀνθρώπους, ἀνθρώποισιν, ἀνθρώποισι, ἄνθρωποι, ἀνθρώποις, ἄνθρωπον, ἀνθρώποιο and 1 more

genitive plural masculine noun; dative plural masculine noun; accusative plural masculine noun

Epic dative plural ἀνθρώποισι (-οισι, not -οις) is the Homeric ending, still common in the epic dialect.

• πολλῶν δʼ ἀνθρώπων ἴδεν ἄστεα καὶ νόον ἔγνω,
• ἠδʼ ἵνα μιν κλέος ἐσθλὸν ἐν ἀνθρώποισιν ἔχῃσιν.
• θαλπωρή, εἴ πέρ τις ἐπιχθονίων ἀνθρώπων

ἄντα

before; straight ahead; before, in front of 13 times

ἄντα, ἄντ

preposition; adverb

• ἄντα παρειάων σχομένη λιπαρὰ κρήδεμνα·
• χλαῖναν πορφυρέην ἄντʼ ὀφθαλμοῖιν ἀνασχὼν
• χλαῖναν πορφυρέην ἄντʼ ὀφθαλμοῖιν ἀνασχών.

ἄντην

face to face; in face; to look upon 9 times

ἄντην

Odysseus's modesty before the girls foreshadows his careful self-presentation throughout book 6

• βῆ δʼ ἴμεν ἐκ θαλάμοιο θεῷ ἐναλίγκιος ἄντην.
• ἔνθʼ οὔ τίς ποτε μῆτιν ὁμοιωθήμεναι ἄντην
• βῆ δʼ ἴμεν ἐκ θαλάμοιο θεῷ ἐναλίγκιος ἄντην,

ἄντιτος

requiting; of requital twice

ἄντιτα

ἄντιτα ἔργα 'deeds in return' — the requital/vengeance owed to the suitors

• ῥέξειν, αἴ κέ ποθι Ζεὺς ἄντιτα ἔργα τελέσσῃ.
• ῥέξειν, αἴ κέ ποθι Ζεὺς ἄντιτα ἔργα τελέσσῃ.

ἄντρον

cave; of the cave; the cave 12 times

ἄντρου, ἄντρον, ἄντροιο

genitive singular neuter noun; accusative singular neuter noun; nominative singular neuter noun

• καρπαλίμως δʼ εἰς ἄντρον ἀφικόμεθʼ, οὐδέ μιν ἔνδον
• ἐλθόντες δʼ εἰς ἄντρον ἐθηεύμεσθα ἕκαστα.
• ἔντοσθεν δʼ ἄντροιο βαλὼν ὀρυμαγδὸν ἔθηκεν·

ἄνω

they finished; upward twice

ἦνον, ἄνω

imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb; adverb

ἄνω here means 'accomplish, complete' (a journey) — not to be confused with the preposition ἀνά.

• ἦνον ὁδόν· τοῖον γὰρ ὑπέκφερον ὠκέες ἵπποι.
• λᾶαν ἄνω ὤθεσκε ποτὶ λόφον· ἀλλʼ ὅτε μέλλοι

ἄνωγα

bade; bids; I bid 77 times

ἀνώγει, ἄνωγα, ἄνωγεν, ἄνωχθι, ἄνωγε, ἠνώγει, ἄνωγον, ἀνώγοι and 12 more

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active indicative, 3rd singular verb; perfect active indicative, 1st singular verb

ἄνωχθι, perfect-form imperative of ἄνωγα 'command' — a defective verb whose perfect stem functions as present.

• οἷσιν ἐνὶ μεγάροισι· σὲ δὲ φράζεσθαι ἄνωγα,
• μνηστῆρας μὲν ἐπὶ σφέτερα σκίδνασθαι ἄνωχθι,
• δῶρον δʼ ὅττι κέ μοι δοῦναι φίλον ἦτορ ἀνώγῃ,

ἄξιος

worthy; worthy, fitting; worth 5 times

ἄξιον

nominative singular neuter adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective

• καὶ μάλα καλὸν ἑλών· σοὶ δʼ ἄξιον ἔσται ἀμοιβῆς.
• ἀμφιδεδίνηται· πολέος δέ οἱ ἄξιον ἔσται.
• τοῦδʼ ἀνδρὸς πρὸς δώμαθʼ, ὁ δʼ ἄξιον ὦνον ἔδωκε.

ἄορ

sword; swords 8 times

ἄορ, ἄορας

accusative singular neuter noun; accusative plural masculine noun

ἄορ is an old poetic word for sword, distinct from ξίφος used later in the passage.

• δώσω οἱ τόδʼ ἄορ παγχάλκεον, ᾧ ἔπι κώπη
• ὣς φάτʼ, ἐγὼ δʼ ἄορ ὀξὺ ἐρυσσάμενος παρὰ μηροῦ
• ἀλλʼ ἄγε δὴ κολεῷ μὲν ἄορ θέο, νῶι δʼ ἔπειτα

ἄπαστος

untasting; without tasting twice

ἄπαστος

nominative singular feminine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

ἄσιτος...ἄπαστος pairing intensifies her grief-driven refusal of food and drink

• κεῖτʼ ἄρʼ ἄσιτος, ἄπαστος ἐδητύος ἠδὲ ποτῆτος,
• ἁρπαλέως· δηρὸν γὰρ ἐδητύος ἦεν ἄπαστος.

ἄπειμι

being away; will be away; he was off 17 times

ἀπεών, ἀπέσσεται, ἀπῆν, ἀπῆμεν, ἀπιόντες, ἀπέσσομαι, ἄπιθ, ἄπειμι and 4 more

present active participle, nominative singular masculine; future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 1st plural verb

future of ἄπειμι 'be absent/delayed', governs δηρὸν

• σοὶ δʼ ὁδὸς οὐκέτι δηρὸν ἀπέσσεται ἣν σὺ μενοινᾷς·
• ἀλλʼ ὅτε τόσσον ἀπῆν ὅσσον τε γέγωνε βοήσας,
• σοὶ δʼ ὁδὸς οὐκέτι δηρὸν ἀπέσσεται, ἀλλά τοι ἤδη

ἄπιστος

disbelieving; unbelieving; doubting 3 times

ἄπιστος

ἄπιστος 'not to be persuaded' — Odysseus notes Eumaeus' stubborn disbelief

• κεῖνον ἐλεύσεσθαι, θυμὸς δέ τοι αἰὲν ἄπιστος·
• ἦ μάλα τίς τοι θυμὸς ἐνὶ στήθεσσιν ἄπιστος,
• οἴκαδʼ ἐλεύσεσθαι· θυμὸς δέ τοι αἰὲν ἄπιστος.

ἄποτμος

most ill-fated; luckless twice

ἀποτμότατος, ἄποτμος

nominative singular masculine superlative adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

Superlative ἀποτμότατος ('most unlucky') is built on πότμος ('fate, doom') with alpha-privative — a striking, rare adjective used for pathos here.

• νῦν δʼ ὃς ἀποτμότατος γένετο θνητῶν ἀνθρώπων,
• αὐτὰρ ὅ γʼ, ὥς τις πάμπαν ὀϊζυρὸς καὶ ἄποτμος,

ἄπτερος

unwinged; not winged, unresisted 4 times

ἄπτερος

ἄπτερος μῦθος 'unwinged word' = a word that did not fly away unheeded, i.e. it hit its mark

• ὣς ἄρʼ ἐφώνησεν, τῇ δʼ ἄπτερος ἔπλετο μῦθος.
• ὣς ἄρʼ ἐφώνησεν, τῇ δʼ ἄπτερος ἔπλετο μῦθος.
• ὣς ἄρʼ ἐφώνησεν, τῇ δʼ ἄπτερος ἔπλετο μῦθος,

ἄπυστος

unaware; unheard of 3 times

ἄπυστος

nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular feminine adjective

ἄιστος ἄπυστος: a formulaic paired-adjective phrase stressing total disappearance without trace or report.

• οἴχετʼ ἄιστος ἄπυστος, ἐμοὶ δʼ ὀδύνας τε γόους τε
• οὐδʼ ἄρα Πηνελόπεια πολὺν χρόνον ἦεν ἄπυστος
• νειῷ ἔνι τριπόλῳ· οὐδὲ δὴν ἦεν ἄπυστος

ἄρα

then; indeed; then, indeed 722 times

ἄρα, ἄρ, ῥ, ῥα, ῥά, ἂρ, ῤ

ῥ' = ἄρα elided; a common Homeric filler particle marking narrative sequence, easy to miss when scanning.

• τόν ῥʼ Ἀγαμεμνονίδης τηλεκλυτὸς ἔκτανʼ Ὀρέστης·
• εὗρε δʼ ἄρα μνηστῆρας ἀγήνορας. οἱ μὲν ἔπειτα
• ἔγχος μέν ῥʼ ἔστησε φέρων πρὸς κίονα μακρὴν

Ἄργος

Argos; in Argos; of Argos 19 times

Ἄργος, Ἄργεος, Ἄργεϊ, Ἄργει, Ἄργον

accusative singular neuter noun; genitive singular neuter noun; dative singular neuter noun

'Hellas and the heart of Argos' is a formulaic merism meaning 'the whole Greek world,' not two literal places.

• ἀνδρός, τοῦ κλέος εὐρὺ καθʼ Ἑλλάδα καὶ μέσον Ἄργος.
• τέτρατον ἦμαρ ἔην, ὅτʼ ἐν Ἄργεϊ νῆας ἐίσας
• ἦ οὐκ Ἄργεος ἦεν Ἀχαιικοῦ, ἀλλά πῃ ἄλλῃ

ἄργυρος

with silver; silver; of silver 7 times

ἀργύρῳ, ἀργύρου, ἄργυρον, ἄργυρος

dative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

• χρυσοῦ τʼ ἠλέκτρου τε καὶ ἀργύρου ἠδʼ ἐλέφαντος.
• ὡς δʼ ὅτε τις χρυσὸν περιχεύεται ἀργύρῳ ἀνὴρ
• καί μʼ ἔφασαν χρυσόν τε καὶ ἄργυρον οἴκαδʼ ἄγεσθαι

ἄργυφος

white, gleaming once

ἄργυφα

ἄργυφος 'silver-white', a Homeric epithet color-word for flocks

• τὸν μὲν βουκολέων, τὸν δʼ ἄργυφα μῆλα νομεύων·

ἄρειος

warlike; of war; martial 7 times

ἀρήϊα, ἀρήιος, Ἀρήϊα, ἀρήϊοι

accusative plural neuter adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative plural neuter adjective

Ἀρήϊος 'of Ares' as a formulaic epithet for weapons — war-gear.

• ἔνθα μὲν Αἴας κεῖται ἀρήιος, ἔνθα δʼ Ἀχιλλεύς,
• φεῦγε δὲ Τυδέος υἱὸς ἀρήιος, ὦρσε δʼ ἑταίρους.
• ὅσσα τοι ἐν μεγάροισιν Ἀρήϊα τεύχεα κεῖται

Ἄρης

Ares; of Ares; at Ares 13 times

Ἄρης, Ἄρηα, Ἄρηϊ, Ἄρεος, Ἄρει, Ἄρηος

nominative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

personifies war itself, not just the god - 'Ares rages' = battle rages wildly

• ἂν δὲ καὶ Εὐρύαλος, βροτολοιγῷ ἶσος Ἄρηϊ,
• ἀμφʼ Ἄρεος φιλότητος εὐστεφάνου τʼ Ἀφροδίτης,
• αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ δὴ τεῦξε δόλον κεχολωμένος Ἄρει,

ἄρθμιος

allied, at peace once

ἄρθμιοι

ἄρθμιος 'in friendly terms' — rare epic adjective for allied peoples.

• ἤκαχε Θεσπρωτούς· οἱ δʼ ἡμῖν ἄρθμιοι ἦσαν·

ἄριστον

best; breakfast 3 times

ἄριστα, ἄριστον

nominative plural neuter noun; accusative singular neuter noun

• ὢ πέπον, ὡς μὲν ἐμῷ θυμῷ δοκεῖ εἶναι ἄριστα,
• αὐτοὶ δὲ φραζώμεθʼ ὅπως ὄχʼ ἄριστα γένηται.
• ἐντύνοντο ἄριστον ἅμʼ ἠοῖ, κηαμένω πῦρ,

ἄριστος

best; the best; noblest 85 times

ἄριστοι, ἄριστος, ἀρίστη, ἀρίστους, ἄριστον, ἄριστα, ἀρίστας, ἄρισται and 2 more

nominative plural masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular feminine adjective

ἀρίστη, superlative predicate agreeing with the (feminine) ship — the formulaic superlative of praise, root of 'aristocrat.'

• Ἀργείων οἱ ἄριστοι ἔβαν κοίλῃς ἐνὶ νηυσίν·
• ὅσσοι γὰρ νήσοισιν ἐπικρατέουσιν ἄριστοι,
• νῆʼ ἄρσας ἐρέτῃσιν ἐείκοσιν, ἥ τις ἀρίστη,

ἄρκτος

the Bear; bears twice

Ἄρκτον, ἄρκτοι

accusative singular feminine noun; nominative plural feminine noun

Ἄρκτος = the constellation Ursa Major, called also the Wain (ἄμαξα)

• Ἄρκτον θʼ, ἣν καὶ ἄμαξαν ἐπίκλησιν καλέουσιν,
• ἄρκτοι τʼ ἀγρότεροί τε σύες χαροποί τε λέοντες,

ἄρουρα

earth; land; soil 17 times

ἄρουραν, ἄρουρα, ἀρούρας, ἀρούρης

accusative singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun; accusative plural feminine noun

ἄχθος ἀρούρης, 'a burden of the earth', a proverbial Homeric phrase for a useless person.

• γαίης, ποῦ δέ νύ οἱ γενεὴ καὶ πατρὶς ἄρουρα.
• ἠὲ καὶ εἰς Ἐφύρην ἐθέλει, πίειραν ἄρουραν,
• καὶ θνητοῖσι βροτοῖσιν ἐπὶ ζείδωρον ἄρουραν·

ἄρρηκτος

unbreakable twice

ἀρρήκτους, ἄρρηκτον

accusative plural masculine adjective; nominative singular neuter adjective

ἄρρηκτος 'un-rent', from ῥήγνυμι — a favorite Homeric privative-alpha compound

• ἀρρήκτους ἀλύτους, ὄφρʼ ἔμπεδον αὖθι μένοιεν.
• χάλκεον ἄρρηκτον, λισσὴ δʼ ἀναδέδρομε πέτρη.

ἄρρητος

unsaid once

ἄρρητον

ἄρρητον: 'unspoken,' the word better left unsaid — proverbial wisdom on wine's loose tongue.

• καί τι ἔπος προέηκεν ὅ περ τʼ ἄρρητον ἄμεινον.

ἄρσην

male; males 6 times

ἄρσενα, ἄρσενες

nominative plural masculine noun; accusative plural neuter noun; nominative plural masculine adjective

• πάντα μάλʼ ὅσσʼ ἤμελγε, τὰ δʼ ἄρσενα λεῖπε θύρηφιν,
• ἄρσενες ὄιες ἦσαν ἐυτρεφέες, δασύμαλλοι,
• καὶ τότʼ ἔπειτα νομόνδʼ ἐξέσσυτο ἄρσενα μῆλα,

Ἄρτεμις

Artemis; to Artemis; with Artemis 15 times

Ἄρτεμις, Ἀρτέμιδι, Ἀρτέμιδί, Ἄρτεμι

nominative singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun; vocative singular feminine noun

Dative of comparison with a following verb of likening (ἐίσκω, l.152): 'I liken you to Artemis.'

• ἤλυθεν Ἀρτέμιδι χρυσηλακάτῳ ἐικυῖα.
• ἧος ἐν Ὀρτυγίῃ χρυσόθρονος Ἄρτεμις ἁγνὴ
• οἵη δʼ Ἄρτεμις εἶσι κατʼ οὔρεα ἰοχέαιρα,

ἄρτιος

fittingly; fitting twice

ἄρτια

ἄρτια 'well-fitted, matching' describes shared thinking; root of English 'art, articulate.'

• ὅς τις ἐπίσταιτο ᾗσι φρεσὶν ἄρτια βάζειν·
• ὧν ἑτάρων Ὀδυσεύς, ὅτι οἱ φρεσὶν ἄρτια ᾔδη.

ἄρχω

began; led; beginning 46 times

ἦρχε, ἤρχετο, ἦρχ, ἦρχον, ἀρχόμενος, ἄρξειεν, ἄρξει, ἄρχοιτο and 6 more

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb

ἄρχω + genitive (μύθων): 'began (to speak) words,' the standard Homeric idiom for opening a speech.

• τοῖσι δὲ μύθων ἦρχε πατὴρ ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε·
• τοῖσι δὲ Τηλέμαχος πεπνυμένος ἤρχετο μύθων·
• τοῖσι δʼ ἔπειθʼ ἥρως Αἰγύπτιος ἦρχʼ ἀγορεύειν,

ἄσβεστος

unquenchable; unquenchable, undying 4 times

ἄσβεστον, ἄσβεστος

nominative singular neuter adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

ἄσβεστον κλέος 'unquenchable fame'—a defining Homeric formula for heroic immortality through song.

• χεῦʼ Ἀγαμέμνονι τύμβον, ἵνʼ ἄσβεστον κλέος εἴη.
• ἄσβεστον κλέος εἴη, ἐγὼ δέ κε πατρίδʼ ἱκοίμην.
• ἄσβεστος δʼ ἄρʼ ἐνῶρτο γέλως μακάρεσσι θεοῖσι

ἄσμενος

glad 3 times

ἄσμενοι

• ἄσμενοι ἐκ θανάτοιο, φίλους ὀλέσαντες ἑταίρους.
• ἄσμενοι ἐκ θανάτοιο, φίλους ὀλέσαντες ἑταίρους.
• ἄσμενοι ἐκ θανάτοιο, φίλους ὀλέσαντες ἑταίρους.

ἄσπαρτος

unsown twice

ἄσπαρτα, ἄσπαρτος

nominative plural neuter adjective; nominative singular feminine adjective

ἄσπαρτα 'unsown' — alpha-privative adjective stressing nature's gifts need no human labor, unlike normal farming.

• ἀλλὰ τά γʼ ἄσπαρτα καὶ ἀνήροτα πάντα φύονται,
• ἀλλʼ ἥ γʼ ἄσπαρτος καὶ ἀνήροτος ἤματα πάντα

ἄσπετος

boundless; abundant; countless 17 times

ἄσπετα, ἄσπετον, ἄσπετος

accusative plural neuter adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective; nominative plural neuter adjective

ἄσπετα 'unspeakably much' — a stock Homeric intensifier for abundance.

• ὅσσα τάδʼ ἄσπετα πολλά· σέβας μʼ ἔχει εἰσορόωντα.
• ἄσπετον; οὐδέ τις ἄγχι βροτῶν πόλις, οἵ τε θεοῖσιν
• ἥμεθα δαινύμενοι κρέα τʼ ἄσπετα καὶ μέθυ ἡδύ·

ἄστυ

the town; city; cities 44 times

ἄστυ, ἄστεος, ἄστε, ἄστεα, ἄστεϊ

accusative singular neuter noun; accusative plural neuter noun; genitive singular neuter noun

• πολλῶν δʼ ἀνθρώπων ἴδεν ἄστεα καὶ νόον ἔγνω,
• τόφρα γὰρ ἂν κατὰ ἄστυ ποτιπτυσσοίμεθα μύθῳ
• ἠδʼ ὅσα καὶ περὶ ἄστυ μέγα Πριάμοιο ἄνακτος

ἄστυδε

to the city; to the town 6 times

ἄστυδ, ἄστυδε

ἄστυδε, directional -δε suffix 'to(ward) the city' on the noun ἄστυ.

• ἄστυδε ἔλθωμεν καὶ ἱκώμεθα δώματα πατρός.
• ἄστυδʼ ἀφʼ ὑψηλῶν ὀρέων καταγίνεον ὕλην,
• ὑμεῖς μὲν νῦν ἄστυδʼ ἐλαύνετε νῆα μέλαιναν,

ἄσχετος

unrestrained; uncontrolled; unchecked 5 times

ἄσχετε, ἄσχετοι, ἄσχετος

vocative singular masculine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

vocative ἄσχετε 'unchecked/uncontrollable' - insulting address

• Τηλέμαχʼ ὑψαγόρη, μένος ἄσχετε, ποῖον ἔειπες
• Τηλέμαχʼ ὑψαγόρη, μένος ἄσχετε, μή τί τοι ἄλλο
• δήμῳ ἀνέτλημεν μένος ἄσχετοι υἷες Ἀχαιῶν,

ἄτερ

without 5 times

ἄτερ

Preposition governing genitive καμάτοιο.

• αἴ κεν ἄτερ σπείρου κεῖται πολλὰ κτεατίσσας.
• καὶ μὲν οἱ ἔνθʼ ἦλθον καὶ ἄτερ καμάτοιο τέλεσσαν
• αἴ κεν ἄτερ σπείρου κεῖται πολλὰ κτεατίσσας.

ἄτη

ruin; madness/folly; folly, ruin 5 times

ἄτην, ἄτης

accusative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun

ἄτη: the ruinous delusion sent by a god, here Aphrodite — a key Homeric theological concept.

• ἂψ οἶκόνδʼ, ἄτην δὲ μετέστενον, ἣν Ἀφροδίτη
• ἦ με μάλʼ εἰς ἄτην κοιμήσατε νηλέι ὕπνῳ.
• εἵνεκα Νηλῆος κούρης ἄτης τε βαρείης,

ἄτριπτος

unworn once

ἀτρίπτους

soft hands of a priest, not a warrior - contrast with the labor of drawing the bow

• ἀτρίπτους ἁπαλάς· μετὰ δὲ μνηστῆρσιν ἔειπεν·

ἄττα

old friend 6 times

ἄττα, ἄττ

vocative singular masculine noun; exclamation

ἄττα is an affectionate vocative for an old man, addressed here to Eumaeus.

• ἔσσεται οὕτως, ἄττα· σέθεν δʼ ἕνεκʼ ἐνθάδʼ ἱκάνω,
• ἄττα, πόθεν τοι ξεῖνος ὅδʼ ἵκετο; πῶς δέ ἑ ναῦται
• ἄττα, σὺ δʼ ἔρχεο θᾶσσον, ἐχέφρονι Πηνελοπείῃ

ἄυπνος

sleepless 4 times

ἀΰπνους, ἀύπνους, ἄυπνος

accusative plural masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; accusative plural feminine adjective

ἄυπνος 'needing no sleep' — the near-endless daylight of this land lets a man work double shifts.

• νύκτα διʼ ἀμβροσίην καὶ ἀύπνους ἄμμε τίθησθα;
• ἔνθα κʼ ἄυπνος ἀνὴρ δοιοὺς ἐξήρατο μισθούς,
• κείω δʼ ὡς τὸ πάρος περ ἀΰπνους νύκτας ἴαυον·

ἄφαρ

at once; straightway 16 times

ἄφαρ

• οἷον ἀναΐξας ἄφαρ οἴχεται, οὐδʼ ὑπέμεινε
• λεπτὸν καὶ περίμετρον· ἄφαρ δʼ ἡμῖν μετέειπε·
• παυέσθων· καὶ γάρ σφιν ἄφαρ τόδε λώιόν ἐστιν.

ἄφθιτος

undying once

ἄφθιτοι

ἄφθιτοι, 'imperishable,' hyperbolic praise of the land's fertility — vines that would never fail.

• ὑδρηλοὶ μαλακοί· μάλα κʼ ἄφθιτοι ἄμπελοι εἶεν.

ἄφρων

foolish; senseless; senseless, foolish 7 times

ἄφρονι, ἄφρων, ἄφρονα

nominative singular masculine adjective; dative singular adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

• ξεῖνʼ, ἐπεὶ οὔτε κακῷ οὔτʼ ἄφρονι φωτὶ ἔοικας·
• ἄφρων δὴ κεῖνός γε καὶ οὐτιδανὸς πέλει ἀνήρ,
• οὐκ ἄφρων ὁ ξεῖνος· ὀΐεται, ὥς περ ἂν εἴη·

ἄχθομαι

was loaded once

ἤχθετο

ἤχθετο from ἄχθομαι, here 'was weighed down/laden' with cargo, not its usual sense 'be vexed.'

• ἀλλʼ ὅτε δὴ κοίλη νηῦς ἤχθετο τοῖσι νέεσθαι,

ἄχθος

cargo; load; a burden 3 times

ἄχθος

ἄχθος 'load/burden' as predicate complement to ἄειραν 'lifted' — ships as bearing weight.

• πολλὰ κτήματʼ ἄγων, ὅσα οἱ νέες ἄχθος ἄειραν.
• ἥμενοι, ἧος ἐπῆλθε νέμων. φέρε δʼ ὄβριμον ἄχθος
• ἔμπαιον οὐδὲ βίης, ἀλλʼ αὔτως ἄχθος ἀρούρης.

ἄχολος

angerless once

ἄχολόν

ἄχολος, "without bile/anger" — paired with νηπενθές to describe the drug's calming effect.

• νηπενθές τʼ ἄχολόν τε, κακῶν ἐπίληθον ἁπάντων.

ἄχος

grief; with anguish; in grief 19 times

ἄχος, ἄχεϊ, ἀχέεσσί, ἄχεος

nominative singular neuter noun; dative singular neuter noun; dative plural neuter noun

Dative of means: Odysseus warns that his tale will only give her sorrows.

• αὐτῷ κήδεʼ ἔσεσθαι, ἐμοὶ δʼ ἄχος αἰὲν ἄλαστον
• τὴν δʼ ἄχος ἀμφεχύθη θυμοφθόρον, οὐδʼ ἄρʼ ἔτʼ ἔτλη
• τῆς δʼ ἐλεεινοτάτῳ ἄχεϊ φθινύθουσι παρειαί·

ἄψ

back; back again; again, back 36 times

ἂψ, ἄψ

ἄψ 'back' signals reversal — the men return to their former human shape.

• ἂψ ἴτω ἐς μέγαρον πατρὸς μέγα δυναμένοιο·
• ἂψ ἀπʼ Ἀθηνάων, κατὰ δʼ ἔκτανε πατροφονῆα,
• ἂψ οἶκόνδʼ, ἄτην δὲ μετέστενον, ἣν Ἀφροδίτη

ἄψορρος

back again; in reply 4 times

ἄψορρον

ἄψορρον, adverbial 'back again' — answering craftily in turn

• ἀλλά μιν ἄψορρον προσέφην δολίοις ἐπέεσσι·
• ἀλλά μιν ἄψορρον προσέφην κεκοτηότι θυμῷ·
• ἄψορρον καταβῆναι ἰὼν ἐς κλίμακα μακρήν,

ἄω

passed; they spent; passed, spent 4 times

ἄεσαν, ἀέσαμεν, ἄεσα

aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb; aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb

ἀέσαμεν, aorist of ἄω, 'to spend/pass the night' (cf. ἰαύω); not from any verb ἀέννυμι

• νύκτα μὲν ἀέσαμεν χαλεπὰ φρεσὶν ὁρμαίνοντες
• ἔνθα δὲ νύκτʼ ἄεσαν, ὁ δὲ τοῖς πὰρ ξείνια θῆκεν.
• ἔνθα δὲ νύκτʼ ἄεσαν ὁ δὲ τοῖς πὰρ ξείνια θῆκεν.

ἄωτον

wool; fleece twice

ἀώτῳ, ἀώτου

dative singular masculine noun; genitive singular neuter noun

ἄωτον 'finest wool/fleece' pictures Telemachus bedding down under a soft sheepskin, a domestic detail before Book 2's public assembly.

• ἔνθʼ ὅ γε παννύχιος, κεκαλυμμένος οἰὸς ἀώτῳ,
• κείμην· αὐτὰρ χερσὶν ἀώτου θεσπεσίοιο

ἆ

ah; ah! 7 times

ἆ

• ἆ δειλοί, πόσʼ ἴμεν; τί κακῶν ἱμείρετε τούτων;
• ἆ δείλʼ, ἦ τινὰ καὶ σὺ κακὸν μόρον ἡγηλάζεις,
• ἆ δειλὲ ξείνων, ἦ μοι μάλα θυμὸν ὄρινας

ἆθλον

prizes; contest; the contest 5 times

ἄεθλα, ἄεθλον

accusative plural neuter noun; nominative singular neuter noun

• ἀλλʼ ἄγετε, μνηστῆρες, ἐπεὶ τόδε φαίνετʼ ἄεθλον.
• ἀλλʼ ἄγετε, μνηστῆρες, ἐπεὶ τόδε φαίνετʼ ἄεθλον,
• μήτηρ δʼ αἰτήσασα θεοὺς περικαλλέʼ ἄεθλα

ἆθλος

contest; trials; contests 34 times

ἄεθλον, ἀέθλων, ἀέθλους, ἄεθλοι, ἀέθλοις, ἄθλων, ἀέθλῳ, ἄεθλος

genitive plural masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; accusative plural masculine noun

ἆθλος 'contest, trial' — here the toils/labors of the Trojan War, not athletic games.

• εἰς Ἰθάκην, οὐδʼ ἔνθα πεφυγμένος ἦεν ἀέθλων
• ἡμεῖς μὲν γὰρ κεῖθι πολέας τελέοντες ἀέθλους
• ἵκεθʼ, ὃς εἵνεκʼ ἐμεῖο πολέας ἐμόγησεν ἀέθλους·

ἆρα

then; indeed; (particle) 32 times

ῥ

• κλαίειν οὐδʼ ἀκάχησθαι, ἐπεί ῥʼ ἔτι νόστιμός ἐστι
• ἀνδρῶν ἐμπλήσας οἵ ῥʼ Ἴλιον ἐξαλάπαξαν.
• αὐτὰρ ἐπεί ῥʼ ἐπὶ νῆα κατήλυθον ἠδὲ θάλασσαν,

ἆσσον

nearer; closer; close 13 times

ἆσσον, ἀσσοτέρω

preposition; adverb

comparative adverb 'nearer' used almost as a preposition governing the genitive αἵματος.

• ἆσσον ἰών, ξίφος ὀξὺ ἐρυσσάμενος παρὰ μηροῦ,
• καὶ τότʼ ἐγὼν ἆσσον φέρον ἐκ πυρός, ἀμφὶ δʼ ἑταῖροι
• αἵματος ἆσσον ἴμεν, πρὶν Τειρεσίαο πυθέσθαι.

ἀάατος

none may fail; harmless twice

ἀάατον, ἀάατος

accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

ἀάατος 'not to be missed/harmed' is a rare epic epithet marking the bow-contest as fateful.

• μνηστήρεσσιν ἄεθλον ἀάατον· οὐ γὰρ ὀΐω
• οὗτος μὲν δὴ ἄεθλος ἀάατος ἐκτετέλεσται·

ἀάω

ruined; been blinded; was blinded 7 times

ἀάσθη, ἄασάν, ἆσέ, ἄασ, ἄασεν, ἀασθεὶς

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb

ἀάσθη, aorist passive of ἀάω 'to delude/ruin,' the Homeric term for hybris-driven folly.

• εἰ μὴ ὑπερφίαλον ἔπος ἔκβαλε καὶ μέγʼ ἀάσθη·
• τῷ ῥʼ Αἴας τὸ πρῶτον ἐφεζόμενος μέγʼ ἀάσθη·
• ἄασάν μʼ ἕταροί τε κακοὶ πρὸς τοῖσί τε ὕπνος

ἀαγής

unbroken once

ἀαγές

ἀαγής 'unbreakable', privative α- + ἄγνυμι, rare epic compound

• χερσὶν ἔχων ῥόπαλον παγχάλκεον, αἰὲν ἀαγές.

ἀγάστονος

deep-moaning once

ἀγάστονος

ἀγάστονος, a rare epithet for Amphitrite evoking the roar of the sea itself.

• κῆτος, ἃ μυρία βόσκει ἀγάστονος Ἀμφιτρίτη.

ἀγαθός

good; good things; good at 38 times

ἀγαθὸς, ἀγαθὸν, ἀγαθὴ, ἀγαθόν, ἀγαθὰ, ἀγαθῇσιν, ἀγαθοῖσι, ἀγαθήν and 7 more

nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular feminine adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective

βοὴν ἀγαθὸς, 'good at the war-cry,' a standard heroic epithet, here for Menelaus.

• πεῖθʼ ἀγαθὰ φρονέων· νῦν δʼ ἁθρόα πάντʼ ἀπέτισεν.
• Ζεὺς ἀγαθὸν τελέσειεν, ὅτι φρεσὶν ᾗσι μενοινᾷ.
• ὡς ἀγαθὸν καὶ παῖδα καταφθιμένοιο λιπέσθαι

ἀγαίομαι

raging at once

ἀγαιομένου

ἀγαιομένου, genitive absolute-like: his heart's growling occurs as it rages at the deeds.

• ὥς ῥα τοῦ ἔνδον ὑλάκτει ἀγαιομένου κακὰ ἔργα·

ἀγακλειτός

glorious; of the far-famed 6 times

ἀγακλειτῆς, ἀγακλειτὰς

genitive singular feminine adjective; accusative plural feminine adjective

• σύμπασιν Πυλίοισιν ἀγακλειτῆς ἑκατόμβης.
• ἡμῖν, εὖτʼ ἔρδωμεν ἀγακλειτὰς ἑκατόμβας,
• κέκλυτέ μευ, μνηστῆρες ἀγακλειτῆς βασιλείης,

ἀγακλυτός

glorious; far-famed; very famous 8 times

ἀγακλυτὰ, ἀγακλυτὸν

accusative plural neuter adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

ἀγακλυτός, intensified 'very famous', a heroic epithet

• ἀλλʼ ὅτε δώμαθʼ ἵκοντο ἀγακλυτὰ τοῖο ἄνακτος,
• δμῳῇσιν κατὰ δώματʼ ἀγακλυτὰ δαῖτα πένεσθαι,
• ἡ δʼ ὅτε δὴ οὗ πατρὸς ἀγακλυτὰ δώμαθʼ ἵκανε,

Ἀγαμέμνων

Agamemnon; of Agamemnon; Agamemnon's 20 times

Ἀγαμέμνονος, Ἀγαμέμνονι, Ἀγαμέμνων, Ἀγάμεμνον, Ἀγαμέμνονα

genitive singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun

vocative line addressing the dead king with his full epic epithet-string, formulaic in the Nekyia

• οὐδʼ Ἀγαμέμνονι πάμπαν ἑήνδανε· βούλετο γάρ ῥα
• αὖθι παρʼ Ἀτρεΐδῃ Ἀγαμέμνονι, ποιμένι λαῶν·
• αὖτις ἐπʼ Ἀτρεΐδῃ Ἀγαμέμνονι ἦρα φέροντες·

ἀγανός

gentle 9 times

ἀγανοῖς, ἀγανὸς, ἀγανῇσι, ἀγανοῖσι

dative plural neuter adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; dative plural feminine adjective

ἀγανός 'gentle, painless' describes Apollo's arrows — his 'soft' death-dealing shafts, a recurring epic motif.

• μή τις ἔτι πρόφρων ἀγανὸς καὶ ἤπιος ἔστω
• οἷς ἀγανοῖς βελέεσσιν ἐποιχόμενος κατέπεφνε,
• μή τις ἔτι πρόφρων ἀγανὸς καὶ ἤπιος ἔστω

ἀγαπάζω

welcoming; welcomes; embracing lovingly 5 times

ἀγαπαζόμενοι, ἀγαπάζῃ, ἀγαπαζόμεναι, ἀγαπαξόμεναι

present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine; present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive participle, nominative plural feminine

Middle participle of ἀγαπάζω 'greet warmly' — describes the manner (missing) of φιλέουσι.

• οὐδʼ ἀγαπαζόμενοι φιλέουσʼ ὅς κʼ ἄλλοθεν ἔλθῃ.
• ὡς δὲ πατὴρ ὃν παῖδα φίλα φρονέων ἀγαπάζῃ
• καὶ κύνεον ἀγαπαζόμεναι κεφαλήν τε καὶ ὤμους.

ἀγαπητός

beloved 4 times

ἀγαπητὸν, ἀγαπητός, ἀγαπητὸς

nominative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

• μοῦνος ἐὼν ἀγαπητός; ὁ δʼ ὤλετο τηλόθι πάτρης
• νῦν αὖ παῖδʼ ἀγαπητὸν ἀνηρείψαντο θύελλαι
• νῦν αὖ παῖς ἀγαπητὸς ἔβη κοίλης ἐπὶ νηός,

ἀγαυός

noble; lordly; proud 27 times

ἀγαυοί, ἀγαυοὶ, ἀγαυούς, ἀγαυοὺς, ἀγαυοῦ, ἀγαυὴ, ἀγαυότατον

nominative plural masculine adjective; accusative plural masculine adjective; genitive singular masculine adjective

ἀγαυοί 'illustrious/proud' used ironically here — Telemachus's polite vocative barely masks his contempt for the suitors.

• Εὐρύμαχʼ ἠδὲ καὶ ἄλλοι, ὅσοι μνηστῆρες ἀγαυοί,
• δαινυμένους κατὰ δῶμα ἑὸν μνηστῆρας ἀγαυοὺς
• ἐς Πύλον ἠγαθέην μετʼ ἀγαυοῦ πατρὸς ἀκουήν.

ἀγγέλλω

to announce; to bring word; might tell 14 times

ἀγγελέων, ἀγγελέουσα, ἀγγείλειε, ἀγγέλλων, ἀγγείλαιμι, ἀγγείλας, ἀγγείλωσι, ἤγγειλε

future active participle, nominative singular masculine; future active participle, nominative singular feminine; aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb

Future participle ἀγγελέων expressing purpose: 'went in order to announce' — classic Homeric idiom.

• βῆ δʼ ἴμεν ἀγγελέων διὰ δώματα ποιμένι λαῶν,
• βῆ δʼ ἴμεν ἀγγελέων πρὸς δώματα ποιμένι λαῶν.
• βῆ δʼ ἴμεν ἀγγελέων διὰ δώματα Πηνελοπείῃ·

ἀγγελία

message; news; messages 20 times

ἀγγελίην, ἀγγελίας, ἀγγελίης, ἀγγελιάων, ἀγγελίη, ἀγγελίῃ

accusative singular feminine noun; accusative plural feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun

ἀγγελίη 'message, news' — she wants a signal sent to her once the ship is ready.

• ἠέ τινʼ ἀγγελίην πατρὸς φέρει ἐρχομένοιο,
• οὔτʼ οὖν ἀγγελίῃ ἔτι πείθομαι, εἴ ποθεν ἔλθοι,
• ἠέ τινʼ ἀγγελίην στρατοῦ ἔκλυεν ἐρχομένοιο,

Ἀγέλαος

Agelaus; Agelaos 6 times

Ἀγέλαος, Ἀγέλαε

nominative singular masculine noun; vocative singular masculine noun

vocative of direct address, name of the suitor being answered.

• ὀψὲ δὲ δὴ μετέειπε Δαμαστορίδης Ἀγέλαος·
• οὐ μὰ Ζῆνʼ, Ἀγέλαε, καὶ ἄλγεα πατρὸς ἐμοῖο,
• οὔ πως ἔστʼ, Ἀγέλαε διοτρεφές· ἄγχι γὰρ αἰνῶς

ἀγέλη

herds; herd 3 times

ἀγέλαι, ἀγέλην

nominative plural feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun

ἀγέλαι, herds of cattle — start of Eumaeus's inventory-style catalog of Odysseus's flocks, a Homeric list formula.

• ἑπτὰ βοῶν ἀγέλαι, τόσα δʼ οἰῶν πώεα καλά,
• εἴ κέ τινʼ ἠὲ βοῶν ἀγέλην ἢ πῶυ μέγʼ οἰῶν
• δώδεκʼ ἐν ἠπείρῳ ἀγέλαι· τόσα πώεα οἰῶν,

ἀγείρω

gathered; gathering; had gathered 31 times

ἀγειρόμενοι, ἤγερθεν, ἀγέροντο, ἀγέρθη, ἀγρομένων, ἀγηγέραθ, ἀγρομένοισι, ἠγείροντο and 12 more

present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine; aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist middle participle, dative plural masculine

Aorist passive of ἀγείρω 'were gathered'; paired with ἐγένοντο for emphatic doubling of the idea.

• οἱ μὲν ἐκήρυσσον, τοὶ δʼ ἠγείροντο μάλʼ ὦκα.
• αὐτὰρ ἐπεί ῥʼ ἤγερθεν ὁμηγερέες τʼ ἐγένοντο,
• νῦν δὲ τίς ὧδʼ ἤγειρε; τίνα χρειὼ τόσον ἵκει

ἀγελαῖος

of the herd; herded 4 times

ἀγελαίην, ἀγελαίας, ἀγελαῖαι

accusative singular feminine adjective; accusative plural feminine adjective; nominative plural feminine adjective

• ὡς δʼ ὅτʼ ἂν ἄγραυλοι πόριες περὶ βοῦς ἀγελαίας,
• ἵρευον δὲ σύας σιάλους καὶ βοῦν ἀγελαίην,
• ἵρευον δὲ σύας σιάλους καὶ βοῦν ἀγελαίην·

ἀγελείη

driver of spoil twice

ἀγελείη, ἀγελείης

nominative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun

ἀγελείη 'she who drives off booty' — martial epithet of Athena as war-goddess.

• αἴ κεν ἐᾷ πρόφρων με Διὸς θυγάτηρ ἀγελείη
• αὐτάρ τοι τόδε ἔργον Ἀθηναίης ἀγελείης,

ἀγήνωρ

proud; proud, manly; lordly 28 times

ἀγήνωρ, ἀγήνορες, ἀγήνορας, ἀγήνορα

nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective; accusative plural masculine adjective

ἀγήνωρ 'manly, overbearing' is a formulaic epithet often applied to the suitors, hinting at their arrogance even in a neutral description.

• εὗρε δʼ ἄρα μνηστῆρας ἀγήνορας. οἱ μὲν ἔπειτα
• ἐς δʼ ἦλθον μνηστῆρες ἀγήνορες. οἱ μὲν ἔπειτα
• ὣς ἔφαθʼ, ἡμῖν δʼ αὖτʼ ἐπεπείθετο θυμὸς ἀγήνωρ.

ἀγήραος

ageless 5 times

ἀγήραον, ἀγήρως

accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular feminine adjective; accusative plural masculine adjective

ἀγήραος "not aging" — paired with ἀθάνατος, the standard divine-privilege pair immortal+ageless.

• θήσειν ἀθάνατον καὶ ἀγήραον ἤματα πάντα.
• ἡ μὲν γὰρ βροτός ἐστι, σὺ δʼ ἀθάνατος καὶ ἀγήρως.
• ἀθανάτους ὄντας καὶ ἀγήρως ἤματα πάντα.

ἀγήρωρ

proud/overbearing; proud, overbearing twice

ἀγήνορας

ἀγήνωρ, a standard epithet marking the suitors' arrogance

• μνηστῆρας δʼ οὐ πάμπαν ἀγήνορας εἴα Ἀθήνη
• μνηστῆρας δʼ ἔκτεινεν ἀγήνορας, οἵ θʼ ἑὸν οἶκον

ἀγινέω

brings; used to take; to drive in 4 times

ἀγινεῖ, ἀγίνεσκον, ἀγινέμεναί, ἀγινεῖς

present active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active infinitive

ἀγινεῖ, iterative-flavored present of ἀγινέω 'keep bringing', fitting the daily routine described.

• τῶν αἰεί σφιν ἕκαστος ἐπʼ ἤματι μῆλον ἀγινεῖ,
• ᾤχετο. τὸν δὲ πάροιθεν ἀγίνεσκον νέοι ἄνδρες
• τὰς δʼ ἄλλοι με κέλονται ἀγινέμεναί σφισιν αὐτοῖς

ἀγκάς

in my arms once

ἀγκὰς

ἀγκάς, 'in the arms,' a rare adverb vivid for clutching the keel like an embrace.

• αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ τρόπιν ἀγκὰς ἑλὼν νεὸς ἀμφιελίσσης

ἀγκυλοχείλης

hook-beaked once

ἀγκυλοχείλης

ἀγκυλοχείλης, 'hook-beaked' (from χεῖλος, 'lip/beak'), a fixed Homeric epithet for the eagle — distinct from the similar-sounding ἀγκυλοχήλης, 'crook-taloned,' used of vultures elsewhere in Homer; not about talons here.

• ἐλθὼν δʼ ἐξ ὄρεος μέγας αἰετὸς ἀγκυλοχείλης

ἀγλαία

splendor; fine airs, finery; of splendor, looks 5 times

ἀγλαΐην, ἀγλαΐη, ἀγλαΐας, ἀγλαΐης

accusative singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun; accusative plural feminine noun

ἀγλαΐην, 'radiance/beauty,' object of ὤλεσαν in the following line — enjambment across l180-181.

• ἀμφότερον, κῦδός τε καὶ ἀγλαΐη καὶ ὄνειαρ,
• τῷ κέ τοι ἀγλαΐας γε διασκεδάσειεν ἁπάσας,
• γίγνοντʼ· ἀγλαΐης δʼ ἕνεκεν κομέουσιν ἄνακτες.

ἀγλαόκαρπος

bright-fruited; with shining fruit twice

ἀγλαόκαρποι

ἀγλαόκαρπος, 'splendid-fruited,' a compound epithet typical of Homeric garden description.

• ὄγχναι καὶ ῥοιαὶ καὶ μηλέαι ἀγλαόκαρποι
• ὄγχναι καὶ ῥοιαὶ καὶ μηλέαι ἀγλαόκαρποι

ἀγλαός

splendid; glorious; shining 29 times

ἀγλαὰ, ἀγλαὸν, ἀγλαὸς

accusative plural neuter adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

'son of shining Dawn' is a periphrasis for Memnon, who killed Antilochus and was then slain by Achilles himself in revenge — not by Achilles' son.

• καὶ τήν γʼ ἀλλύουσαν ἐφεύρομεν ἀγλαὸν ἱστόν.
• εὖ δὲ Φιλοκτήτην, Ποιάντιον ἀγλαὸν υἱόν.
• ἕδρας τε ξύλα τʼ ἀμφὶ καὶ ἀγλαὸν οἰσέμεν ὕδωρ.

ἀγνοέω

failed to recognize; not recognizing; failed to know 4 times

ἠγνοίησεν, ἀγνοιήσασ, ἀγνώσασκε, ἀγνοιῇσι

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active participle, nominative plural feminine; present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb

οὐκ ἠγνοίησεν = litotes: 'did not fail to know' i.e. 'recognized at once'

• ἠγνοίησεν ἰδοῦσα Καλυψώ, δῖα θεάων·
• ἄνδρʼ ἀγνοιήσασʼ ὑλάει μέμονέν τε μάχεσθαι,
• ἄλλοτε δʼ ἀγνώσασκε κακὰ χροῒ εἵματʼ ἔχοντα.

ἀγορά

assembly; the assembly; assemblies 28 times

ἀγορὴν, ἀγορῇ, ἀγορήν, ἀγορὴ, ἀγορὰς, ἀγοράων, ἀγοραί, ἀγοραὶ and 1 more

accusative singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun

• εἰς ἀγορὴν καλέσαντα κάρη κομόωντας Ἀχαιοὺς
• αὔριον εἰς ἀγορὴν καλέσας ἥρωας Ἀχαιοὺς
• βῆ ῥʼ ἴμεν εἰς ἀγορήν, παλάμῃ δʼ ἔχε χάλκεον ἔγχος,

ἀγοράομαι

addressed; addressed the assembly; spoke 15 times

ἀγορήσατο

aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist indicative, 3rd singular verb

• τοῦ ὅ γε δάκρυ χέων ἀγορήσατο καὶ μετέειπε·
• ὅ σφιν ἐὺ φρονέων ἀγορήσατο καὶ μετέειπε·
• ὅ σφιν ἐὺ φρονέων ἀγορήσατο καὶ μετέειπεν·

ἀγορεύω

spoke; you say; will tell 102 times

ἀγορεύεις, ἀγόρευον, ἀγορεύσω, ἀγορεύω, ἀγορεύειν, ἀγόρευσον, ἀγόρευε, ἀγόρευεν and 10 more

present active indicative, 2nd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb; future active indicative, 1st singular verb

ἀγορεύω 'speak in assembly, proclaim' — Telemachus signals he is done making public appeals to the suitors.

• καί μοι τοῦτʼ ἀγόρευσον ἐτήτυμον, ὄφρʼ ἐὺ εἰδῶ,
• τοιγὰρ ἐγώ τοι ταῦτα μάλʼ ἀτρεκέως ἀγορεύσω.
• τοιγὰρ ἐγώ τοι, ξεῖνε, μάλʼ ἀτρεκέως ἀγορεύσω.

ἀγορήνδε

to the assembly; to assembly 4 times

ἀγορήνδε, ἀγορήνδ

-δε is a directional suffix meaning 'to/toward', attached right onto ἀγορήν, 'assembly-ward'.

• ἠῶθεν δʼ ἀγορήνδε καθεζώμεσθα κιόντες
• κηρύσσειν ἀγορήνδε κάρη κομόωντας Ἀχαιούς.
• Φαιήκων ἀγορήνδʼ, ἥ σφιν παρὰ νηυσὶ τέτυκτο.

ἀγορητής

speaker once

ἀγορητήν

λιγὺς ἀγορητής 'clear-voiced speaker' is a formulaic compliment even amid Antinous's grudging concession.

• παύσαμεν ἐν μεγάροισι, λιγύν περ ἐόντʼ ἀγορητήν.

ἀγρέω

come, bestir; come now twice

ἀγρεῖθ, ἄγρει

present active imperative, 2nd plural verb; present active imperative, 2nd singular verb

imperative ἀγρεῖτε (contracted) used as a rousing exclamation, 'up now!'

• ἀγρεῖθʼ, αἱ μὲν δῶμα κορήσατε ποιπνύσασαι,
• ἄγρει δή, πῦρ κῆον ἐνὶ μεγάροισι, Μελανθεῦ,

ἀγρόνδε

to the country 3 times

ἀγρόνδε, ἀγρόνδ

-δε directive suffix again, 'countryward'

• ἀγρόνδε προΐαλλε· φίλει δέ με κηρόθι μᾶλλον.
• ἀγρόνδʼ, οἷά τε θυμὸν ἀεὶ δμώεσσιν ἰαίνει.
• μή σε καὶ ὁπλότερός περ ἐὼν ἀγρόνδε δίωμαι,

ἀγρός

fields; farm; the countryside 27 times

ἀγροῦ, ἀγροὺς, ἀγρὸν, ἀγρῶν, ἀγρούς, ἀγρῷ, ἀγροῖο

genitive singular masculine noun; accusative plural masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

• νηῦς δέ μοι ἥδʼ ἕστηκεν ἐπʼ ἀγροῦ νόσφι πόληος,
• ἔρχεσθʼ, ἀλλʼ ἀπάνευθεν ἐπʼ ἀγροῦ πήματα πάσχειν
• ἀγροῦ ἐπʼ ἐσχατιήν, ὅθι δώματα ναῖε Θυέστης

ἀγρότερος

wild 3 times

ἀγροτέρας, ἀγρότεροί

accusative plural feminine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective

• ἠὲ μετʼ ἀγροτέρας ἐλάφους· κέλεται δέ ἑ γαστὴρ
• ἄρκτοι τʼ ἀγρότεροί τε σύες χαροποί τε λέοντες,
• αἶγας ἐπʼ ἀγροτέρας ἠδὲ πρόκας ἠδὲ λαγωούς·

ἀγρονόμος

country-roaming once

ἀγρονόμοι

ἀγρονόμος 'ranging the fields' — describes the nymphs as wild, pastoral companions of Artemis.

• ἀγρονόμοι παίζουσι, γέγηθε δέ τε φρένα Λητώ·

ἀγυιά

streets; the streets; ways 8 times

ἀγυιαί, ἀγυιῇ

nominative plural feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun

ἀγυιαί 'streets/ways' used broadly for the paths of travel growing dim at dusk, a formulaic close-of-day line.

• δύσετό τʼ ἠέλιος σκιόωντό τε πᾶσαι ἀγυιαί,
• δύσετό τʼ ἠέλιος σκιόωντό τε πᾶσαι ἀγυιαί,
• δύσετό τʼ ἠέλιος σκιόωντό τε πᾶσαι ἀγυιαί.

ἀγυρτάζω

to gather once

ἀγυρτάζειν

ἀγυρτάζειν, 'to go begging/collecting', a rare verb painting Odysseus as disguised beggar-trader.

• χρήματʼ ἀγυρτάζειν πολλὴν ἐπὶ γαῖαν ἰόντι·

Ἀγχίαλος

of Anchialus; Anchialos 3 times

Ἀγχιάλοιο, Ἀγχίαλος

genitive singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun

• Μέντης Ἀγχιάλοιο δαΐφρονος εὔχομαι εἶναι
• Μέντης δʼ Ἀγχιάλοιο δαΐφρονος εὔχεται εἶναι
• Ναυτεύς τε Πρυμνεύς τε καὶ Ἀγχίαλος καὶ Ἐρετμεύς,

ἀγχίθεος

kin of the gods; kin to gods twice

ἀγχίθεοι

ἀγχίθεοι, 'near to the gods,' epithet for the Phaeacians' special favor.

• Φαιήκων ἐς γαῖαν, οἳ ἀγχίθεοι γεγάασιν,
• Φαιήκων ἐς γαῖαν, οἳ ἀγχίθεοι γεγάασιν,

ἀγχίμολος

nearby; close at hand; near 11 times

ἀγχίμολον

ἀγχίμολον is the neuter singular of the adjective used as a plain adverbial accusative of manner ('came near-ly'), not an accusative of respect (which specifies a part/aspect, e.g. 'lame in the foot') — a common Homeric adverbial-accusative formation.

• ἀγχίμολον δέ σφʼ ἦλθε περικλυτὸς ἀμφιγυήεις,
• ἀγχίμολον δὲ σύες τε καὶ ἀνέρες ἦλθον ὑφορβοί.
• ἀγχίμολον δέ σφʼ ἦλθε βοὴν ἀγαθὸς Μενέλαος,

ἀγχιστῖνος

in heaps; thick, one on another 3 times

ἀγχιστῖνοι

ἀγχιστῖνος 'close together', vivid detail of piled bodies

• βάλλε τιτυσκόμενος· τοὶ δʼ ἀγχιστῖνοι ἔπιπτον.
• ἄντα τιτυσκόμενος· τοὶ δʼ ἀγχιστῖνοι ἔπιπτον.
• θῦνε κατὰ μέγαρον· τοὶ δʼ ἀγχιστῖνοι ἔπιπτον.

ἀγχοῦ

near; near, close; near, close by 9 times

ἀγχοῦ

• ἀγχοῦ δʼ ἱστάμενος ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·
• ἀγχοῦ δʼ ἱσταμένη προσεφώνεε δῖα θεάων·
• ἀγχοῦ Κυκλώπων ἀνδρῶν ὑπερηνορεόντων,

ἀγών

the contest; the ring; contest 6 times

ἀγῶνι, ἀγῶνα, ἀγῶνας

dative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; accusative plural masculine noun

• χαὶρων, οὕνεχʼ ἑταῖρον ἐνηέα λεῦσσʼ ἐν ἀγῶνι.
• χωόμενος ὅτι σʼ οὗτος ἀνὴρ ἐν ἀγῶνι παραστὰς
• δήμιοι, οἳ κατʼ ἀγῶνας ἐὺ πρήσσεσκον ἕκαστα,

ἀδάκρυτος

tearless twice

ἀδακρύτω, ἀδάκρυτόν

accusative dual neuter adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

ἀδακρύτω and ὄσσε below are rare dual forms — Homeric Greek keeps the dual for paired body parts like eyes.

• οὐδʼ ἄρα Νέστορος υἱὸς ἀδακρύτω ἔχεν ὄσσε·
• θρήνεον· ἔνθα κεν οὔ τινʼ ἀδάκρυτόν γʼ ἐνόησας

ἀδαήμων

unacquainted; unversed twice

ἀδαήμονές, ἀδαήμων

nominative plural masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

ἀδαήμων 'unacquainted with' takes genitive κακῶν — 'no strangers to troubles'

• ὦ φίλοι, οὐ γάρ πώ τι κακῶν ἀδαήμονές εἰμεν·
• οὐ γάρ τι πληγέων ἀδαήμων οὐδὲ βολάων·

ἀδέψητος

untanned; undressed twice

ἀδέψητον, ἀδεψήτῳ

accusative singular feminine adjective; dative singular feminine adjective

ἀδέψητος = 'untanned', vivid detail of Odysseus's ascetic bedding

• κὰμ μὲν ἀδέψητον βοέην στόρεσʼ, αὐτὰρ ὕπερθε
• ἀλλʼ ἐν ἀδεψήτῳ βοέῃ καὶ κώεσιν οἰῶν

ἀδέω

should be put off once

ἁδήσειεν

ἁδήσειεν, aorist optative, expresses a negative purpose ('so that he not be annoyed/put off') — classic Homeric optative-of-purpose construction with μή.

• δείπνῳ ἁδήσειεν, ὑπερφιάλοισι μετελθών,

ἀδελφός

brother 4 times

ἀδελφεὸν, ἀδελφεός, ἀδελφεὸς

accusative singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun

• ἠλώμην, τῆός μοι ἀδελφεὸν ἄλλος ἔπεφνεν
• καὶ γὰρ ἐμὸς τέθνηκεν ἀδελφεός, οὔ τι κάκιστος
• οὐδʼ εἴ οἱ προπάροιθεν ἀδελφεὸν ἢ φίλον υἱὸν

ἀδευκής

bitter 3 times

ἀδευκέα, ἀδευκέι

dative singular adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

ἀδευκής, 'harsh, unkind' talk — Nausicaa fears gossip, revealing her social caution.

• ἦέ τις ὤλετʼ ὀλέθρῳ ἀδευκέι ἧς ἐπὶ νηὸς
• τῶν ἀλεείνω φῆμιν ἀδευκέα, μή τις ὀπίσσω
• ἀγγελίην ἑτάρων ἐρέων καὶ ἀδευκέα πότμον.

ἀδινός

thronging; bitterly; incessantly, loudly 6 times

ἁδινὸν, ἁδινὰ, ἀδινώτερον, ἀδινὸν, ἁδινάων

accusative singular neuter adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective; adverb

ἁδινός 'thick, crowded' describes flocks pressing close together, a pastoral epic touch.

• μῆλʼ ἁδινὰ σφάζουσι καὶ εἰλίποδας ἕλικας βοῦς,
• τῇς δʼ ἁδινὸν γοόωσα μετηύδα Πηνελόπεια·
• ἴσχουσʼ, ἀλλʼ ἁδινὸν μυκώμεναι ἀμφιθέουσι·

ἀδμής

unwed; unbroken 3 times

ἀδμής, ἀδμῆτες

nominative singular feminine noun; nominative plural masculine noun

ἀδμής, 'untamed/unwed,' a formulaic epithet for a maiden not yet married.

• ἀδμῆτες· τῶν κέν τινʼ ἐλασσάμενος δαμασαίμην.
• ὣς ἥ γʼ ἀμφιπόλοισι μετέπρεπε παρθένος ἀδμής.
• ἀμφὶ δὲ εἵματα ἕσσαθʼ ἅ οἱ πόρε παρθένος ἀδμής,

ἀέθλιος

prizes once

ἀέθλια

ἀέθλια 'contest prizes' — the iron/bronze are the trophies for the bow contest.

• κεῖτο πολὺς καὶ χαλκός, ἀέθλια τοῖο ἄνακτος.

ἀέκητι

against the will; against the will of; without the will 13 times

ἀέκητι

ἀέκητι + genitive, 'against/without the will of,' an idiom stressing divine favor at Telemachus's birth.

• ἀθανάτων ἀέκητι θεῶν ἐριδαινέμεν οἶος.
• οὔ σε θεῶν ἀέκητι γενέσθαι τε τραφέμεν τε.
• ἐν μεγάροις ἀέκητι σέθεν κακὰ μηχανάασθαι·

ἀέκων

unwilling; against your will 16 times

ἀέκοντα, ἀέκουσαν, ἀέκοντε, ἀέκοντος, ἀέκοντες, ἄκοντε

accusative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective; nominative dual masculine adjective

dual adjective agreeing with τὼ — 'the two, not unwilling,' a litotes for eager.

• ἄγριοι, οἵ που κεῖνον ἐρυκανόωσʼ ἀέκοντα.
• μὴ γὰρ ὅ γʼ ἔλθοι ἀνὴρ ὅς τίς σʼ ἀέκοντα βίηφιν
• Ἀντίνοʼ, οὔ πως ἔστι δόμων ἀέκουσαν ἀπῶσαι

ἀέξω

swells; was waxing; makes grow 13 times

ἀέξετο, ἀέξει, ἀέξεται, ἀέξῃ, ἀέξουσιν, ἄεξε, ἀέξων

imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἀέξει 'makes grow', vivid image of sorrow physically swelling in the chest.

• πυνθάνομαι, καὶ δή μοι ἀέξεται ἔνδοθι θυμός,
• ὄφρα μὲν ἠὼς ἦν καὶ ἀέξετο ἱερὸν ἦμαρ,
• οἶνον ἐριστάφυλον, καί σφιν Διὸς ὄμβρος ἀέξει.

ἀεί

always; forever; ever 113 times

αἰεὶ, αἰὲν, αἰεί, ἀεὶ, αἰέν

αἰεὶ ἀσφαλὲς: the famous description of Olympus as eternally untouched by weather

• αἰεὶ δὲ μαλακοῖσι καὶ αἱμυλίοισι λόγοισιν
• ἀλλὰ Ποσειδάων γαιήοχος ἀσκελὲς αἰεὶ
• πᾶσι μνηστήρεσσιν ἀπειπέμεν, οἵ τέ οἱ αἰεὶ

ἀείδω

to sing; sang; was singing 32 times

ἄειδε, ἀείδειν, ἤειδε, ἀείδων, ἀείδει, ἄειδεν, ἀειδέμεναι, ἀείδεις and 9 more

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active infinitive; present active participle, nominative singular masculine

Present imperative ἄειδε — Telemachus commanding the bard; the same imperative form Homer uses to invoke the Muse at the Iliad's opening (the Odyssey itself opens with ἔννεπε, not ἄειδε).

• Φημίῳ, ὅς ῥʼ ἤειδε παρὰ μνηστῆρσιν ἀνάγκῃ.
• ἦ τοι ὁ φορμίζων ἀνεβάλλετο καλὸν ἀείδειν.
• τοῖσι δʼ ἀοιδὸς ἄειδε περικλυτός, οἱ δὲ σιωπῇ

ἀείρω

lifting; having lifted; raising 27 times

ἀείρας, ἄειραν, ἀείραντες, ἀερθεὶς, ἀείρων, ἀειρομένων, ἀείροντο, ἀερθείς and 4 more

aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine

aorist participle expresses the action simultaneous/prior to setting the mast upright

• δαιτρὸς δὲ κρειῶν πίνακας παρέθηκεν ἀείρας
• στῆσαν ἀείραντες, κατὰ δὲ προτόνοισιν ἔδησαν,
• στεῖλαν ἀείραντες, τὴν δʼ ὥρμισαν, ἐκ δʼ ἔβαν αὐτοί·

ἀειγενέτης

everlasting once

αἰειγενέτῃσιν

epithet 'ever-born/eternal,' pairs with ἀθανάτοισι as a doubled divine formula

• λεῖβον δʼ ἀθανάτοισι θεοῖς αἰειγενέτῃσιν,

ἀεικής

shameful; unseemly; shabby 37 times

ἀεικέα, ἀεικελίως, ἀεικές, ἀεικέλιον, ἀεικὲς, ἀεικὴς, ἀεικελίην, ἀεικέλιος and 3 more

accusative singular masculine adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective

ἀεικέλιος 'unseemly, shabby' — deliberately lowly furniture marking Odysseus's beggar disguise.

• ἐλθόντʼ, ἀλλά κεν αὐτοῦ ἀεικέα πότμον ἐπίσποι,
• ἡ δʼ ἦ τοι τὸ πρὶν μὲν ἀναίνετο ἔργον ἀεικὲς
• ἀμφοτέροισι δὲ τοῖσιν ἀεικέα πότμον ἐφῆκεν,

ἀεκαζόμενος

unwilling 3 times

ἀεκαζομένους, ἀεκαζόμενος, ἀεκαζομένην

accusative plural masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective

ἀεκαζόμενος 'against one's will' — the Phoenicians did not mean to abandon the speaker at Ithaca; explains the (false) plot excuse.

• πόλλʼ ἀεκαζομένους, οὐδʼ ἤθελον ἐξαπατῆσαι.
• καὶ τὰ φέρει ἀεκαζόμενος τετληότι θυμῷ·
• οἵ μʼ ἀεκαζομένην μνῶνται, τρύχουσι δὲ οἶκον.

ἀεσιφροσύνη

in childish folly once

ἀεσιφροσύνῃσι

ἀεσιφροσύνῃσι, rare compound noun 'follies of a foolish mind' — the narrator's self-blame as a naive child.

• ἔκφερεν· αὐτὰρ ἐγὼν ἑπόμην ἀεσιφροσύνῃσι.

ἀετός

eagle; eagles; an eagle 7 times

αἰετὸς, αἰετὼ

nominative singular masculine noun; accusative dual masculine noun

dual number αἰετώ — Homeric Greek keeps a separate 'two of' form the two eagles use throughout

• ὣς φάτο Τηλέμαχος, τῷ δʼ αἰετὼ εὐρύοπα Ζεὺς
• αἰετὸς ἀργὴν χῆνα φέρων ὀνύχεσσι πέλωρον,
• ἐλθὼν δʼ ἐξ ὄρεος μέγας αἰετὸς ἀγκυλοχείλης

ἀζηχής

without end once

ἀζηχὲς

adverbial neuter accusative used adverbially: 'unceasingly'.

• ἀζηχὲς φαγέμεν καὶ πιέμεν· οὐδέ οἱ ἦν ἲς

ἀήρ

mist; in mist 8 times

ἠέρα, ἠέρι, ἠέρ, ἀήρ, ἀὴρ

accusative singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

ἠήρ here is the concealing mist Athena casts over Odysseus, an epic device for invisibility.

• πολλὴν ἠέρα χεῦε φίλα φρονέουσʼ Ὀδυσῆι,
• πολλὴν ἠέρʼ ἔχων, ἥν οἱ περίχευεν Ἀθήνη,
• καὶ τότε δή ῥʼ αὐτοῖο πάλιν χύτο θέσφατος ἀήρ.

ἀθάνατος

immortal; the immortals; of the immortals 91 times

ἀθανάτοισι, ἀθάνατοι, ἀθανάτοισιν, ἀθανάτων, ἀθάνατος, ἀθάνατον, ἀθανάτους, ἀθανάτοις and 6 more

dative plural masculine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective; genitive plural masculine adjective

Dative plural in -οισιν, the Homeric ending (not Attic -οις), typical epic dative.

• τοῦ ὅ γʼ ἐπιμνησθεὶς ἔπεʼ ἀθανάτοισι μετηύδα·
• ἀθανάτοισιν ἔδωκε, τοὶ οὐρανὸν εὐρὺν ἔχουσιν;
• ἀθανάτων ἀέκητι θεῶν ἐριδαινέμεν οἶος.

ἀθέμιστος

lawless twice

ἀθεμίστων, ἀθέμιστοι

genitive plural masculine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective

ἀθέμιστος 'without themis/law' pairs with ὑπερφίαλος to define the Cyclopes as outside human custom.

• Κυκλώπων δʼ ἐς γαῖαν ὑπερφιάλων ἀθεμίστων
• γνοίη θʼ οἵ τινές εἰσιν ἐναίσιμοι οἵ τʼ ἀθέμιστοι·

ἀθέσφατος

unspeakable; measureless; beyond telling 6 times

ἀθέσφατος, ἀθέσφατοι, ἀθέσφατον

nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative plural feminine adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective

ἀθέσφατος 'beyond telling', epic hyperbole for the storm's scale

• ὤρινεν δὲ θάλασσαν ἀθέσφατον, οὐδέ τι κῦμα
• ἆσέ με δαίμονος αἶσα κακὴ καὶ ἀθέσφατος οἶνος.
• νὺξ δʼ ἥδε μάλα μακρή, ἀθέσφατος· οὐδέ πω ὥρη

ἀθεεί

godlessly once

ἀθεεὶ

ἀθεεί, 'without a god,' epic adverb implying divine will guides the stranger's arrival — dramatic irony, since it is Odysseus himself.

• οὐκ ἀθεεὶ ὅδʼ ἀνὴρ Ὀδυσήϊον ἐς δόμον ἵκει·

ἀθεμίστιος

lawless things; lawless 4 times

ἀθεμίστια, ἀθεμίστιος

accusative plural neuter adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

ἀθεμίστια, 'things outside θέμις (custom-law)' — the moral verdict on the Cyclops confirmed.

• πωλεῖτʼ, ἀλλʼ ἀπάνευθεν ἐὼν ἀθεμίστια ᾔδη.
• τῇς ἔπι Κύκλωψ εὗδε πέλωρ, ἀθεμίστια εἰδώς,
• τῷ μή τίς ποτε πάμπαν ἀνὴρ ἀθεμίστιος εἴη,

Ἀθήνη

Athena; to Athena; of Athena 154 times

Ἀθήνη, Ἀθηναίη, Ἀθήνῃ, Ἀθήνην, Ἀθηναίην, Ἀθηναίης, Ἀθήνης, Ἀθήνη— and 1 more

nominative singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun

Παλλὰς Ἀθήνη, a fixed epic epithet-name pairing used whenever the goddess is formally introduced speaking.

• τὸν δʼ ἠμείβετʼ ἔπειτα θεά, γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη·
• τὰ φρονέων, μνηστῆρσι μεθήμενος, εἴσιδʼ Ἀθήνην.
• ὣς εἰπὼν ἡγεῖθʼ, ἡ δʼ ἕσπετο Παλλὰς Ἀθήνη.

Ἀθῆναι

Athena; of Athens; Athens 6 times

Ἀθήνη, Ἀθηνάων, Ἀθηνέων, Ἀθήνην

genitive plural feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun

• τὸν δʼ ἠμείβετʼ ἔπειτα θεά, γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη·
• τὸν δʼ αὖτε προσέειπε θεά, γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη·
• ἀλλʼ ὅτε Σούνιον ἱρὸν ἀφικόμεθʼ, ἄκρον Ἀθηνέων,

ἀθηρηλοιγός

winnowing-fan twice

ἀθηρηλοιγὸν

ἀθηρηλοιγός, a rare compound ('chaff-destroyer') naming the oar-mistaken-for-fan, key to the sign's meaning.

• φήῃ ἀθηρηλοιγὸν ἔχειν ἀνὰ φαιδίμῳ ὤμῳ,
• φήῃ ἀθηρηλοιγὸν ἔχειν ἀνὰ φαιδίμῳ ὤμῳ,

ἀθρόος

gathered together; in a throng; all together 16 times

ἀθρόοι, ἁθρόοι, ἁθρόα, ἁθρόαι, ἁθρό, ἀθρόα

nominative plural masculine adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective; nominative plural neuter adjective

ἀθρόος 'in a heap, all together' — describes how the goods were piled.

• Ζηνὸς ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν Ὀλυμπίου ἁθρόοι ἦσαν.
• πεῖθʼ ἀγαθὰ φρονέων· νῦν δʼ ἁθρόα πάντʼ ἀπέτισεν.
• αὐτὴ δʼ οἴη ἴσθι· τὰ δʼ ἁθρόα πάντα τετύχθω·

ἀίδηλος

ruinous; destructive; ruinous, destructive 4 times

ἀΐδηλον, ἀίδηλον, ἀΐδηλος

accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

ἀίδηλος, 'unseen-making, destroying', a dark epithet applied to Ares as bringer of ruin.

• αἰὲν ἀτιμάζει, φιλέει δʼ ἀίδηλον Ἄρηα,
• ἀνδρῶν μνηστήρων ἐσορᾶν ἀΐδηλον ὅμιλον.
• κεῖνος δʼ αὖτʼ ἀΐδηλος ἀνήρ, ὃν ὀϊόμεθʼ αὐτοί,

Ἀίδης

to Hades; Hades'; of Hades 3 times

Ἄϊδος, Ἄϊδόσδε

genitive singular masculine noun; adverb

Ἄϊδόσδε adds the directional suffix -δε 'toward/to' straight onto the proper name.

• ἀλλʼ ὁ μὲν ἤδη κηρὶ δαμεὶς Ἄϊδόσδε βεβήκει,
• εἰς Ἄϊδος δʼ οὔ πώ τις ἀφίκετο νηὶ μελαίνῃ.
• ἤματι τῷ ὅτε δὴ κατέβην δόμον Ἄϊδος εἴσω,

ἀίσσω

darting; rushing; darted 11 times

ἀΐξας, ἀίξασα, ἤιξαν, ἀίσσοντα, ἀίξαντε, ἀίσσουσιν, ἤϊξε, ἤϊξαν and 1 more

aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb

Aorist participle ἀίξασα conveys swift, sudden motion accompanying the main verb βῆ, a common Homeric pairing.

• βῆ δὲ κατʼ Οὐλύμποιο καρήνων ἀίξασα,
• δεξιὼ ἤιξαν διά τʼ οἰκία καὶ πόλιν αὐτῶν.
• καπνὸν δʼ οἶον ὁρῶμεν ἀπὸ χθονὸς ἀίσσοντα.

ἀίω

hearing; do you hear; do you notice 8 times

ἀΐοντες, ἀίοντες, ἀίεις, ἀΐεις, ἀΐουσα

present active participle, nominative plural masculine; present active indicative, 2nd singular verb; present active participle, nominative singular feminine

• ἢ οὐκ ἀίεις οἷον κλέος ἔλλαβε δῖος Ὀρέστης
• οἱ δὲ βοῆς ἀίοντες ἐφοίτων ἄλλοθεν ἄλλος,
• αὐτὰρ ὁ τεῦχε βοὴν διὰ ἄστεος· οἱ δʼ ἀίοντες

Ἀϊδόσδε

to Hades once

Ἄϊδόσδε

Directional suffix -δε 'toward', built onto the god's name to mean 'to the house of Hades'.

• ἀστραγάλων ἐάγη, ψυχὴ δʼ Ἄϊδόσδε κατῆλθε.

ἀιδρείη

in ignorance; in folly; foolishly, unwittingly 4 times

ἀιδρείῃσιν, ἀιδρείῃσι, ἀιδρείῃ

dative plural feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun

ἀιδρείῃσιν, dative plural of manner: 'in their ignorance/foolishness,' foreshadowing danger.

• καὶ κάλει· οἱ δʼ ἅμα πάντες ἀιδρείῃσιν ἕποντο·
• καὶ κάλει· οἱ δʼ ἅμα πάντες ἀιδρείῃσιν ἕποντο·
• ἣ μέγα ἔργον ἔρεξεν ἀιδρείῃσι νόοιο

ἀιστόω

vanished; blot out twice

ἀιστώθησαν, ἀϊστώσειαν

aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active optative, 3rd plural verb

aorist passive ἀιστώθησαν 'were made unseen' — vivid Circe-magic verb, disappearance not death

• οἱ δʼ ἅμʼ ἀιστώθησαν ἀολλέες, οὐδέ τις αὐτῶν
• ὣς ἔμʼ ἀϊστώσειαν Ὀλύμπια δώματʼ ἔχοντες,

ἀκάκητα

kindly guide once

ἀκάκητα

ἀκάκητα: rare fixed epithet of Hermes, 'the guileless/kindly one', unique to this figure.

• Ἑρμείας ἀκάκητα κατʼ εὐρώεντα κέλευθα.

ἀκάματος

tireless; unwearying twice

ἀκάματον

ἀκάματον: epic epithet for fire, "unwearying"

• ἀγρόμεναι ἀνέκαιον ἐπʼ ἐσχάρῃ ἀκάματον πῦρ.
• ὣς φάθʼ, ὁ δʼ αἶψʼ ἀνέκαιε Μελάνθιος ἀκάματον πῦρ,

ἀκαλαρρείτης

gently-flowing once

ἀκαλαρρείταο

ἀκαλαρρείτης 'gently-flowing' — a rare compound epithet unique to Ocean in Homer.

• ἐξ ἀκαλαρρείταο βαθυρρόου Ὠκεανοῖο,

ἀκαχίζω

grieve; you grieve twice

ἀκαχίζευ, ἀκαχίζεις

present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb; present active indicative, 2nd singular verb

Present middle imperative with μή = prohibition 'do not go on grieving.'

• ἐνθάδʼ ἐών· τῷ μή τι θανὼν ἀκαχίζευ, Ἀχιλλεῦ.
• παῖδά τʼ ἀποκτείνεις, ἐμὲ δὲ μεγάλως ἀκαχίζεις·

ἀκαχμένος

tipped, sharpened; sharpened; tipped 5 times

ἀκαχμένον

accusative singular neuter adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

Perfect passive participle ἀκαχμένος, 'having been sharpened' — a durable finished state, typical of Homeric craft descriptions.

• εἵλετο δʼ ἄλκιμον ἔγχος, ἀκαχμένον ὀξέι χαλκῷ,
• χάλκεον, ἀμφοτέρωθεν ἀκαχμένον· αὐτὰρ ἐν αὐτῷ
• εἵλετο δʼ ἄλκιμον ἔγχος, ἀκαχμένον ὀξέϊ χαλκῷ,

ἀκέων

in silence; silently; silent, quiet 11 times

ἀκέων, ἀκέοντα, ἀκέουσ, ἀκέοντ

nominative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular feminine adjective

ἀκέων 'silent, quiet' — adjective used adverbially, 'silently'

• δαίνυσθαί τʼ ἀκέοντα καὶ εὐφραίνεσθαι ἕκηλον.
• τοὺς ἀκέων συνέεργον ἐυστρεφέεσσι λύγοισιν,
• ἦ ἀκέων τλαίην καὶ ἔτι ζωοῖσι μετείην.

ἀκήλητος

unenchantable once

ἀκήλητος

ἀκήλητος, 'un-charmable', a rare compound praising Odysseus's resistant mind.

• σοὶ δέ τις ἐν στήθεσσιν ἀκήλητος νόος ἐστίν.

ἀκήν

silently; silent; in stillness 10 times

ἀκὴν

ἀκήν is an adverb used as predicate, 'in silence,' with ἔσαν 'were.'

• ἔνθʼ ἄλλοι μὲν πάντες ἀκὴν ἔσαν, οὐδέ τις ἔτλη
• ἔνθʼ ἄλλοι μὲν πάντες ἀκὴν ἔσαν υἷες Ἀχαιῶν,
• πὰρ πυρί· οἱ δʼ ἄρα πάντες ἀκὴν ἐγένοντο σιωπῇ.

ἀκήρατος

untouched once

ἀκήρατα

ἀκήρατα 'unharmed' pointedly contrasts the suitors' own intact estates with the wealth of Odysseus they are devouring.

• αὐτῶν μὲν γὰρ κτήματʼ ἀκήρατα κεῖτʼ ἐνὶ οἴκῳ,

ἀκήριος

unharmed; unscathed twice

ἀκήριοι

ἀκήριοι 'without harm/scot-free' — predicate adjective describing the sailors who never managed to escape.

• τῇ δʼ οὔ πώ ποτε ναῦται ἀκήριοι εὐχετόωνται
• Σκύλλην θʼ, ἣν οὔ πώ ποτʼ ἀκήριοι ἄνδρες ἄλυξαν·

ἀκηδής

uncared for; careless; neglected 5 times

ἀκηδέα, ἀκηδέες, ἀκηδής

nominative plural neuter adjective; nominative plural feminine adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective

ἀκηδέα stresses the shame of unburied corpses — a major theme of this whole underworld scene.

• εἵματα μέν τοι κεῖται ἀκηδέα σιγαλόεντα,
• ὤλετο, τὸν δὲ γυναῖκες ἀκηδέες οὐ κομέουσι.
• καλά, τά μοι κατὰ οἶκον ἀκηδέα καπνὸς ἀμέρδει

ἀκιδνός

less impressive; poorer; frailer 3 times

ἀκιδνοτέρη, ἀκιδνότερος, ἀκιδνότερον

nominative singular feminine comparative adjective; nominative singular masculine comparative adjective; accusative singular neuter comparative adjective

ἀκιδνοτέρη, comparative of a rare adjective ἀκιδνός "weak/slight" — used only here of physical stature.

• εἶδος ἀκιδνοτέρη μέγεθός τʼ εἰσάντα ἰδέσθαι·
• ἄλλος μὲν γάρ τʼ εἶδος ἀκιδνότερος πέλει ἀνήρ,
• οὐδὲν ἀκιδνότερον γαῖα τρέφει ἀνθρώποιο,

ἀκλεής

without glory; ingloriously 3 times

ἀκλειῶς, ἀκλέα

adverb; accusative singular masculine noun

• νῦν δέ μιν ἀκλειῶς ἅρπυιαι ἀνηρείψαντο·
• ἀκλέα ἐκ μεγάρων, οὐδʼ ὁρμηθέντος ἄκουσα.
• νῦν δέ μιν ἀκλειῶς ἅρπυιαι ἀνηρείψαντο.

ἀκοντίζω

hurled, threw; I cast; cast your spears 7 times

ἀκόντισαν, ἀκοντίζω, ἀκοντίσατ, ἀκοντίσαι

aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active indicative, 1st singular verb; aorist active imperative, 2nd plural verb

1st person present ἀκοντίζω — speaker (Odysseus) boasting of his own skill, a shift to first person

• δουρὶ δʼ ἀκοντίζω ὅσον οὐκ ἄλλος τις ὀιστῷ.
• ἀλλʼ ἄγεθʼ οἱ ἓξ πρῶτον ἀκοντίσατʼ, αἴ κέ ποθι Ζεὺς
• ὣς ἔφαθʼ, οἱ δʼ ἄρα πάντες ἀκόντισαν ὡς ἐκέλευεν,

ἀκούω

heard; hearing; I heard 111 times

ἀκοῦσαι, ἀκούων, ἄκουσε, ἄκουσον, ἀκούσῃ, ἀκούσῃς, ἀκουέμεν, ἀκούσω and 28 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active infinitive; aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb

ἀκουέμεν is an old epic infinitive ending (-έμεν) alongside the Attic ἀκούειν, a marker of Homeric diction.

• νόστον πευσόμενον πατρὸς φίλου, ἤν που ἀκούσῃ,
• ἤν τίς τοι εἴπῃσι βροτῶν, ἢ ὄσσαν ἀκούσῃς
• εἰ μέν κεν πατρὸς βίοτον καὶ νόστον ἀκούσῃς,

ἀκουάζομαι

listen to twice

ἀκουάζωνται, ἀκουάζεσθε

present subjunctive, 3rd plural verb; present middle indicative, 2nd plural verb

Subjunctive continuing the general 'when' clause begun in l6, describing repeated custom.

• δαιτυμόνες δʼ ἀνὰ δώματʼ ἀκουάζωνται ἀοιδοῦ
• αἰεὶ πίνετʼ ἐμοῖσιν, ἀκουάζεσθε δʼ ἀοιδοῦ.

ἀκουή

news, tidings 3 times

ἀκουὴν

• οἴκαδε νισόμενον· ὁ δʼ ἔβη μετὰ πατρὸς ἀκουὴν
• οἴκαδε νισόμενον· ὁ δʼ ἔβη μετὰ πατρὸς ἀκουὴν
• ἠέ τις ἀνθρώπων· ὁ δʼ ἔβη μετὰ πατρὸς ἀκουὴν

ἀκράαντος

unfulfilled twice

ἀκράαντον, ἀκράαντα

accusative singular feminine adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective

ἀκράαντον 'unaccomplished, vain' — predicate adjective describing the prophecy as empty talk.

• μυθέαι ἀκράαντον, ἀπεχθάνεαι δʼ ἔτι μᾶλλον.
• οἵ ῥʼ ἐλεφαίρονται, ἔπεʼ ἀκράαντα φέροντες·

ἀκραής

fresh; fresh, keen 3 times

ἀκραέϊ, ἀκραῆ

dative singular adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

• ἀκραῆ Ζέφυρον, κελάδοντʼ ἐπὶ οἴνοπα πόντον.
• ἐπλέομεν Βορέῃ ἀνέμῳ ἀκραέϊ καλῷ
• ἡ δʼ ἔθεεν Βορέῃ ἀνέμῳ ἀκραέϊ καλῷ,

ἀκριτόμυθος

hard to judge once

ἀκριτόμυθοι

ἀκριτόμυθοι: 'of confused speech', famous Homeric line on dreams' unreliability

• ξεῖνʼ, ἦ τοι μὲν ὄνειροι ἀμήχανοι ἀκριτόμυθοι

ἀκροπόρος

pointed once

ἀκροπόρους

ἀκροπόρους 'sharp at the tip', a rare compound adjective describing the spits.

• ὤπτων δʼ ἀκροπόρους ὀβελοὺς ἐν χερσὶν ἔχοντες.

ἀκτή

headland; shore; headlands 15 times

ἀκτῆς, ἀκταὶ, ἀκτή, ἀκτῇ, ἀκτὴν, ἀκτήν, ἀκτὴ

genitive singular feminine noun; nominative plural feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun

ἀκτή here means 'meal, groats' not 'shore' — a distinct Homeric homonym.

• εἴκοσι δʼ ἔστω μέτρα μυληφάτου ἀλφίτου ἀκτῆς.
• ἀλλʼ ὅ γʼ ἐπʼ ἀκτῆς κλαῖε καθήμενος, ἔνθα πάρος περ,
• τὸν δʼ ἄρʼ ἐπʼ ἀκτῆς εὗρε καθήμενον· οὐδέ ποτʼ ὄσσε

ἀκτίς

with rays 3 times

ἀκτῖσιν, ἀκτίνεσσιν

• οὔτε ποτʼ ἠέλιος φαέθων ἀκτῖσιν ἔβαλλεν,
• ἠέλιος φαέθων καταδέρκεται ἀκτίνεσσιν,
• οὔτε μιν Ἠέλιος φαέθων ἀκτῖσιν ἔβαλλεν,

ἀλάλημαι

wandering; to wander; do you wander 14 times

ἀλάλησθαι, ἀλαλήμενος, ἀλάλησθε, ἀλάλησο, ἀλάλημαι, ἀλάλησαι, ἀλάληται

present middle infinitive; present participle, nominative singular masculine; present indicative, 2nd plural verb

ἀλάλησθε, perfect-form-as-present of ἀλάομαι, describing habitual wandering — Nestor's blunt pirate-question, a stock formula

• πόντον ἐπʼ ἀτρύγετον κακὰ πάσχειν οὐδʼ ἀλάλησθαι.
• ἤ τι κατὰ πρῆξιν ἦ μαψιδίως ἀλάλησθε
• καὶ σύ, φίλος, μὴ δηθὰ δόμων ἄπο τῆλʼ ἀλάλησο,

ἀλάομαι

wandering; roam about; wandered 23 times

ἀλώμενος, ἀλόωνται, ἠλώμην, ἀληθείς, ἠλᾶτο, ἀλώμενοι, ἀλώμενον, ἀλόω and 2 more

present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine; present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb

ἀλάομαι 'wander/roam' — same verb root as Odysseus's own wanderings, linking the two heroes' fates.

• τῆλε φίλων ἀπόληται ἀλώμενος ὥς περ Ὀδυσσεύς;
• οἷά τε ληιστῆρες ὑπεὶρ ἅλα, τοί τʼ ἀλόωνται
• ἠλᾶτο ξὺν νηυσὶ κατʼ ἀλλοθρόους ἀνθρώπους·

ἀλαός

blind; a blind man 3 times

ἀλαοῦ, ἀλαός

genitive singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

• καί κʼ ἀλαός τοι, ξεῖνε, διακρίνειε τὸ σῆμα
• μάντηος ἀλαοῦ, τοῦ τε φρένες ἔμπεδοί εἰσι·
• μάντηος ἀλαοῦ, Θηβαίου Τειρεσίαο,

ἀλαοσκοπιά

blind watch once

ἀλαοσκοπιὴν

ἀλαοσκοπιή, 'unseeing lookout'; note the negation οὐδ᾽ — Ares was NOT keeping a blind watch, i.e. he was alert and noticed Hephaestus leaving.

• οὐδʼ ἀλαοσκοπιὴν εἶχε χρυσήνιος Ἄρης,

ἀλαπάζω

laid waste; destroyed, ruined twice

ἀλάπαξε

ἀλαπάζω: strong epic verb for utterly destroying/sacking, often of cities.

• ἀλλὰ Ζεὺς ἀλάπαξε Κρονίων—ἤθελε γάρ που—
• ἀλλὰ Ζεὺς ἀλάπαξε Κρονίων· ἤθελε γάρ που·

ἀλγέω

you suffer once

ἀλγήσετε

Subjunctive after ἵνα μή expresses purpose: 'so that you not suffer' any harm.

• ἢ ἁλὸς ἢ ἐπὶ γῆς ἀλγήσετε πῆμα παθόντες.

ἀλγίων

more painful; worse 4 times

ἄλγιον

Comparative ἀλγίων used absolutely as a one-word exclamation continuing the sense from the prior speech.

• ἄλγιον· οὐ γάρ οἵ τι τάδʼ ἤρκεσε λυγρὸν ὄλεθρον,
• ἄλγιον, ἀλλʼ ἔμπης μιν ἐάσομεν, ἀχνύμενοί περ·
• ὁ ξεῖνος δʼ εἴ περ μάλα μηνίει, ἄλγιον αὐτῷ

ἀλδαίνω

made grow; filled out twice

ἤλδανε

ἀλδαίνω 'make swell/grow' — divine augmentation motif, Athena physically enlarging Odysseus before the fight.

• ἄγχι παρισταμένη μέλεʼ ἤλδανε ποιμένι λαῶν.
• ἄγχι παρισταμένη μέλεʼ ἤλδανε ποιμένι λαῶν,

ἀλέγω

they tend to; take heed of; care about 7 times

ἀλέγουσιν, ἀλέγουσι, ἀλέγει, ἀλέγω, ἀλεγούσας

present active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active indicative, 1st singular verb

ἀλέγω governs the genitive ἀλλήλων: 'have regard for.'

• ἔνθα δὲ νηῶν ὅπλα μελαινάων ἀλέγουσι,
• παίδων ἠδʼ ἀλόχων, οὐδʼ ἀλλήλων ἀλέγουσιν.
• οὐ γὰρ Κύκλωπες Διὸς αἰγιόχου ἀλέγουσιν

ἀλέξω

may forbid; defending ourselves; to fend off 3 times

ἀλεξήσειε, ἀλεξόμενοι, ἀλέξασθαι

aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine; aorist middle infinitive

aorist optative of wish, 'may Zeus prevent this' — a common Homeric prayer-formula

• Ζεὺς τό γʼ ἀλεξήσειε καὶ ἀθάνατοι θεοὶ ἄλλοι,
• τόφρα δʼ ἀλεξόμενοι μένομεν πλέονάς περ ἐόντας.
• τοῦτον ἀλέξασθαι, τῶν δʼ ἄλλων μή τινʼ Ἀχαιῶν

ἀλέομαι

to shun; he escape; avoid 14 times

ἀλεύασθαι, ἀλεύεται, ἀλεύατο, ἀλέηται, ἀλέασθε, ἀλέασθαι, ἀλευάμενος, ἀλευάμενοι and 2 more

aorist middle infinitive; aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; present middle subjunctive, 3rd singular verb

ἀλέηται: subjunctive of ἀλέομαι, used in a fear clause after μή

• μή πώς με προϊδὼν ἠὲ προδαεὶς ἀλέηται·
• δαιμόνιοι, μύθους μὲν ὑπερφιάλους ἀλέασθε
• ὅς με θεοὺς κέλεαι ἢ δειδίμεν ἢ ἀλέασθαι·

ἀλέω

to escape; had ground; avoid 3 times

ἀλέασθαι, ἄλεσσαν, ἀλέαιτο

aorist middle infinitive; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb

ἀλέασθαι, infinitive as subject of ἔστι — 'escaping is not possible,' the Cyclopes read his cry as divine affliction

• νοῦσον γʼ οὔ πως ἔστι Διὸς μεγάλου ἀλέασθαι,
• αἱ μὲν ἄρʼ ἄλλαι εὗδον, ἐπεὶ κατὰ πυρὸν ἄλεσσαν,
• ἐρχόμενον, τό κεν οὔ τις ὑπεκφύγοι οὐδʼ ἀλέαιτο

ἀλεγεινός

painful; grievous; harsh 9 times

ἀλεγεινῆς, ἀλεγεινά, ἀλεγεινῇ

genitive singular feminine adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective; dative singular feminine adjective

• τίσασθαι μνηστῆρας ὑπερβασίης ἀλεγεινῆς,
• οἱ δὲ παλαιμοσύνης ἀλεγεινῆς πειρήσαντο·
• ἀνδρῶν τε πτολέμους ἀλεγεινά τε κύματα πείρων.

ἀλεγύνω

see to; busy yourselves with; make ready 5 times

ἀλεγύνετε, ἀλεγύνειν, ἀλέγυνον

present active imperative, 2nd plural verb; present active infinitive; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb

ἀλεγύνω 'attend to, arrange' — imperative telling the suitors to host their own feasts elsewhere.

• ἐξιέναι μεγάρων· ἄλλας δʼ ἀλεγύνετε δαῖτας,
• ἔξιτέ μοι μεγάρων, ἄλλας δʼ ἀλεγύνετε δαῖτας
• ἔκβητʼ· αὐτὰρ ἔπειτα θοὴν ἀλεγύνετε δαῖτα

ἀλεείνω

avoided; kept evading; avoiding, shunning 8 times

ἀλεείνων, ἀλέεινε, ἀλεείνω, ἀλέεινεν

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active participle, nominative singular masculine; present active indicative, 1st singular verb

ἀλεείνω 'to avoid/shun'; Telemachus dodges Eumaeus's gaze so as not to give away Odysseus's disguise.

• εὐνῇ δʼ οὔ ποτʼ ἔμικτο, χόλον δʼ ἀλέεινε γυναικός·
• καί μιν ἀνηρώτων· ὁ δὲ κερδοσύνῃ ἀλέεινεν.
• ἐν μέσσῃ δὲ καθῖζε τέλος θανάτου ἀλεείνων.

ἀλείφω

anointed; smear; I smeared 5 times

ἄλειψεν, ἀλεῖψαι, ἄλειψα, ἄλειψ, ἤλειψεν

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb; aorist active infinitive

1st sg — Odysseus himself applied the wax earlier, now recalled in his narration

• αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ δὴ πάντα λοέσσατο καὶ λίπʼ ἄλειψεν,
• ἀλλὰ παρεξελάαν, ἐπὶ δʼ οὔατʼ ἀλεῖψαι ἑταίρων
• ἑξείης δʼ ἑτάροισιν ἐπʼ οὔατα πᾶσιν ἄλειψα.

ἀλεξάνεμος

wind-blocking once

ἀλεξάνεμον

ἀλεξάνεμος, compound epithet 'defending against wind' — vivid epic coinage for a herdsman's cloak.

• ἀμφὶ δὲ χλαῖναν ἑέσσατʼ ἀλεξάνεμον, μάλα πυκνήν,

ἀλήθεια

the truth 7 times

ἀληθείην

ἀληθείην, Ionic/epic form of ἀλήθεια, object of καταλέξω 'tell in full.'

• ταῦτά τοι ἀχνύμενός περ ἀληθείην κατέλεξα.
• πᾶσαν ἀληθείην μυθήσομαι, ὥς με κελεύεις·
• τοιγὰρ ἐγώ τοι, τέκνον, ἀληθείην καταλέξω.

ἀλήτης

to a wanderer; wanderer; vagrants 12 times

ἀλήτης, ἀλήτην, ἀλήτῃ, ἀλῆται

nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

standard epic term for the disguised beggar

• ἀλλʼ ἄλλως κομιδῆς κεχρημένοι ἄνδρες ἀλῆται
• ὄλβιος ἀφνειὸν καὶ πολλάκι δόσκον ἀλήτῃ,
• Ἀντίνοʼ, οὐ μὲν κάλʼ ἔβαλες δύστηνον ἀλήτην,

ἀληθής

true things; the truth 7 times

ἀληθέα, ἀληθὲς

accusative plural neuter adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective

• ὦ Νέστορ Νηληϊάδη, σὺ δʼ ἀληθὲς ἐνίσπες·
• τοιγὰρ ἐγώ τοι, τέκνον, ἀληθέα πάντʼ ἀγορεύσω.
• οὐδʼ ὅ γʼ ἀληθέα εἶπε, πάλιν δʼ ὅ γε λάζετο μῦθον,

ἀλητεύω

wandering; wanders; from begging 5 times

ἀλητεύοντες, ἀλητεύων, ἀλητεύει, ἀλητεύειν, ἀλητεύοντι

present active participle, nominative plural masculine; present active participle, nominative singular masculine; present active indicative, 3rd singular verb

• καὶ δὴ ἄγρην ἐφέπεσκον ἀλητεύοντες ἀνάγκῃ,
• ὃς δέ κʼ ἀλητεύων Ἰθάκης ἐς δῆμον ἵκηται,
• ξεῖνός τις δύστηνος ἀλητεύει κατὰ δῶμα

ἀλιταίνω

have sinned against; an offender; they sinned against 3 times

ἀλιτέσθαι, ἀλιτήμενός, ἀλίτοντο

aorist middle infinitive; perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb

ἀλιτέσθαι: aorist middle infinitive of ἀλιταίνω 'to offend/sin against'

• ἀθανάτους ἀλιτέσθαι, οἳ οὐρανὸν εὐρὺν ἔχουσιν.
• σὸς παῖς· οὐ μὲν γάρ τι θεοῖς ἀλιτήμενός ἐστι.
• οἴκαδʼ· ἀτὰρ ἐν νόστῳ Ἀθηναίην ἀλίτοντο,

ἀλιτρός

a rogue once

ἀλιτρός

ἀλιτρός, 'sinner/rogue' — Calypso's teasing, affectionate rebuke of Odysseus's cunning.

• ἦ δὴ ἀλιτρός γʼ ἐσσὶ καὶ οὐκ ἀποφώλια εἰδώς,

ἀλκή

defense; strength; prowess 11 times

ἀλκήν, ἀλκῆς, ἀλκή, ἀλκὴ, ἀλκῇ

accusative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun

ἀλκή, a favorite Homeric abstract noun for battle-courage, picked up again at l237.

• λευγαλέοι τʼ ἐσόμεσθα καὶ οὐ δεδαηκότες ἀλκήν.
• μή ἑ λάθοι παριών, μνήσαιτο δὲ θούριδος ἀλκῆς.
• ἄνδρʼ ἐπελεύσεσθαι μεγάλην ἐπιειμένον ἀλκήν,

Ἀλκίνοος

Alcinous; Alkinoos; of Alcinous 70 times

Ἀλκινόοιο, Ἀλκίνοος, Ἀλκίνοε, Ἀλκίνοον, Ἀλκινόου, Ἀλκινόῳ, Ἀλκίνο, Ἀλκίνοόν

genitive singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun; vocative singular masculine noun

Alcinous, king of the Phaeacians and Nausicaa's father.

• Ἀλκίνοος δὲ τότʼ ἦρχε, θεῶν ἄπο μήδεα εἰδώς.
• Ναυσικάα, θυγάτηρ μεγαλήτορος Ἀλκινόοιο,
• οἴη δʼ Ἀλκινόου θυγάτηρ μένε· τῇ γὰρ Ἀθήνη

Ἀλκιμίδης

son of Alcimus once

Ἀλκιμίδης

Patronymic in -ίδης identifying 'Mentor' as Alcimus's son, completing the disguise-name Athena wears.

• Μέντωρ Ἀλκιμίδης εὐεργεσίας ἀποτίνειν.

ἀλκτήρ

defense; defense, deterrent twice

ἀλκτῆρα

ἀλκτήρ 'defender/protection against', rare agent noun governing two genitives (dogs, men).

• εἵλετο δʼ ὀξὺν ἄκοντα, κυνῶν ἀλκτῆρα καὶ ἀνδρῶν.
• δώσω δʼ ὀξὺν ἄκοντα, κυνῶν ἀλκτῆρα καὶ ἀνδρῶν,

ἀλλά

but; but rather; yet 652 times

ἀλλ, ἀλλὰ, ἀλλά, ἀλλʼ, ἄλλ

adverb; conjunction

• ἀλλʼ ὅτε δὴ ἔτος ἦλθε περιπλομένων ἐνιαυτῶν,
• ἀλλʼ ὁ μὲν Αἰθίοπας μετεκίαθε τηλόθʼ ἐόντας,
• ὣς ἔφαθʼ Ἑρμείας, ἀλλʼ οὐ φρένας Αἰγίσθοιο

ἀλλήλων

one another; each other; with each other 63 times

ἀλλήλους, ἀλλήλοισιν, ἀλλήλων, ἀλλήλοισι, ἀλλήλῃσιν, ἀλλήλῃσι, ἀλλήλοιϊν, ἀλλήλοις and 1 more

accusative plural masculine adjective; dative plural masculine adjective; genitive plural masculine adjective

Reciprocal pronoun ἀλλήλων has no nominative; it always shows relation between parties.

• ξεῖνοι δʼ ἀλλήλων πατρώιοι εὐχόμεθʼ εἶναι
• κείνῳ, ἐπεὶ θαμὰ τοῖον ἐμισγόμεθʼ ἀλλήλοισιν,
• πλησίω ἀλλήλοισι τιταινομένω πτερύγεσσιν·

ἀλλόγνωτος

unknown to him once

ἀλλογνώτῳ

ἀλλο-γνωτος 'strange/foreign' literally 'other-known'

• διογενὴς Ὀδυσεὺς ἀλλογνώτῳ ἐνὶ δήμῳ.

ἀλλόθροος

foreign-speaking; of alien speech 4 times

ἀλλοθρόους, ἀλλοθρόων

accusative plural masculine adjective; genitive plural masculine adjective

ἀλλόθροος 'speaking a foreign tongue', vivid marker of Menelaus's exotic travels (Egypt etc.).

• πλέων ἐπὶ οἴνοπα πόντον ἐπʼ ἀλλοθρόους ἀνθρώπους,
• ἠλᾶτο ξὺν νηυσὶ κατʼ ἀλλοθρόους ἀνθρώπους·
• πλάζετʼ ἐπʼ ἀλλοθρόων ἀνδρῶν δῆμόν τε πόλιν τε,

ἀλλότριος

another's; another's, foreign; foreign 15 times

ἀλλοτρίης, ἀλλότριον, ἀλλότριος, ἀλλοτρίων, ἀλλοτρίῳ, ἀλλοτρίοισι, ἀλλοτρίῃσι, ἀλλοτρίοισιν

genitive singular feminine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

ἀλλότριος 'belonging to another' — a bitter foreshadowing: he'll return on a stranger's ship, not his own.

• ῥεῖʼ, ἐπεὶ ἀλλότριον βίοτον νήποινον ἔδουσιν,
• νηὸς ἐπʼ ἀλλοτρίης, εὕροι δʼ ἐν πήματα οἴκῳ.
• νηὸς ἐπʼ ἀλλοτρίης· δήεις δʼ ἐν πήματα οἴκῳ,

ἀλλοδαπός

foreign; to foreigners; to strangers 8 times

ἀλλοδαποῖσι, ἀλλοδαπῷ, ἀλλοδαπούς, ἀλλοδαπῇ

dative plural masculine adjective; dative singular masculine adjective; accusative plural masculine adjective

• ψυχὰς παρθέμενοι κακὸν ἀλλοδαποῖσι φέροντες;
• δήμῳ ἐν ἀλλοδαπῷ· ἕο δʼ αὐτοῦ πάντα κολούει.
• γαίῃ ἐν ἀλλοδαπῇ ναίει ἀπάνευθε τοκήων.

ἀλλοειδής

looking strange once

ἀλλοειδέα

ἀλλοειδής 'of another appearance', Athena's disguise makes even native land unfamiliar

• τοὔνεκʼ ἄρʼ ἀλλοειδέα φαινέσκετο πάντα ἄνακτι,

ἀλλοφρονέω

with mind elsewhere once

ἀλλοφρονέων

ἀλλοφρονέω 'to have one's thoughts elsewhere' — vivid compound for Odysseus's distraction.

• ἀλλʼ ἥμην ἀλλοφρονέων, κακὰ δʼ ὄσσετο θυμός.

ἀλοιφή

fat; oil; with oil 5 times

ἀλοιφή, ἀλοιφῇ, ἀλοιφήν

nominative singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun

Suitors plan to soften the bow's wood with heat and fat, showing they think mere technique can beat Odysseus's own bow.

• χρίσομαι· ἦ γὰρ δηρὸν ἀπὸ χροός ἐστιν ἀλοιφή.
• ἀργιόδοντος ὑός, θαλερὴ δʼ ἦν ἀμφὶς ἀλοιφή·
• πίνουσαι, τά θʼ ὕεσσι τρέφει τεθαλυῖαν ἀλοιφήν.

ἀλύσκω

escaping; to escape; escape 18 times

ἀλύξαι, ἀλύξας, ἀλύξῃς, ἀλύξει, ἀλύσκων, ἤλυξαν, ἀλύξαιμεν, ἤλυξα and 2 more

aorist active infinitive; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb

ἀλύξαι, epexegetic infinitive explaining μοῖρα ἐστίν 'it is fate to escape.'

• διογενὴς Ὀδυσεὺς θάνατον καὶ κῆρας ἀλύξας.
• αἱ μὲν ἄρʼ ἔνθʼ ἦλθον, σπουδῇ δʼ ἤλυξαν ὄλεθρον
• αὖθι δʼ ἔχειν μεμαῶτα καὶ ἐσσύμενόν περ ἀλύξαι.

ἀλύω

are you beside yourself; raving in pain 3 times

ἀλύεις, ἀλύων

present active indicative, 2nd singular verb; present active participle, nominative singular masculine

ἀλύω 'be distraught/frantic' — vivid participle capturing Polyphemus's agony.

• τὸν μὲν ἔπειτʼ ἔρριψεν ἀπὸ ἕο χερσὶν ἀλύων,
• ἦ ἀλύεις, ὅτι Ἶρον ἐνίκησας τὸν ἀλήτην;
• ἦ ἀλύεις, ὅτι Ἶρον ἐνίκησας τὸν ἀλήτην;

ἀλφάνω

would fetch; might fetch 3 times

ἄλφοι

ἄλφοι, optative of ἀλφάνω 'to fetch a price', a specialized trade verb.

• ἄλφοι, ὅπῃ περάσητε κατʼ ἀλλοθρόους ἀνθρώπους.
• ἄξω τῆλʼ Ἰθάκης, ἵνα μοι βίοτον πολὺν ἄλφοι.
• ἐς Σικελοὺς πέμψωμεν, ὅθεν κέ τοι ἄξιον ἄλφοι.

ἀλφηστής

who live by bread; who toil for bread; bread-eating 3 times

ἀλφηστῇσιν, ἀλφηστάων, ἀλφηστὰς

dative plural masculine noun; genitive plural masculine noun; accusative plural masculine noun

ἀλφηστής 'bread-eating, toiling' — a Homeric epithet distinguishing ordinary mortal men

• ἀνδράσιν ἀλφηστῇσιν, ὅπως ἐθέλῃσιν, ἑκάστῳ.
• εἷσεν δὲ Σχερίῃ, ἑκὰς ἀνδρῶν ἀλφηστάων,
• ἀνέρας ἀλφηστὰς νίκα ταχέεσσι πόδεσσιν,

ἀλωή

orchard; of the vineyard; vineyard 8 times

ἀλωῆς, ἀλωή, ἀλωὴ, ἀλωῇ, ἀλωὴν

genitive singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun

• ἑρπύζοντʼ ἀνὰ γουνὸν ἀλωῆς οἰνοπέδοιο.
• ἔνθα δὲ πατρὸς ἐμοῦ τέμενος τεθαλυῖά τʼ ἀλωή,
• ἔνθα δέ οἱ πολύκαρπος ἀλωὴ ἐρρίζωται,

ἀμάω

they would reap; gathering up; sheared off 3 times

ἀμῷεν, ἀμησάμενος, ἀμήσαντες

present active optative, 3rd plural verb; aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine

Optative ἀμῷεν continues the potential 'would' sequence describing an unrealized ideal harvest.

• εἰς ὥρας ἀμῷεν, ἐπεὶ μάλα πῖαρ ὑπʼ οὖδας.
• πλεκτοῖς ἐν ταλάροισιν ἀμησάμενος κατέθηκεν,
• ῥῖνάς τʼ ἀμήσαντες· ὁ δὲ φρεσὶν ᾗσιν ἀασθεὶς

ἀμβρόσιος

immortal; ambrosial; ambrosial, divine 8 times

ἀμβροσίη, ἀμβρόσια, ἀμβροσίην, ἀμβροσίῳ

nominative singular feminine adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective

ἀμβρόσιος 'divine, immortal' — formulaic epithet of Night, echoing the gods' ambrosia.

• ἀμβρόσια χρύσεια, τά μιν φέρον ἠμὲν ἐφʼ ὑγρὴν
• δόρπον θʼ ὁπλισάμεσθʼ, ἐπί τʼ ἤλυθεν ἀμβροσίη νύξ·
• δόρπον θʼ ὁπλισάμεσθʼ, ἐπί τʼ ἤλυθεν ἀμβροσίη νύξ,

ἀμβροσίη

ambrosia; with ambrosia; of ambrosia 5 times

ἀμβροσίην, ἀμβροσίης

accusative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun

ἀμβροσίη, the gods' food — eaten here alongside νέκταρ, marking Calypso's divine table.

• ἀμβροσίην ὑπὸ ῥῖνα ἑκάστῳ θῆκε φέρουσα
• ἀμβροσίης πλήσασα, κέρασσε δὲ νέκταρ ἐρυθρόν.
• τῇ δὲ παρʼ ἀμβροσίην δμῳαὶ καὶ νέκταρ ἔθηκαν.

ἀμέγαρτος

cruel; wretched 4 times

ἀμέγαρτον, ἀμέγαρτε

accusative singular feminine adjective; vocative singular masculine adjective

vocative insult: 'unenviable', mocking Eumaeus

• ὄρσας ἀργαλέων ἀνέμων ἀμέγαρτον ἀυτμήν;
• ὄρσας ἀργαλέων ἀνέμων ἀμέγαρτον ἀυτμήν,
• πῇ δὴ τόνδε μολοβρὸν ἄγεις, ἀμέγαρτε συβῶτα,

ἀμέλγω

he milked; milked 4 times

ἤμελγε, ἤμελγεν

• πάντα μάλʼ ὅσσʼ ἤμελγε, τὰ δʼ ἄρσενα λεῖπε θύρηφιν,
• ἑζόμενος δʼ ἤμελγεν ὄις καὶ μηκάδας αἶγας,
• καὶ τότε πῦρ ἀνέκαιε καὶ ἤμελγε κλυτὰ μῆλα,

ἀμέρδω

took away; is dulling; are deprived, lack 3 times

ἄμερσε, ἀμέρδει, ἀμέρδεαι

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb

• ὀφθαλμῶν μὲν ἄμερσε, δίδου δʼ ἡδεῖαν ἀοιδήν.
• καλά, τά μοι κατὰ οἶκον ἀκηδέα καπνὸς ἀμέρδει
• δαίνυσαι, οὐδέ τι δαιτὸς ἀμέρδεαι, αὐτὰρ ἀκούεις

ἀμείβω

answered; answering; to answer 94 times

ἀμειβόμενος, ἠμείβετ, ἀμείβετο, ἠμείβετο, ἀμειβομένω, ἀμειβομένη, ἀμείψασθαι, ἀμειβόμενοι and 5 more

imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine; present medio-passive participle, nominative dual masculine

ἀμειβόμενοι, middle participle of 'exchange' — used of the suitors rotating which house's stores they consume.

• τὸν δʼ ἠμείβετʼ ἔπειτα θεά, γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη·
• τὸν δʼ ἠμείβετʼ ἔπειτα θεά, γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη·
• τὸν δʼ ἠμείβετʼ ἔπειτα θεά, γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη·

ἀμείνων

better; finer; keener, sharper 13 times

ἄμεινον, ἀμείνων, ἀμείνω, ἀμείνονα

nominative singular neuter comparative adjective; nominative singular masculine comparative adjective; nominative plural neuter comparative adjective

ἀμείνων is the irregular comparative of ἀγαθός, paired with λωίτερον for emphasis

• εἰ δʼ ὕμιν δοκέει τόδε λωίτερον καὶ ἄμεινον
• εἰ δʼ ὑμῖν δοκέει τόδε λωίτερον καὶ ἄμεινον
• ταῦτα δʼ ἐγὼ σέο πολλὸν ἀμείνων μαντεύεσθαι.

ἀμενηνός

strengthless; insubstantial 5 times

ἀμενηνὰ, ἀμενηνῶν

accusative plural neuter adjective; genitive plural masculine adjective

ἀμενηνά 'without menos/force' — recurring Homeric description of shades in the underworld, drained of vital power.

• πολλὰ δὲ γουνοῦσθαι νεκύων ἀμενηνὰ κάρηνα,
• ἧσθαι, μηδὲ ἐᾶν νεκύων ἀμενηνὰ κάρηνα
• πολλὰ δὲ γουνούμην νεκύων ἀμενηνὰ κάρηνα,

ἀμηχανία

helplessness once

ἀμηχανίη

ἀμηχανία, 'having no resource/way out,' captures the men's utter powerlessness

• σχέτλια ἔργʼ ὁρόωντες, ἀμηχανίη δʼ ἔχε θυμόν.

ἀμοιβή

recompense; of a return gift 3 times

ἀμοιβῆς, ἀμοιβὴν, ἀμοιβήν

accusative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun

ἀμοιβῆς (genitive) with ἄξιον, 'worthy of a return' — the gift is framed as repayment within the guest-friendship exchange.

• καὶ μάλα καλὸν ἑλών· σοὶ δʼ ἄξιον ἔσται ἀμοιβῆς.
• αὐτὰρ ἔπειτʼ ἄλλοισι δίδου χαρίεσσαν ἀμοιβὴν
• εἰ δέ μοι οὐ τίσουσι βοῶν ἐπιεικέʼ ἀμοιβήν,

ἀμολγός

dead time once

ἀμολγῷ

ἀμολγῷ, 'milking-time,' i.e. the depth/stillness of night — an old poetic phrase

• ὥς οἱ ἐναργὲς ὄνειρον ἐπέσσυτο νυκτὸς ἀμολγῷ.

ἀμύμων

blameless; faultless; noble 51 times

ἀμύμονος, ἀμύμονα, ἀμύμων, ἀμύμονες, ἀμύμονι

genitive singular adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

ἀμύμων ('blameless') is ironic here: Aegisthus already murdered Agamemnon and was already killed by Orestes for it, not merely 'about to be' judged.

• μνήσατο γὰρ κατὰ θυμὸν ἀμύμονος Αἰγίσθοιο,
• μέλλεν μέν ποτε οἶκος ὅδʼ ἀφνειὸς καὶ ἀμύμων
• Μέντωρ, ὅς ῥʼ Ὀδυσῆος ἀμύμονος ἦεν ἑταῖρος,

ἀμύντωρ

helper; helpers 3 times

ἀμύντορα, ἀμύντορας

accusative singular masculine noun; accusative plural masculine noun

ἀμύντωρ 'defender', from ἀμύνω 'ward off' — agent noun in -τωρ

• ἤ τινας ἐκ Πύλου ἄξει ἀμύντορας ἠμαθόεντος
• ἀλλὰ σύ γʼ, εἰ δύνασαί τινʼ ἀμύντορα μερμηρίξαι,
• ἀρκέσει, ἦέ τινʼ ἄλλον ἀμύντορα μερμηρίξω.

ἀμύνω

to ward off; defending; to defend 16 times

ἀμύνων, ἀμῦναι, ἀμυνέμεν, ἀμυναίμην, ἀμύνεσθαι, ἀμύνοι, ἀμύνοιτ, ἄμυνον and 2 more

present active infinitive; present active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active infinitive

epic present infinitive ending -έμεν, alt. to -ειν.

• οἷος Ὀδυσσεὺς ἔσκεν, ἀρὴν ἀπὸ οἴκου ἀμῦναι.
• ἡμεῖς δʼ οὔ νύ τι τοῖοι ἀμυνέμεν· ἦ καὶ ἔπειτα
• ἦ τʼ ἂν ἀμυναίμην, εἴ μοι δύναμίς γε παρείη.

ἀμφαγαπάζω

welcomed warmly once

ἀμφαγάπαζον

ἀμφαγαπάζω 'embrace warmly on all sides' — vivid compound verb of hospitality

• ἦλθεν ἐμὰ πρὸς δώματʼ· ἐγὼ δέ μιν ἀμφαγάπαζον.

ἀμφαδόν

openly 5 times

ἀμφαδὸν, ἀμφαδόν, ἀμφαδὰ

• κτείνῃς ἠὲ δόλῳ ἢ ἀμφαδόν· οὐδέ τί σε χρὴ
• κτείνῃς ἠὲ δόλῳ ἢ ἀμφαδὸν ὀξέι χαλκῷ,
• ἤδη δὴν ἀπεών, ἢ ἀμφαδὸν ἦε κρυφηδόν.

ἀμφασίη

speechlessness once

ἀμφασίη

ἀμφασίη 'speechlessness/loss of words' — a rare noun used to capture Penelope's shock at Medon's news.

• δὴν δέ μιν ἀμφασίη ἐπέων λάβε· τὼ δέ οἱ ὄσσε

ἀμφαφάω

feeling over; groping; to handle 6 times

ἀμφαφάασθαι, ἀμφαφόωσα, ἀμφαφόων, ἀμφαφόωντο, ἀμφαφόωντας

present medio-passive infinitive; present active participle, nominative singular feminine; present active participle, nominative singular masculine

ἀμφαφάω 'to touch/feel all around', a vivid rare verb for Helen groping the horse's surface.

• τρὶς δὲ περίστειξας κοῖλον λόχον ἀμφαφόωσα,
• ἀμφαφόων, ἐπεὶ οὔ τι μεμιγμένον ἐστὶν ὁμίλῳ,
• εὖ μὲν τόξον οἶδα ἐύξοον ἀμφαφάασθαι·

ἀμφέρχομαι

rang around; came drifting round twice

ἀμφήλυθε, ἀμφήλυθεν

ἀμφέρχομαι 'come around on both sides', vivid compound describing sound enveloping Odysseus

• ὥς τέ με κουράων ἀμφήλυθε θῆλυς ἀυτή·
• καὶ τότε με κνίσης ἀμφήλυθεν ἡδὺς ἀυτμή.

ἀμφί

around; about; for 130 times

ἀμφὶ, ἀμφ, ἀμφί

preposition; adverb

tmesis: ἀμφί...χρίσομαι forms the compound ἀμφιχρίομαι "anoint all over"

• ἀλλά μοι ἀμφʼ Ὀδυσῆι δαΐφρονι δαίεται ἦτορ,
• δρυψαμένω δʼ ὀνύχεσσι παρειὰς ἀμφί τε δειρὰς
• ἔπρησεν δʼ ἄνεμος μέσον ἱστίον, ἀμφὶ δὲ κῦμα

ἀμφίαλος

sea-girt 5 times

ἀμφιάλῳ

ἀμφίαλος 'sea-girt, surrounded by sea' is a standing epithet for island Ithaca.

• μὴ σέ γʼ ἐν ἀμφιάλῳ Ἰθάκῃ βασιλῆα Κρονίων
• πολλοὶ ἐν ἀμφιάλῳ Ἰθάκῃ, νέοι ἠδὲ παλαιοί,
• ὅς τις ἐν ἀμφιάλῳ Ἰθάκῃ βασιλεύσει Ἀχαιῶν·

ἀμφίγυος

double-pointed; double-edged twice

ἀμφιγύοισι

Homeric epithet for spears, 'two-armed/double-barbed'.

• βεβρίθει δὲ σάκεσσι καὶ ἔγχεσιν ἀμφιγύοισι·
• τύπτον δὲ ξίφεσίν τε καὶ ἔγχεσιν ἀμφιγύοισι.

Ἀμφίνομος

Amphinomus; of Amphinomus 12 times

Ἀμφίνομος, Ἀμφίνομ, Ἀμφινόμου, Ἀμφινόμοιο, Ἀμφινόμῳ

nominative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun; vocative singular masculine noun

• οὔ πω πᾶν εἴρηθʼ, ὅτʼ ἄρʼ Ἀμφίνομος ἴδε νῆα,
• τοῖσιν δʼ Ἀμφίνομος ἀγορήσατο καὶ μετέειπε,
• ὣς ἔφατʼ Ἀμφίνομος, τοῖσιν δʼ ἐπιήνδανε μῦθος.

ἀμφίπολος

handmaids; attendant; handmaid 60 times

ἀμφιπόλοισι, ἀμφίπολοι, ἀμφίπολος, ἀμφιπόλοισιν, ἀμφίπολον, ἀμφιπόλων, ἀμφιπόλῳ, ἀμφιπόλου and 2 more

dative plural feminine adjective; nominative plural feminine adjective; nominative singular feminine adjective

genitive after ἁμαρτάνω 'miss': verb of missing takes genitive object, not accusative

• χέρνιβα δʼ ἀμφίπολος προχόῳ ἐπέχευε φέρουσα
• γρηὶ σὺν ἀμφιπόλῳ, ἥ οἱ βρῶσίν τε πόσιν τε
• οὐκ οἴη, ἅμα τῇ γε καὶ ἀμφίπολοι δύʼ ἕποντο.

ἀμφίρυτος

sea-girt 4 times

ἀμφιρύτῃ

ἀμφίρυτος 'flowed-around-on-both-sides' pictures the island encircled by sea — a compound epithet built from ἀμφί + ῥέω.

• νήσῳ ἐν ἀμφιρύτῃ, ὅθι τʼ ὀμφαλός ἐστι θαλάσσης.
• νήσῳ ἐν ἀμφιρύτῃ, χαλεποὶ δέ μιν ἄνδρες ἔχουσιν
• Δίῃ ἐν ἀμφιρύτῃ Διονύσου μαρτυρίῃσιν.

ἀμφίς

apart; on both sides; around 14 times

ἀμφὶς, ἀμφίς

adverb; preposition

ἀμφὶς 'on both sides of', governing μιν.

• μακράς, αἳ γαῖάν τε καὶ οὐρανὸν ἀμφὶς ἔχουσιν.
• οἱ δὲ πανημέριοι σεῖον ζυγὸν ἀμφὶς ἔχοντες.
• ἔνθα δέ τέ σφʼ ἀγορὴ καλὸν Ποσιδήιον ἀμφίς,

ἀμφιάζω

I will clothe; having clothed him; clothing (me) 5 times

ἀμφιέσασα, ἀμφιέσω, ἀμφιέσαιμι, ἀμφιέσασθε

aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine; future active indicative, 1st singular verb; aorist active optative, 1st singular verb

aorist participle: action completed before main verb λούσασα/πέμπ᾽

• εἵματά τʼ ἀμφιέσω· πέμψω δέ τοι οὖρον ὄπισθεν,
• εἵματά τʼ ἀμφιέσασα θυώδεα καὶ λούσασα.
• καλὰ μάλʼ ἀμφιέσασα, ποσὶν δʼ ὑποδήματα δοῦσα

Ἀμφιάραος

Amphiaraus twice

Ἀμφιάραον, Ἀμφιάραος

accusative singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun

famous seer-hero of the Theban cycle, swallowed by the earth

• αὐτὰρ Ὀϊκλείης λαοσσόον Ἀμφιάραον,
• θῆκε βροτῶν ὄχʼ ἄριστον, ἐπεὶ θάνεν Ἀμφιάραος·

ἀμφιβάλλω

to wrap around; cupping together; I will arm 4 times

ἀμφιβαλέσθαι, ἀμφιβαλόντι, ἀμφιβαλεῦμαι, ἀμφιβαλὼν

aorist middle infinitive; aorist active participle, dative singular masculine; future middle indicative, 1st singular verb

middle infinitive 'to throw around oneself' — the middle voice marks self-benefit.

• ἄστυ δέ μοι δεῖξον, δὸς δὲ ῥάκος ἀμφιβαλέσθαι,
• καὶ κρέας, ὥς οἱ χεῖρες ἐχάνδανον ἀμφιβαλόντι·
• αὐτός τʼ ἀμφιβαλεῦμαι ἰών, δώσω δὲ συβώτῃ

ἀμφιβαίνω

has bestridden; has come over; watched over 4 times

ἀμφιβεβήκῃ, ἀμφιβέβηκεν, ἀμφιβεβήκει, ἀμφιβέβηκε

perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; perfect active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb; pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb

perfect subjunctive of ἀμφιβαίνω, 'straddles' — vivid image of the sun standing astride the sky at noon

• ἦμος δʼ ἠέλιος μέσον οὐρανὸν ἀμφιβεβήκῃ,
• ὁ ξεῖνος· μάλα πού μιν ἄχος φρένας ἀμφιβέβηκεν.
• ἱρεὺς Ἀπόλλωνος, ὃς Ἴσμαρον ἀμφιβεβήκει,

ἀμφιγύεις

lame god; the crook-legged one 3 times

ἀμφιγυήεις

ἀμφιγυήεις, epithet of Hephaestus referring to his lameness/bent legs, used as a substitute name.

• ἀγχίμολον δέ σφʼ ἦλθε περικλυτὸς ἀμφιγυήεις,
• τὸν δʼ αὖτε προσέειπε περικλυτὸς ἀμφιγυήεις·
• τὸν δʼ ἠμείβετʼ ἔπειτα περικλυτὸς ἀμφιγυήεις·

ἀμφιδινέομαι

is fitted around once

ἀμφιδεδίνηται

Perfect passive of ἀμφιδινέομαι; the ivory scabbard is worked all around the sword blade itself, not the hilt (the silver hilt was already described in the previous clause).

• ἀμφιδεδίνηται· πολέος δέ οἱ ἄξιον ἔσται.

ἀμφιέλισσα

curved; curved on both sides; curved on both ends 11 times

ἀμφιελίσσης, ἀμφιελίσσας, ἀμφιέλισσαι

accusative plural feminine noun; nominative plural feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun

ἀμφιέλισσα 'curved on both ends', a stock epithet for ships

• οἱ μὲν ἀποστρέψαντες ἔβαν νέας ἀμφιελίσσας
• λεπτὴ δʼ εἰσίθμη· νῆες δʼ ὁδὸν ἀμφιέλισσαι
• τήν ποτʼ Ἀπείρηθεν νέες ἤγαγον ἀμφιέλισσαι·

ἀμφιέπω

beset them; enveloped twice

ἀμφιέποντες, ἄμφεπε

present active participle, nominative plural masculine; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἀμφιέπω, 'busy itself around,' vividly used of fire wrapping the cauldron's belly.

• εἰνάετες γάρ σφιν κακὰ ῥάπτομεν ἀμφιέποντες
• γάστρην μὲν τρίποδος πῦρ ἄμφεπε, θέρμετο δʼ ὕδωρ·

Ἀμφιθέη

Amphithea once

Ἀμφιθέη

Odysseus's maternal grandmother, named here — a minor but precise genealogical detail.

• μήτηρ δʼ Ἀμφιθέη μητρὸς περιφῦσʼ Ὀδυσῆϊ

ἀμφικαλύπτω

to hide; covered over; sheltered 13 times

ἀμφικαλύψας, ἀμφεκάλυψε, ἀμφικαλύψῃ, ἀμφικαλύψειν, ἀμφικαλύψαι, ἀμφεκάλυψεν, ἀμφικαλύψῃ—

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb

ἀμφικαλύπτω, 'covered/enveloped around' — vivid compound verb for hospitality received.

• πρίν γʼ ὅτε δὴ θανάτοιο μέλαν νέφος ἀμφεκάλυψεν.
• Σιδονίων βασιλεύς, ὅθʼ ἑὸς δόμος ἀμφεκάλυψε
• δυσπονέος καμάτοιο φίλα βλέφαρʼ ἀμφικαλύψας.

ἀμφικύπελλος

two-handled; double-handled 7 times

ἀμφικύπελλον, ἀμφικύπελλα

accusative singular neuter adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective

ἀμφικύπελλον 'with a cup on both sides/two-handled,' a fixed Homeric epithet for ceremonial drinking cups

• δῶκε δὲ Τηλεμάχῳ καλὸν δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον·
• καὶ δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον ἑλὼν σπείσασκε θεοῖσιν·
• Ἀρήτῃ δʼ ἐν χειρὶ τίθει δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον,

Ἀμφιμέδων

Amphimedon; of Amphimedon 6 times

Ἀμφιμέδων, Ἀμφιμέδοντα, Ἀμφίμεδον, Ἀμφιμέδοντος

nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; vocative singular masculine noun

vocative direct address opening Agamemnon's speech to the newly-dead suitor

• Εὐρύνομός τε καὶ Ἀμφιμέδων Δημοπτόλεμός τε,
• Ἀμφιμέδων δʼ ἄρα Τηλέμαχον βάλε χεῖρʼ ἐπὶ καρπῷ
• Ἀμφιμέδοντα δὲ Τηλέμαχος, Πόλυβον δὲ συβώτης·

ἀμφιμέλας

darkened all around once

ἀμφιμέλαιναι

ἀμφιμέλας, vivid compound epithet: heart 'black all around' with rage

• ἀχνύμενος· μένεος δὲ μέγα φρένες ἀμφιμέλαιναι

ἀμφιμυκάομαι

echoes once

ἀμφιμέμυκεν

Perfect ἀμφιμέμυκεν with present force: 'the whole floor rings/resounds.'

• καλὸν ἀοιδιάει, δάπεδον δʼ ἅπαν ἀμφιμέμυκεν,

ἀμφιπένομαι

were waiting upon; tended twice

ἀμφεπένοντο

ἀμφιπένομαι 'busy oneself about/tend to' — used for dressing a wound or butchering game.

• ἀνδρῶν δαιτυμόνων, οἵ μευ πατέρʼ ἀμφεπένοντο.
• τὸν μὲν ἄρʼ Αὐτολύκου παῖδες φίλοι ἀμφεπένοντο,

ἀμφιπεριστέφομαι

is crowned around once

ἀμφιπεριστέφεται

rare compound ἀμφιπεριστέφομαι, doubled prefixes 'around-about-crown' echoing στέφει in l.170

• ἀλλʼ οὔ οἱ χάρις ἀμφιπεριστέφεται ἐπέεσσιν,

ἀμφιπίπτω

flinging herself upon once

ἀμφιπεσοῦσα

opens the famous extended simile comparing Odysseus's grief to a captive widow's

• ὡς δὲ γυνὴ κλαίῃσι φίλον πόσιν ἀμφιπεσοῦσα,

ἀμφιπολεύω

were to tend; take charge of; to serve 5 times

ἀμφιπολεύοι, ἀμφιπολεύειν, ἀμφιπολεύεις

present active optative, 3rd singular verb; present active infinitive; present active indicative, 2nd singular verb

optative + εἰ expresses an unreal wish/condition: 'if he were to tend'

• εἰ κεῖνός γʼ ἐλθὼν τὸν ἐμὸν βίον ἀμφιπολεύοι,
• εἰ κεῖνός γʼ ἐλθὼν τὸν ἐμὸν βίον ἀμφιπολεύοι,
• καί ῥʼ ἔδοσαν στυγερῇσιν ἐρινύσιν ἀμφιπολεύειν·

ἀμφιπονέομαι

been busy with once

ἀμφεπονεῖτο

grimly ironic threat: father would plan a funeral, not a wedding

• καί κέ τοι ἀντὶ γάμοιο πατὴρ τάφον ἀμφεπονεῖτο

Ἀμφιτρίτη

Amphitrite; of Amphitrite 4 times

Ἀμφιτρίτης, Ἀμφιτρίτη

genitive singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun

sea-goddess used metonymically for 'the sea' itself, epic personification

• εἴτε καὶ ἐν πελάγει μετὰ κύμασιν Ἀμφιτρίτης.
• ἐξ ἁλός, οἷά τε πολλὰ τρέφει κλυτὸς Ἀμφιτρίτη·
• κῦμα μέγα ῥοχθεῖ κυανώπιδος Ἀμφιτρίτης·

ἀμφιτρομέω

I tremble once

ἀμφιτρομέω

ἀμφι- 'around' + τρομέω 'tremble' — trembling on all sides, all-over dread

• τοῦ δʼ ἀμφιτρομέω καὶ δείδια, μή τι πάθῃσιν,

ἀμφιφορεύς

jars; two-handled jars; urn 7 times

ἀμφιφορεῦσιν, ἀμφιφορεῦσι, ἀμφιφορῆες, ἀμφιφορῆα

dative plural masculine noun; nominative plural masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

ἀμφιφορεύς, a two-handled jar; here the famous golden urn holding Achilles' bones

• οἶνον ἐν ἀμφιφορεῦσι, καὶ ἄλφιτα, μυελὸν ἀνδρῶν,
• μαῖʼ, ἄγε δή μοι οἶνον ἐν ἀμφιφορεῦσιν ἄφυσσον
• αὐτίκʼ ἔπειτά οἱ οἶνον ἐν ἀμφιφορεῦσιν ἄφυσσεν,

ἀμφιχέω

poured over; flinging his arms around; thronged around 3 times

ἀμφεχύθη, ἀμφιχυθεὶς, ἀμφεχέοντο

aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculine; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb

vivid passive 'grief was poured around her', a formulaic epic image of overwhelming emotion

• τὴν δʼ ἄχος ἀμφεχύθη θυμοφθόρον, οὐδʼ ἄρʼ ἔτʼ ἔτλη
• ἀμφιχυθεὶς πατέρʼ ἐσθλὸν ὀδύρετο, δάκρυα λείβων,
• αἱ μὲν ἄρʼ ἀμφεχέοντο καὶ ἠσπάζοντʼ Ὀδυσῆα,

ἀμφότερος

both; with both; both sides 40 times

ἀμφοτέροισι, ἀμφοτέρω, ἀμφοτέρῃσι, ἀμφοτέροισιν, ἀμφοτέρους, ἀμφοτέρῃσιν, ἀμφότερον, ἀμφοτέρας and 3 more

dative plural masculine adjective; dative plural feminine adjective; nominative dual masculine adjective

dual adjective resuming τὼ, sets up the μέν...δέ split that follows

• ἀμφοτέρων ἕλε χεῖρα καὶ ἵδρυσεν παρὰ δαιτὶ
• ἥ τʼ ἔριν Ἀτρεΐδῃσι μετʼ ἀμφοτέροισιν ἔθηκε.
• ἀμφοτέρῃσιν χερσί. νόησε δέ μιν Μενέλαος,

ἀμφοτέρωθεν

on both sides; at both ends; of both ways 8 times

ἀμφοτέρωθεν

ἀμφοτέρωθεν, 'from both sides,' here used loosely for 'about both alternatives.'

• χάλκεον, ἀμφοτέρωθεν ἀκαχμένον· αὐτὰρ ἐν αὐτῷ
• τετράγυος· περὶ δʼ ἕρκος ἐλήλαται ἀμφοτέρωθεν.
• ἠλίβατος τετύχηκε διαμπερὲς ἀμφοτέρωθεν,

ἀμφουδίς

on the ground, bodily once

ἀμφουδὶς

ἀμφουδίς is a rare adverb 'onto both the ground' describing the head striking flat - vivid, unusual epic coinage.

• ἦ πρὸς γῆν ἐλάσειε κάρη ἀμφουδὶς ἀείρας.

ἀνά

up; through; throughout 101 times

ἀνὰ, ἂν, ἀνά, ἀν, ἂμ, ἄνα

ἂν... βαῖν᾽ is tmesis: ἀνά and βαίνω split apart, 'went up (aboard)'.

• ἑρπύζοντʼ ἀνὰ γουνὸν ἀλωῆς οἰνοπέδοιο.
• μνηστῆρες δʼ ὁμάδησαν ἀνὰ μέγαρα σκιόεντα,
• τὰ φρονέουσʼ ἀνὰ θυμόν, ὅ οἱ πέρι δῶκεν Ἀθήνη

ἀνάγκη

by force; under compulsion; by necessity 23 times

ἀνάγκῃ, ἀνάγκης, ἀνάγκη

dative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun

ἀνάγκῃ 'by necessity/compulsion' signals Phemius is an unwilling court-poet forced to entertain the suitors — a detail that matters later when Odysseus spares him.

• Φημίῳ, ὅς ῥʼ ἤειδε παρὰ μνηστῆρσιν ἀνάγκῃ.
• ὣς τὸ μὲν ἐξετέλεσσε καὶ οὐκ ἐθέλουσʼ ὑπʼ ἀνάγκης·
• νύμφης ἐν μεγάροισι Καλυψοῦς, ἥ μιν ἀνάγκῃ

ἀνάγω

led up; led away; led 7 times

ἄναγον, ἀνήγαγεν, ἀνήγαγε, ἀνάγοντο, ἀνήγαγον

imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb

middle voice ἀνάγοντο, 'put themselves out' to sea, matching intransitive nautical usage

• τὴν δʼ ἐθέλων ἐθέλουσαν ἀνήγαγεν ὅνδε δόμονδε.
• τὸν δʼ οὐκ εἰδότʼ ὄλεθρον ἀνήγαγε καὶ κατέπεφνεν
• τοὺς δʼ ἄναγον ζωούς, σφίσιν ἐργάζεσθαι ἀνάγκῃ.

ἀνάθημα

ornaments; adornments twice

ἀναθήματα

ἀναθήματα, lit. 'things dedicated/set up,' here means the customary embellishments of a feast — song and dance as its crowning adornments.

• μολπή τʼ ὀρχηστύς τε· τὰ γάρ τʼ ἀναθήματα δαιτός·
• μολπῇ καὶ φόρμιγγι· τὰ γάρ τʼ ἀναθήματα δαιτός.

ἀνάπτω

fasten on us; he hung up; to make fast 6 times

ἀνάψαι, ἀνήφθω, ἀνῆψεν, ἀνῆπτον

aorist active infinitive; perfect medio-passive imperative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἀνήφθω, perfect passive imperative — 'let it stand fastened,' a vivid detail of Odysseus tied to the mast.

• ἡμέας αἰσχύνων· ἐθέλοις δέ κε μῶμον ἀνάψαι.
• πολλὰ δʼ ἀγάλματʼ ἀνῆψεν, ὑφάσματά τε χρυσόν τε,
• οὔτʼ εὐνὰς βαλέειν οὔτε πρυμνήσιʼ ἀνάψαι,

ἀνάπυστος

known once

ἀνάπυστα

neuter plural adjective ἀνάπυστα, 'things made known/published'

• γῆμεν· ἄφαρ δʼ ἀνάπυστα θεοὶ θέσαν ἀνθρώποισιν.

ἀνάρσιος

hostile; hostile men 5 times

ἀνάρσιοι

• ἠδʼ ὅσʼ ἀνάρσιοι ἄνδρες ἐδηλήσαντʼ ἐπὶ χέρσου.
• ἦέ σʼ ἀνάρσιοι ἄνδρες ἐδηλήσαντʼ ἐπὶ χέρσου
• οὔτε μʼ ἀνάρσιοι ἄνδρες ἐδηλήσαντʼ ἐπὶ χέρσου,

ἀνάσσω

ruled; ruling; I rule 30 times

ἀνάσσει, ἄνασσε, ἀνάσσω, ἄνασσεν, ἀνάσσοι, ἤνασσε, ἀνάσσεις, ἀνάσσων and 7 more

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active optative, 3rd singular verb

ἀνάσσονται is passive ('are ruled'), with dative of agent ἐμοὶ αὐτῷ 'by me myself.'

• τιμὴν δʼ αὐτὸς ἔχοι καὶ δώμασιν οἷσιν ἀνάσσοι.
• υἱός, ἀτὰρ Ταφίοισι φιληρέτμοισιν ἀνάσσω.
• κτήματα δʼ αὐτὸς ἔχοις καὶ δώμασιν οἷσιν ἀνάσσοις.

ἀναβάλλω

struck up; put off 3 times

ἀνεβάλλετο, ἀνάβαλλε

imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active imperative, 2nd singular verb

ἀναβάλλομαι is the technical verb for a bard's sung prelude — 'struck up' a song, not merely 'began.'

• ἦ τοι ὁ φορμίζων ἀνεβάλλετο καλὸν ἀείδειν.
• αὐτὰρ ὁ φορμίζων ἀνεβάλλετο καλὸν ἀείδειν
• μηκέτι νῦν ἀνάβαλλε δόμοις ἔνι τοῦτον ἄεθλον·

ἀναβαίνω

went up; having gone up; going up 36 times

ἀναβάντες, ἀναβᾶσα, ἀμβαίνειν, ἀνέβαινε, ἀνέβαιν, ἀναβήμεναι, ἀναβῇ, ἀναβαινέμεν and 10 more

aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine; aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine; present active infinitive

ἀναβήμεναι is an epic/Aeolic infinitive ending (-μεναι) of ἀναβαίνω, an alternate to the Attic -ναι — typical Homeric morphological variation.

• πρίν γε τὸν ἐς Τροίην ἀναβήμεναι, ἔνθα περ ἄλλοι
• ἐς δʼ ὑπερῷʼ ἀναβᾶσα σὺν ἀμφιπόλοισι γυναιξὶ
• μήτηρ εἰς ὑπερῷʼ ἀναβῇ κοίτου τε μέδηται.

ἀναβρόχω

swallowed away; she gulped down twice

ἀναβροχέν, ἀναβρόξειε

aorist active participle, nominative singular neuter; aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb

rare verb ἀναβρόχω, paired with ἀναρροιβδέω above to frame Charybdis's tidal rhythm

• τοσσάχʼ ὕδωρ ἀπολέσκετʼ ἀναβροχέν, ἀμφὶ δὲ ποσσὶ
• ἀλλʼ ὅτʼ ἀναβρόξειε θαλάσσης ἁλμυρὸν ὕδωρ,

ἀναγιγνώσκω

recognizing; has known; recognized 7 times

ἀνέγνω, ἀναγνούσῃ, ἀνέγνων, ἀναγνοίη, ἀναγνόντος

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active participle, dative singular feminine; aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb

optative + κέν: a hesitant 'could she possibly...'

• οὐκ οἶδʼ· οὐ γάρ πώ τις ἑὸν γόνον αὐτὸς ἀνέγνω.
• πάντες· ἐγὼ δέ μιν οἴη ἀνέγνων τοῖον ἐόντα,
• εἰπέ, ἄναξ, πῶς κέν με ἀναγνοίη τὸν ἐόντα;

ἀναγκαῖος

of compulsion; of necessity; by necessity 4 times

ἀναγκαίῳ, ἀναγκαῖοι

dative singular masculine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective

μύθῳ ἀναγκαίῳ, 'a word of necessity/force,' i.e. a harsh command

• μύθῳ ἀναγκαίῳ· μὴ τοῦτο θεὸς τελέσειε.
• μύθῳ ἀναγκαίῳ· μὴ τοῦτο θεὸς τελέσειεν.
• δμῶες ἀναγκαῖοι, τοί οἱ φίλα ἐργάζοντο.

ἀναδέχομαι

we have shared once

ἀνεδέγμεθ

aorist middle, 'we took upon ourselves' (mutual suffering)

• οἶδα γὰρ εὖ περὶ κείνου, ὁμὴν δʼ ἀνεδέγμεθʼ ὀϊζύν.

ἀναδύνω

came up, surfaced; rose up, surfaced; draw back 3 times

ἀνέδυ, ἀνεδύσετο, ἀναδύη

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb

optative in a fear-clause after μή — 'lest he draw back', a common epic construction.

• ὀψὲ δὲ δή ῥʼ ἀνέδυ, στόματος δʼ ἐξέπτυσεν ἅλμην
• αἰθυίῃ δʼ ἐικυῖα ποτῇ ἀνεδύσετο λίμνης,
• θάρσυνον, μή τίς μοι ὑποδείσας ἀναδύη.

ἀναίδεια

of shamelessness once

ἀναιδείης

Genitive with ἐπιβαίνω ('step onto/enter') — idiom for crossing into disgraceful behavior.

• τάων δώδεκα πᾶσαι ἀναιδείης ἐπέβησαν,

ἀναίνομαι

refused; to refuse; I refuse 7 times

ἀνήνασθαι, ἀναίνετο, ἀναίνομαι, ἀνήνατο, ἀναίνεαι

aorist middle infinitive; imperfect indicative, 3rd singular verb; present middle indicative, 1st singular verb

ἀναίνομαι, a middle-only deponent verb meaning 'refuse/deny'.

• ἡ δʼ ἦ τοι τὸ πρὶν μὲν ἀναίνετο ἔργον ἀεικὲς
• αἰτίζῃ; χαλεπόν κεν ἀνήνασθαι δόσιν εἴη.
• τῶν δʼ ἄλλων οὔ πέρ τινʼ ἀναίνομαι οὐδʼ ἀθερίζω,

ἀναίσσω

springing up; sprang up; leaping up 12 times

ἀναΐξας, ἀνήϊξαν, ἀναΐξαντες, ἀναΐξαντε, ἀναΐξαντ, ἀναΐξασα

aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active participle, nominative dual masculine; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb

dual participle ἀναΐξαντε, both leaping up together before parting

• οἷον ἀναΐξας ἄφαρ οἴχεται, οὐδʼ ὑπέμεινε
• ἦ ῥα καὶ αὐτῷ φάρει ἀναΐξας λάβε δίσκον
• αὐτίκʼ ἀναΐξαντε ὁ μὲν Θρῄκηνδε βεβήκει,

ἀναιδής

shameless 8 times

ἀναιδέσι, ἀναιδής

dative plural masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

ἀναιδής 'shameless' personifies the stone, echoing its use elsewhere for cruel, relentless things

• δεύῃ, ὅ κε μνηστῆρσιν ἀναιδέσι χεῖρας ἐφείη.
• αὖτις ἔπειτα πέδονδε κυλίνδετο λᾶας ἀναιδής.
• φράζευ ὅπως μνηστῆρσιν ἀναιδέσι χεῖρας ἐφήσεις,

ἀναιμωτί

without bloodshed twice

ἀναιμωτί

ἀναιμωτί, literally 'bloodlessly' — combined with the clause's οὐ it yields 'not without bloodshed,' i.e. with slaughter; grim foreshadowing of the suitors' fate

• οὐ γὰρ ἀναιμωτί γε διακρινέεσθαι ὀΐω
• ὥς κεν ἀναιμωτί γε διακρινθῆτε τάχιστα.

ἀναιρέω

lifting up; taking; I took on 8 times

ἀναιρήσεσθαι, ἀνελόντες, ἀνελόντα, ἀνελοίμην, ἀνέλοιο, ἀνέλοντο, ἀνελέσθαι

future middle infinitive; aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine; aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine

Future infinitive after ἔμελλε: 'was about to' — the arrow strikes before the cup ever reaches his lips.

• οἱ μὲν ἔπειτʼ ἀνελόντες ἀπὸ χθονὸς εὐρυοδείης
• οὔτε τινὰ φθονέω δόμεναι καὶ πόλλʼ ἀνελόντα.
• ξεῖνʼ, ἦ ἄρ κʼ ἐθέλοις θητευέμεν, εἴ σʼ ἀνελοίμην,

ἀνακαίω

kindled; he kindled 6 times

ἀνέκαιε, ἀνέκαιον

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb

• ἥ οἱ πῦρ ἀνέκαιε καὶ εἴσω δόρπον ἐκόσμει.
• καὶ τότε πῦρ ἀνέκαιε καὶ εἴσιδεν, εἴρετο δʼ ἡμέας·
• καὶ τότε πῦρ ἀνέκαιε καὶ ἤμελγε κλυτὰ μῆλα,

ἀνακλίνω

leaning back; to open; reclined 7 times

ἀνακλινθεῖσα, ἀνακλινθεὶς, ἀνακλῖναι, ἀνακλινθέντες, ἀνακλίνας, ἀγκλίνας

aorist passive participle, nominative singular feminine; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculine

aorist passive participle used with middle/reflexive force: 'having reclined himself'.

• εὗδε δʼ ἀνακλινθεῖσα, λύθεν δέ οἱ ἅψεα πάντα.
• ἦ καὶ ἀνακλινθεὶς πέσεν ὕπτιος, αὐτὰρ ἔπειτα
• ἠμὲν ἀνακλῖναι πυκινὸν λόχον ἠδʼ ἐπιθεῖναι,

ἀνακράζω

cried out once

ἀνέκραγον

ἀνέκραγον: the disguised Odysseus admits he's already blurted the start of his tale.

• ἀλλʼ ἐπεὶ οὖν τὸ πρῶτον ἀνέκραγον, οὐκ ἐπικεύσω.

ἀνακρεμάννυμι

having hung up once

ἀγκρεμάσασα

ἀγκρεμάσασα (from ἀνακρεμάννυμι) shows the everyday domestic vocabulary Homer weaves into even a hero's chamber.

• πασσάλῳ ἀγκρεμάσασα παρὰ τρητοῖσι λέχεσσι

ἀνακτόριος

the master's once

ἀνακτορίῃσιν

ἀνακτόριος 'belonging to the master/lord', modifying the pigs he tends

• δειπνήσας ἅμʼ ὕεσσιν ἀνακτορίῃσιν ἑπέσθω.

ἀναλύω

would unravel; unraveling; they loosed 6 times

ἀλλύεσκεν, ἀλλύουσαν, ἀνέλυσαν, ἀλλύεσκον

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active participle, accusative singular feminine; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb

Same iterative -σκ- imperfect as ὑφαίνεσκεν, underscoring the endless weave-unweave cycle.

• νύκτας δʼ ἀλλύεσκεν, ἐπεὶ δαΐδας παραθεῖτο.
• καὶ τήν γʼ ἀλλύουσαν ἐφεύρομεν ἀγλαὸν ἱστόν.
• ὅν σφιν ἐπʼ ὠσὶν ἄλειψʼ, ἐμέ τʼ ἐκ δεσμῶν ἀνέλυσαν.

ἀναμάσσω

will wipe onto once

ἀναμάξεις

ἀναμάξεις: vivid metaphor, smearing the guilt back onto her own head

• ἔρδουσα μέγα ἔργον, ὃ σῇ κεφαλῇ ἀναμάξεις·

ἀναμετρέω

I should retrace/measure once

ἀναμετρήσαιμι

optative ἀναμετρήσαιμι expresses a feared/expected result, 'so that I would end up measuring my way back' — dread, not wish.

• ὄφρʼ ἔτι τὴν ὀλοὴν ἀναμετρήσαιμι Χάρυβδιν.

ἀναμορμύρω

would seethe once

ἀναμορμύρεσκε

iterative -σκε suffix marks repeated past action, typical of Homeric epic narration

• πᾶσʼ ἀναμορμύρεσκε κυκωμένη, ὑψόσε δʼ ἄχνη

ἀνανεύω

shook his head once

ἀνένευε

ἀνανεύω = nod 'no' by tossing the head back, a vivid gesture verb

• ἀλλʼ Ὀδυσεὺς ἀνένευε καὶ ἔσχεθεν ἱέμενόν περ.

ἀναπάλλω

drawing back twice

ἀμπεπαλὼν

ἀμπεπαλὼν describes the poised balancing of the spear before the throw, a formulaic combat gesture.

• αἶψα μαλʼ ἀμπεπαλὼν προΐει δολιχόσκιον ἔγχος.
• αἶψα μάλʼ ἀμπεπαλὼν προΐει δολιχόσκιον ἔγχος,

ἀναπίμπλημι

to fill up; would fill up twice

ἀναπλῆσαι, ἀναπλήσειν

aorist active infinitive; future active infinitive

ἀναπίμπλημι "fill up/fulfill" — fate metaphor: sorrows as a measure to be filled before homecoming.

• κήδεʼ ἀναπλῆσαι, πρὶν πατρίδα γαῖαν ἱκέσθαι,
• ἄλγεʼ ἀναπλήσειν· τὰ δὲ δὴ νῦν πάντα τελεῖται.

ἀναπνέω

caught breath twice

ἄμπνυτο

ἄμπνυτο, aorist of ἀναπνέω 'breathe again' — the moment life returns to him.

• ἀλλʼ ὅτε δή ῥʼ ἄμπνυτο καὶ ἐς φρένα θυμὸς ἀγέρθη,
• αὐτὰρ ἐπεί ῥʼ ἄμπνυτο καὶ ἐς φρένα θυμὸς ἀγέρθη,

ἀναπρήθω

bursting into once

ἀναπρήσας

vivid compound ἀναπρήθω 'burst forth,' here of tears breaking out.

• δάκρυʼ ἀναπρήσας· οἶκτος δʼ ἕλε λαὸν ἅπαντα.

ἀναρπάζω

snatching up; snatched away 6 times

ἀναρπάξασα, ἀναρπάξασαι, ἀνήρπαξαν

aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine; aorist active participle, nominative plural feminine; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb

feminine participle agrees with θύελλα (storm-wind), a personified force sweeping him off course

• ἵξεσθαι, τότε δή μιν ἀναρπάξασα θύελλα
• δείδω μή μʼ ἐξαῦτις ἀναρπάξασα θύελλα
• δεινόν, ἄφαρ τὸ φέροιεν ἀναρπάξασαι ἄελλαι.

ἀναρρίπτω

at tossing up; churned up; tossed up 3 times

ἀναρρίπτειν, ἀνέρριψαν, ἀνερρίπτουν

present active infinitive; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb

Present infinitive, 'to fling up' — the ships' rowing described vividly.

• νῆες ἐμαὶ καὶ κοῦροι ἀναρρίπτειν ἅλα πηδῷ.
• οἱ δʼ ἅλα πάντες ἀνέρριψαν, δείσαντες ὄλεθρον.
• εὖθʼ οἱ ἀνακλινθέντες ἀνερρίπτουν ἅλα πηδῷ,

ἀναρροιβδέω

sucks down; sucked down 4 times

ἀνερροίβδησε, ἀναρροιβδεῖ, ἀναροιβδεῖ

present active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἀναρροιβδέω, a rare onomatopoeic verb coined for Charybdis's gulping sound

• τῷ δʼ ὑπὸ δῖα Χάρυβδις ἀναρροιβδεῖ μέλαν ὕδωρ.
• τρὶς μὲν γάρ τʼ ἀνίησιν ἐπʼ ἤματι, τρὶς δʼ ἀναροιβδεῖ
• δεινὸν ἀνερροίβδησε θαλάσσης ἁλμυρὸν ὕδωρ.

ἀναστρωφάω

turning about once

ἀναστρωφῶν

ἀναστρωφῶν, vivid participle showing Odysseus turning the bow over

• πάντη ἀναστρωφῶν, πειρώμενος ἔνθα καὶ ἔνθα,

ἀνατλῆναι

we endured; has withstood; endured 3 times

ἀνέτλημεν, ἀνέτλη, ἀνέτλης

aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb

rare epic verb ἀνατλῆναι 'endure to the end,' aorist stem contrasting with normal τλάω forms

• δήμῳ ἀνέτλημεν μένος ἄσχετοι υἷες Ἀχαιῶν,
• οὐδὲ γὰρ οὐδέ τις ἄλλος ἀνὴρ τάδε φάρμακʼ ἀνέτλη,
• εἴπῃς ὁππόθεν ἐσσὶ καὶ ὁππόσα κήδεʼ ἀνέτλης.

ἀνατρέχω

runs up sheer; rose up twice

ἀναδέδρομε

Perfect tense stresses the standing result: the cliff 'has shot up' and still stands so.

• βέβρυχεν ῥόθιον, λισσὴ δʼ ἀναδέδρομε πέτρη,
• χάλκεον ἄρρηκτον, λισσὴ δʼ ἀναδέδρομε πέτρη.

ἀναφαίνω

to display; to reveal; came into view 4 times

ἀναφαίνειν, ἀναφῆναι, ἀνεφαίνετο, ἀνέφαινον

present active infinitive; aorist active infinitive; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb

Imperfect of ἀναφαίνω: the land 'was appearing' — vivid, drawn-out sighting.

• ὧδʼ ἐλθὼν τὸ πρῶτον ἐπεσβολίας ἀναφαίνειν
• μὴ μὲν πρὶν Ὀδυσῆα μετὰ Τρώεσσʼ ἀναφῆναι,
• τῇ δεκάτῃ δʼ ἤδη ἀνεφαίνετο πατρὶς ἄρουρα,

ἀναφανδά

openly 3 times

ἀναφανδὰ, ἀναφανδά

ἀναφανδά, 'in plain sight' — emphasizes Athena's unusually visible favor of Odysseus

• οὐ γάρ πω ἴδον ὧδε θεοὺς ἀναφανδὰ φιλεῦντας,
• ὡς κείνῳ ἀναφανδὰ παρίστατο Παλλὰς Ἀθήνη—
• κρύβδην, μηδʼ ἀναφανδά, φίλην ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν

ἀναχάζω

drawing back twice

ἀναχασσάμενος

aorist middle participle, self-directed 'having pulled myself back'

• ἀλλʼ ἀναχασσάμενος νῆχον πάλιν, ἧος ἐπῆλθον
• ὣς φάτʼ, ἐγὼ δʼ ἀναχασσάμενος ξίφος ἀργυρόηλον

ἀναχωρέω

drawing back; will withdraw; drew back, retreated 3 times

ἀναχωρήσας, ἀναχωρήσειν, ἀνεχώρησαν

aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; future active infinitive; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb

• τὸν δʼ ἀναχωρήσας προσέφη πολύμητις Ὀδυσσεύς·
• ἂψ ἀναχωρήσειν, ὅτε δὴ καὶ ὀνείδεα βάζεις.
• μνηστῆρες δʼ ἀνεχώρησαν μεγάροιο μυχόνδε·

ἀνδρακάς

man by man once

ἀνδρακάς

ἀνδρακάς, a rare distributive adverb 'individually, per man' - stresses each noble contributing his own gift.

• ἀνδρακάς· ἡμεῖς δʼ αὖτε ἀγειρόμενοι κατὰ δῆμον

ἀνδραχθής

as much as a man could carry once

ἀνδραχθέσι

ἀνδραχθής: compound epithet 'as much as a man can carry' — vivid epic exaggeration for the boulders' weight

• οἵ ῥʼ ἀπὸ πετράων ἀνδραχθέσι χερμαδίοισιν

ἀνδρόμεος

human; of human flesh 4 times

ἀνδρόμεα, ἀνδρόμεοι, ἀνδρομέοιο

accusative plural neuter adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective; genitive singular neuter adjective

αἵματος ἀνδρομέοιο, an old formula distinguishing human blood from that of gods or animals.

• ἀνδρόμεα κρέʼ ἔδων καὶ ἐπʼ ἄκρητον γάλα πίνων,
• Κύκλωψ, τῆ, πίε οἶνον, ἐπεὶ φάγες ἀνδρόμεα κρέα,
• ψωμοί τʼ ἀνδρόμεοι· ὁ δʼ ἐρεύγετο οἰνοβαρείων.

ἀνδροκτασία

man-killings once

ἀνδροκτασίαι

ἀνδροκτασίαι, rare compound noun 'slayings of men'; part of a fourfold τε...τε chain (ὑσμῖναί τε μάχαι τε φόνοι τ᾽ ἀνδροκτασίαι τε) piling up violent imagery.

• ὑσμῖναί τε μάχαι τε φόνοι τʼ ἀνδροκτασίαι τε.

ἀνέβραχε

bellowed once

ἀνέβραχεν

ἀνέβραχεν, onomatopoeic epic verb "roared/creaked loudly" — vivid sound simile.

• ἄντα τιτυσκομένη· τὰ δʼ ἀνέβραχεν ἠΰτε ταῦρος

ἀνέλκω

hauling; pulling out 3 times

ἀνέλκων, ἀνελκόμενον

present active participle, nominative singular masculine; present medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine

genitive absolute-like circumstantial: 'while he was drawing out the spear' — describes Telemachus vulnerable mid-action.

• καί νύ κε δή ῥʼ ἐτάνυσσε βίῃ τὸ τέταρτον ἀνέλκων,
• οὐδέ μιν ἐντάνυσε· πρὶν γὰρ κάμε χεῖρας ἀνέλκων
• ἔγχος ἀνελκόμενον δολιχόσκιον ἢ ἐλάσειε

ἀνέρομαι

you ask; ask; questions 11 times

ἀνείρεαι, ἀνειρόμενος, ἀνείρηται, ἀνείρετο

present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb; present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine; present medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb

ἀνέρομαι: middle voice participle, 'questioning for his own benefit' — Noemon seeks information he needs.

• ξεῖνʼ, ἐπεὶ ἂρ δὴ ταῦτά μʼ ἀνείρεαι ἠδὲ μεταλλᾷς,
• ἀλλʼ ὅτε κεν δή σʼ αὐτὸς ἀνείρηται ἐπέεσσι,
• καὶ τότε δή μʼ ἐπέεσσιν ἀνειρόμενος προσέειπε·

ἀνέρχομαι

having climbed up; when I come back; springing up 7 times

ἀνελθών, ἀνερχομένῳ, ἀνερχόμενον, ἀνήλυθεν, ἀνελθὼν

aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; present medio-passive participle, dative singular masculine; present medio-passive participle, accusative singular neuter

Dative participle ἀνερχομένῳ agrees with the implied 'me', a compact way to say 'to me on my return' without a separate pronoun.

• αὖτις ἀνερχομένῳ δόμεναι οἶκόνδε φέρεσθαι,
• φοίνικος νέον ἔρνος ἀνερχόμενον ἐνόησα·
• δήν, ἐπεὶ οὔ πω τοῖον ἀνήλυθεν ἐκ δόρυ γαίης,

ἀνέχω

to endure; holding up; raising 23 times

ἀνασχών, ἀνέχεσθαι, ἀνασχόμενος, ἀνασχὼν, ἀνεχοίμην, ἀνσχεθέειν, ἀνέχονται, ἀνεσχέθομεν and 9 more

aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; present medio-passive infinitive; aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine

ἀνσχεθέειν, epic uncontracted infinitive of ἀνέχω, 'to hold oneself up/rise.'

• χλαῖναν πορφυρέην ἄντʼ ὀφθαλμοῖιν ἀνασχὼν
• χλαῖναν πορφυρέην ἄντʼ ὀφθαλμοῖιν ἀνασχών.
• καὶ γάρ κʼ εἰς ἐνιαυτὸν ἐγὼ παρὰ σοί γʼ ἀνεχοίμην

ἀνεγείρω

to rouse; I roused; you rouse 4 times

ἀνεγεῖραι, ἀνέγειρα, ἀνεγείρεις, ἀνέγειρεν

aorist active infinitive; aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb; present active indicative, 2nd singular verb

• ἐκ λεχέων μʼ ἀνεγεῖραι, ἐπιστάμεναι σάφα θυμῷ,
• κὰδʼ δʼ ἔβαλον προπάροιθε νεός, ἀνέγειρα δʼ ἑταίρους
• ταῦτα παρὲξ ἐρέουσα καὶ ἐξ ὕπνου μʼ ἀνεγείρεις

ἀνείμων

clotheless once

ἀνείμονος

ἀνείμων, a rare privative adjective ('without a cloak'), stresses Nestor's hospitality theme

• ὥς τέ τευ ἦ παρὰ πάμπαν ἀνείμονος ἠδὲ πενιχροῦ,

ἀνεκτός

bearably; endurable; bearable 3 times

ἀνεκτῶς, ἀνεκτὸν, ἀνεκτὰ

adverb; accusative singular neuter adjective; nominative plural neuter adjective

• οἴκαδε πέμψειας· σὺ δὲ μαίνεαι οὐκέτʼ ἀνεκτῶς.
• ἀλλὰ τὸ μὲν καὶ ἀνεκτὸν ἔχει κακόν, ὁππότε κέν τις
• ἐξικόμην φεύγων, ἐπεὶ οὐκέτʼ ἀνεκτὰ πέλονται·

ἀνεμώλιος

idle things; empty words twice

ἀνεμώλια

ἀνεμώλια, literally 'windy' things — words as empty and useless as wind

• ζώει ὅ γʼ ἦ τέθνηκε· κακὸν δʼ ἀνεμώλια βάζειν.
• ζώει ὅ γʼ ἦ τέθνηκε· κακὸν δʼ ἀνεμώλια βάζειν.

ἀνερείπομαι

snatched away 4 times

ἀνηρείψαντο

aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist indicative, 3rd plural verb

storm-winds as agent of abduction, echoing epic 'Harpies' theme of sudden disappearance

• νῦν δέ μιν ἀκλειῶς ἅρπυιαι ἀνηρείψαντο·
• νῦν αὖ παῖδʼ ἀγαπητὸν ἀνηρείψαντο θύελλαι
• νῦν δέ μιν ἀκλειῶς ἅρπυιαι ἀνηρείψαντο.

ἀνήκω

stirred; released twice

ἀνῆκεν, ἀνῆκε

ἀνῆκεν 'urged on, incited' — the Muse as external divine cause of poetic inspiration.

• μοῦσʼ ἄρʼ ἀοιδὸν ἀνῆκεν ἀειδέμεναι κλέα ἀνδρῶν,
• φθόγγῳ ἐπερχόμεναι· τὴν δὲ γλυκὺς ὕπνος ἀνῆκε,

ἀνήνοθε

rises up once

ἀνήνοθεν

ἀνήνοθεν: rare reduplicated perfect (unique Homeric form) meaning 'has risen/wells up' — no other Greek verb uses this shape.

• ἄνδρες, ἐπεὶ κνίση μὲν ἀνήνοθεν, ἐν δέ τε φόρμιγξ

ἀνήνυστος

unfinishable once

ἀνηνύστῳ

ἀνήνυστος: 'incapable of completion' — the suitors' wasteful courtship has no proper end.

• μὰψ αὔτως, ἀτέλεστον, ἀνηνύστῳ ἐπὶ ἔργῳ.

ἀνήρ

men; of men; man 449 times

ἀνδρῶν, ἀνὴρ, ἄνδρες, ἄνδρα, ἀνδρὸς, ἀνήρ, ἀνδρὶ, ἀνδράσιν and 12 more

genitive plural masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun; nominative plural masculine noun

The poem begins with the object, not the verb: Greek case lets ἄνδρα stand first for emphasis.

• ἄνδρα μοι ἔννεπε, μοῦσα, πολύτροπον, ὃς μάλα πολλὰ
• Αἰθίοπας τοὶ διχθὰ δεδαίαται, ἔσχατοι ἀνδρῶν,
• τοῖσι δὲ μύθων ἦρχε πατὴρ ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε·

ἀνθεμόεις

flowered; flowering 3 times

ἀνθεμόεντα, ἀνθεμόεντι

accusative singular masculine adjective; dative singular masculine adjective

ἀνθεμόεις 'flowered/decorated' — a decorative epithet for the ritual basin

• χέρνιβα δέ σφʼ Ἄρητος ἐν ἀνθεμόεντι λέβητι
• φθόγγον ἀλεύασθαι καὶ λειμῶνʼ ἀνθεμόεντα.
• δῶκα δέ οἱ κρητῆρα πανάργυρον ἀνθεμόεντα,

ἀνία

grief; a weariness; annoyance 5 times

ἀνίην, ἀνίη, ἀνίης

accusative singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun

δαιτὸς ἀνίην: contemptuous phrase, 'spoiler of the feast'—Antinous mocking the disguised beggar Odysseus.

• μνησόμεθʼ, ὥς χʼ ὁ ξεῖνος ἄνευθε πόνου καὶ ἀνίης
• Σκύλλην δʼ οὐκέτʼ ἐμυθεόμην, ἄπρηκτον ἀνίην,
• πρὶν ὥρη, καταλέχθαι· ἀνίη καὶ πολὺς ὕπνος.

ἀνίημι

released; sends up; you would incite 10 times

ἀνῆκεν, ἀνίησιν, ἀνῆκε, ἀνιείης, ἀνιεμένους, ἀνίει

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active optative, 2nd singular verb

optative + κε expressing a contrary-to-fact/potential result, continuing the taunting 'if only' construction.

• οὐδέ κε Τηλέμαχον κεχολωμένον ὧδʼ ἀνιείης,
• αἶγας ἀνιεμένους σιάλους θʼ εὕοντας ἐν αὐλῇ.
• Ὠκεανὸς ἀνίησιν ἀναψύχειν ἀνθρώπους·

ἀνίστημι

rising up; having risen; stood up 34 times

ἀνέστη, ἀνστάντες, ἀναστήσας, ἀναστάς, ἀνέσταν, ἀνστὰς, ἀναστὰς, ἀνίστατο and 4 more

aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine

Laodamas gives up his own seat for Odysseus — a quiet gesture of honor completing the guest's restoration.

• ἦ τοι ὅ γʼ ὣς εἰπὼν κατʼ ἄρʼ ἕζετο, τοῖσι δʼ ἀνέστη
• γλώσσας δʼ ἐν πυρὶ βάλλον, ἀνιστάμενοι δʼ ἐπέλειβον.
• ἐξ ἔριδος Φιλομηλεΐδῃ ἐπάλαισεν ἀναστάς,

ἀνιάζω

grew weary; grow restless; vexes 4 times

ἀνίαζ, ἀνιάζουσιν, ἀνιάζῃ, ἀνιάζων

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb

• ἀλλʼ ὅτε δή ῥʼ ἀνίαζʼ ὁ γέρων ὀλοφώια εἰδώς,
• τέρπομαι. ἀλλʼ ἤδη μοι ἀνιάζουσιν ἑταῖροι
• τοῦτον ἀνιάζῃ θυμοφθόρος· οὐδέ τι ἔργον

ἀνιάω

troubled; keeps vexing; growing weary 6 times

ἀνιηθεὶς, ἀνιήσεις, ἀνιήσει, ἀνιᾶται

aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculine; future active indicative, 2nd singular verb; future active indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἀνιηθεὶς, aorist passive participle, sets up a purpose clause (μὴ...ἁδήσειεν) explaining why Telemachus seats the guest apart from the rowdy suitors.

• μνηστήρων, μὴ ξεῖνος ἀνιηθεὶς ὀρυμαγδῷ
• εἰ δʼ ἔτʼ ἀνιήσει γε πολὺν χρόνον υἷας Ἀχαιῶν,
• πρίν κεν ἀνιηθεὶς σὴν πατρίδα γαῖαν ἵκοιο.

ἀνιαρός

more grievous; loathsome; tiresome 3 times

ἀνιηρέστερον, ἀνιηρόν, ἀνιηροί

nominative singular neuter comparative adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective

• αὐτῷ μέν οἱ πρῶτον ἀνιηρέστερον ἔσται,
• πτωχὸν ἀνιηρόν δαιτῶν ἀπολυμαντῆρα;
• πτωχοὶ ἀνιηροί, δαιτῶν ἀπολυμαντῆρες;

ἀνόστιμος

without return once

ἀνόστιμον

ἀνόστιμον ... ἔθηκεν, 'made [him] without-return,' a periphrasis for being doomed never to come home.

• ὃς κεῖνον δύστηνον ἀνόστιμον οἶον ἔθηκεν.

ἀνοήμων

witless; foolish 3 times

ἀνοήμων

ἐσσ᾽ ... ἀνοήμων with negated ἐπεί: litotes-like praise — 'you are no fool,' a polite compliment via understatement.

• Τηλέμαχʼ, οὐδʼ ὄπιθεν κακὸς ἔσσεαι οὐδʼ ἀνοήμων,
• ἀλλʼ ἐπεὶ οὐδʼ ὄπιθεν κακὸς ἔσσεαι οὐδʼ ἀνοήμων,
• ῥεῖʼ ἔγνως, ἐπεὶ οὐδὲ τά τʼ ἄλλα πέρ ἐσσʼ ἀνοήμων.

ἀνοπαῖα

upward, aloft once

ἀνόπαια

ἀνόπαια is a famously obscure Homeric hapax — ancient scholars already disagreed on its meaning; 'flying up/aloft' is the traditional guess.

• ὄρνις δʼ ὣς ἀνόπαια διέπτατο· τῷ δʼ ἐνὶ θυμῷ

ἀνορούω

sprang up; leapt up; started up 7 times

ἀνόρουσε, ἀνόρουσαν

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb

• Ἠέλιος δʼ ἀνόρουσε, λιπὼν περικαλλέα λίμνην,
• ἕστασαν· οἱ δʼ ἀνόρουσαν ἐυκνήμιδες Ἀχαιοὶ
• ἐς πνοιὰς ἀνέμων. ἡ δʼ ἐξ ὕπνου ἀνόρουσε

ἀντάω

you met; you have met with; I met 6 times

ἤντησας, ἠντήσατε, ἤντησ, ἀντήσομεν

aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 2nd plural verb; aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb

• τοῦ γὰρ καὶ δαίτης ἠντήσατε δεῦρο μολόντες.
• ἀλλʼ εὖ μοι κατάλεξον ὅπως ἤντησας ὀπωπῆς.
• ἤντησʼ οὐδὲ ἴδον· περὶ δʼ ἄλλων φασὶ γενέσθαι

ἀντί

in place of; instead of; in return for 3 times

ἀντὶ

• ἀντὶ κασιγνήτου ξεῖνός θʼ ἱκέτης τε τέτυκται
• καί κέ τοι ἀντὶ γάμοιο πατὴρ τάφον ἀμφεπονεῖτο
• τοῦτό τοι ἀντὶ ποδὸς ξεινήϊον, ὅν ποτʼ ἔδωκας

ἀντίθεος

godlike 32 times

ἀντιθέῳ, ἀντιθέοις, ἀντίθεον, ἀντιθέοιο, ἀντίθεος, ἀντιθέου, ἀντιθέην, ἀντιθέοισι and 3 more

dative singular masculine adjective; genitive singular masculine adjective; dative plural masculine adjective

Formulaic epithet ἀντίθεος 'god-like' applied to ordinary companions—epic elevation of Menelaus's crew.

• ἀντιθέῳ Ὀδυσῆι πάρος ἣν γαῖαν ἱκέσθαι.
• ἀντίθεον Πολύφημον, ὅου κράτος ἐστὶ μέγιστον
• καὶ γὰρ τοῦ φίλος υἱὸς ἅμʼ ἀντιθέῳ Ὀδυσῆι

Ἀντίλοχος

Antilochus; Antilochos; of Antilochos 6 times

Ἀντιλόχοιο, Ἀντίλοχος, Ἀντίλοχον

genitive singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

Nestor's son, named here for the first time as the subject built up over the previous lines

• Ἀντίλοχος, πέρι μὲν θείειν ταχὺς ἠδὲ μαχητής·
• μνήσατο γὰρ κατὰ θυμὸν ἀμύμονος Ἀντιλόχοιο,
• Ἀντίλοχον, πέρι μὲν θείειν ταχὺν ἠδὲ μαχητήν.

Ἀντίνοος

Antinous; of Antinous; Antinous's 56 times

Ἀντίνοος, Ἀντίνο, Ἀντίνοον, Ἀντινόοιο, Ἀντινόῳ, Ἀντίνοός, Ἀντινόου

nominative singular masculine noun; vocative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

leading, most arrogant of the suitors — his name ironically means 'against thought/counter to reason.'

• τὸν δʼ αὖτʼ Ἀντίνοος προσέφη, Εὐπείθεος υἱός·
• Ἀντίνοʼ, ἦ καί μοι νεμεσήσεαι ὅττι κεν εἴπω;
• Ἀντίνοος δέ μιν οἶος ἀμειβόμενος προσέειπε·

ἀντίον

in reply; in answer; face to face 35 times

ἀντίον, ἀντία

accusative singular neuter noun; adverb; preposition

ἀντίον used adverbially, 'in her presence'

• τὸν δʼ αὖ Νεστορίδης Πεισίστρατος ἀντίον ηὔδα·
• τὸν δʼ αὖ Τηλέμαχος πεπνυμένος ἀντίον ηὔδα·
• τὸν δʼ αὖ Τηλέμαχος πεπνυμένος ἀντίον ηὔδα·

ἀντίος

in reply; in answer; face to face 35 times

ἀντίον, ἀντίος, ἀντία, ἀντίη

accusative singular neuter adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; preposition

ἀντίον, 'facing him', adverbial accusative describing manner of address

• ὃν χόλον· οὐ μὲν γάρ τι δυνήσεται ἀντία πάντων
• τὴν δʼ αὖ Τηλέμαχος πεπνυμένος ἀντίον ηὔδα·
• τὴν δʼ αὖ Τηλέμαχος πεπνυμένος ἀντίον ηὔδα·

ἀντιάζω

meeting; having met, come upon; should meet 8 times

ἀντιάσαντα, ἀντιάσαντι, ἀντιάσειε, ἀντιάσειας, ἀντιόωσα

aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine; aorist active participle, dative singular masculine; aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb

aorist participle ἀντιάσαντα 'having come to meet [us]', modifying the suppliant.

• ὧν ἐπέοιχʼ ἱκέτην ταλαπείριον ἀντιάσαντα.
• ὡς οὐκ ἂν ἔλποιο νεώτερον ἀντιάσαντα
• ἐν πάντεσσι δόλοισι, καὶ εἰ θεὸς ἀντιάσειε.

ἀντιάω

to receive, meet; to receive/meet; should meet her 5 times

ἀντιάσειεν, ἀντιόων, ἀντιόωσα, ἀντιάσεις

aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb; present active participle, nominative singular masculine; present active participle, nominative singular feminine

optative of wish, governed by αἲ γάρ

• ἀντιόων ταύρων τε καὶ ἀρνειῶν ἑκατόμβης.
• ἱρῶν ἀντιόωσα. γέρων δʼ ἱππηλάτα Νέστωρ
• γηθήσειεν ἰδών, οὐδʼ εἰ θεὸς ἀντιάσειεν.

ἀντιβολέω

met; may come upon; meeting (us) 11 times

ἀντιβολήσαις, ἀντιβολήσας, ἀντεβόλησεν, ἀντεβόλησας, ἀντεβόλησε, ἀντιβολήσει, ἀντιβολήσεις

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active optative, 2nd singular verb; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine

aorist optative of possibility — 'you might yet arrive for the funeral'

• κτεῖνεν ὑποφθάμενος, σὺ δέ κεν τάφου ἀντιβολήσαις.
• καί νύ τις ὧδʼ εἴπῃσι κακώτερος ἀντιβολήσας·
• μή τις Φαιήκων μεγαθύμων ἀντιβολήσας

ἀντικρύ

straight through 3 times

ἀντικρὺ

• πλῆξα· τὸ δʼ ἀντικρὺ δόρυ χάλκεον ἐξεπέρησε,
• ἀντικρὺ δὲ διῆλθε φαεινοῦ δουρὸς ἀκωκή·
• ἀντικρὺ δʼ ἁπαλοῖο διʼ αὐχένος ἤλυθʼ ἀκωκή.

Ἀντιφάτης

Antiphates; of Antiphates 5 times

Ἀντιφάταο, Ἀντιφατῆα, Ἀντιφάτην, Ἀντιφάτης

genitive singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun

introduces the Laestrygonian king Antiphates, whose people are man-eating giants

• θυγατέρʼ ἰφθίμῃ Λαιστρυγόνος Ἀντιφάταο.
• ἡ δʼ αἶψʼ ἐξ ἀγορῆς ἐκάλει κλυτὸν Ἀντιφατῆα,
• μνησαμένοις ἔργων Λαιστρυγόνος Ἀντιφάταο

ἀνύω

accomplished; might run its course; will be accomplished 4 times

ἤνυσεν, ἀνύσειε, ἀνύσσεσθαι

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb; future middle infinitive

ἀνύω, 'complete a journey'—verb of the relative clause measuring the day's sailing distance.

• ἤνυσεν, ᾗ λιγὺς οὖρος ἐπιπνείῃσιν ὄπισθεν·
• νηῦς ἀνύσειε θέουσα θαλάσσης ἁλμυρὸν ὕδωρ.
• τούτου γε ζώοντος ἀνύσσεσθαι τάδε ἔργα.

ἀνωιστί

unawares once

ἀνωιστί

ἀνωιστί 'unexpectedly' occurs almost only here in Homer — a rare adverb built to match λάθρῃ in sound and sense.

• λάθρῃ, ἀνωιστί, δόλῳ οὐλομένης ἀλόχοιο·

ἀοιδή

song; in song; of the song 20 times

ἀοιδὴν, ἀοιδῆς, ἀοιδήν, ἀοιδῇ, ἀοιδή, ἀοιδὴ

accusative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun

closing quadruple list echoes the earlier ναῦσιν/ποσί pairing, summarizing Phaeacian pride

• τούτοισιν μὲν ταῦτα μέλει, κίθαρις καὶ ἀοιδή,
• τοῦ δʼ ὑπερωιόθεν φρεσὶ σύνθετο θέσπιν ἀοιδὴν
• οἶνον πινόντων· ταύτης δʼ ἀποπαύεʼ ἀοιδῆς

ἀοιδός

singer; bard; singers 37 times

ἀοιδὸς, ἀοιδὸν, ἀοιδόν, ἀοιδός, ἀοιδοῦ, ἀοιδοὶ, ἀοιδοί, ἀοιδῶν

nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun

ἀοιδός, the professional bard Agamemnon left to guard Clytemnestra's virtue — a key plot detail.

• τοῖσι δʼ ἀοιδὸς ἄειδε περικλυτός, οἱ δὲ σιωπῇ
• δακρύσασα δʼ ἔπειτα προσηύδα θεῖον ἀοιδόν·
• ἔργʼ ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε, τά τε κλείουσιν ἀοιδοί·

ἀολλής

in a throng; all together; gathered together 12 times

ἀολλέες, ἀολλέα, ἀολλέσιν

nominative plural masculine adjective; nominative plural feminine adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective

ἀολλής 'in a body/close-packed', of ships sailing together

• αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ σὺν νηυσὶν ἀολλέσιν, αἵ μοι ἕποντο,
• σκῆπτρον ἔχων. περὶ δʼ υἷες ἀολλέες ἠγερέθοντο
• οἱ δʼ ἄλλοι μένετʼ αὐτοῦ ἀολλέες, εἴπατε δʼ εἴσω

ἀορτήρ

strap; baldric 4 times

ἀορτήρ, ἀορτὴρ

• σμερδαλέος δέ οἱ ἀμφὶ περὶ στήθεσσιν ἀορτὴρ
• πυκνὰ ῥωγαλέην· ἐν δὲ στρόφος ἦεν ἀορτήρ.
• πυκνὰ ῥωγαλέην· ἐν δὲ στρόφος ἦεν ἀορτήρ·

ἀοσσητήρ

helpers; avengers twice

ἀοσσητῆρες

Rare epic word ἀοσσητήρ, 'helper/defender'; probably related to ὀπάων 'companion' (cf. ἕπομαι 'follow'), not to any word for 'voice.'

• ἐν μεγάροις, ᾧ μὴ ἄλλοι ἀοσσητῆρες ἔωσιν,
• ᾧ μὴ πολλοὶ ἔωσιν ἀοσσητῆρες ὀπίσσω,

ἀπάγχω

throttling once

ἀπάγχων

ἀπάγχω 'choke, strangle' vividly animates the static gold figures as if truly killing the fawn.

• ὡς οἱ χρύσεοι ἐόντες ὁ μὲν λάε νεβρὸν ἀπάγχων,

ἀπάγω

led away; carried off; to bring back 5 times

ἀπήγαγε, ἀπήγαγον, ἀπάξειν, ἀπήγαγεν, ἀπάγουσι

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; future active infinitive

• τόφρα δʼ ἔχʼ, ὄφρα σε νόσφιν ἀπήγαγε Παλλὰς Ἀθήνη.
• οἵ μʼ εἰς ἄλλην γαῖαν ἀπήγαγον, ἦ τέ μʼ ἔφαντο
• ὅρκῳ πιστωθῆναι ἀπήμονά μʼ οἴκαδʼ ἀπάξειν.

ἀπάλαλκε

ward off once

ἀπάλαλκε

epic aorist ἀπάλαλκε, reduplicated form of ἀλέξω/ἀλαλκεῖν 'to keep off'

• μνηστῆρας δʼ ἀπάλαλκε κακῶς ὑπερηνορέοντας.

ἀπάνευθε

apart; away from; apart, far off 13 times

ἀπάνευθε, ἀπάνευθεν

adverb; preposition

• ἔρχεσθʼ, ἀλλʼ ἀπάνευθεν ἐπʼ ἀγροῦ πήματα πάσχειν
• δὴν ἀπάνευθε φίλων ὧν ἔσσεται, ἀλλά που ἤδη
• Τηλέμαχος δʼ ἀπάνευθε κιὼν ἐπὶ θῖνα θαλάσσης,

ἀπάρχω

making first-offering; making first offering twice

ἀπαρχόμενος

ἀπάρχομαι: ritual middle, taking the first bit before sacrifice/cutting.

• εὔχετʼ ἀπαρχόμενος, κεφαλῆς τρίχας ἐν πυρὶ βάλλων.
• ἀλλʼ ὅγʼ ἀπαρχόμενος κεφαλῆς τρίχας ἐν πυρὶ βάλλεν

ἀπαγγέλλω

report; to bring back word; having told 7 times

ἀπαγγείλῃσι, ἀπαγγεῖλαι, ἀπαγγεῖλαί, ἀπαγγείλας, ἀπαγγείλειε, ἀπαγγέλλων, ἀπαγγέλλεσκε

aorist active infinitive; aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine

subjunctive after μή = fear-clause, 'lest anyone report'

• πάντας ὁμῶς, μή πού τις ἀπαγγείλῃσι καὶ εἴσω.
• οὐκέτʼ ἀπαγγεῖλαι πάλιν ἤθελεν οὐδὲ νέεσθαι,
• πρὶν ἐμὲ οἴκαδʼ ἱκέσθαι ἀπαγγεῖλαί τε γέροντι.

ἀπαίνυμαι

took away; takes away 3 times

ἀποαίνυτο, ἀποαίνυται

imperfect middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; present middle indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἀπαίνυμαι, rare epic middle 'take away from' — the god strips their homecoming

• κύμασιν ἐμφορέοντο, θεὸς δʼ ἀποαίνυτο νόστον.
• κύμασιν ἐμφορέοντο· θεὸς δʼ ἀποαίνυτο νόστον.
• ἥμισυ γάρ τʼ ἀρετῆς ἀποαίνυται εὐρύοπα Ζεὺς

ἀπαμείβομαι

answering; answered 85 times

ἀπαμειβόμενος, ἀπαμείβετο, ἀπαμειβόμενον, ἀπαμειβόμενοι

present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive participle, nominative singular neuter

Formulaic pairing ἀπαμείβετο...φώνησέν τε, "answered and spoke aloud" — a standard Homeric speech-introduction formula.

• τὴν δʼ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη νεφεληγερέτα Ζεύς·
• τὴν δʼ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη ξανθὸς Μενέλαος·
• τὸν δʼ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη ξανθὸς Μενέλαος·

ἀπαμύνω

beat off, ward off; fend off; to defend myself 3 times

ἀπαμύνασθαι, ἀπαμύνετο

aorist middle infinitive; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb

• δέρτρον ἔσω δύνοντες, ὁ δʼ οὐκ ἀπαμύνετο χερσί·
• ἄνδρʼ ἀπαμύνασθαι, ὅτε τις πρότερος χαλεπήνῃ·
• ἄνδρʼ ἀπαμύνασθαι, ὅτε τις πρότερος χαλεπήνῃ.

ἀπαναίνομαι

refuse once

ἀπανήνασθαι

μηκέτ(ι) ... ἀπανήνασθαι: negated infinitive of command, 'do not then refuse.'

• ἔνθα σὺ μηκέτʼ ἔπειτʼ ἀπανήνασθαι θεοῦ εὐνήν,

ἀπανύω

they returned once

ἀπήνυσαν

Epic ἀπανύω, 'complete a journey/return' — rare verb.

• ἤματι τῷ αὐτῷ καὶ ἀπήνυσαν οἴκαδʼ ὀπίσσω.

ἀπατήλιος

deceits; deceitful things; deceits, tricks 3 times

ἀπατήλια

• ἐλθὼν ἐς δέσποιναν ἐμὴν ἀπατήλια βάζει·
• γίγνεται, ὃς πενίῃ εἴκων ἀπατήλια βάζει.
• δὴ τότε Φοῖνιξ ἦλθεν ἀνὴρ ἀπατήλια εἰδώς,

ἀπαυράω

took away; robbed away; I took away 6 times

ἀπηύρα, ἀπηύρων, ἀπούρας

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine

ἀπηύρα, 'took away by force' — the sea personified as a thief who claimed no one from Idomeneus' crew.

• οἳ φύγον ἐκ πολέμου, πόντος δέ οἱ οὔ τινʼ ἀπηύρα.
• ἤ σε βίῃ ἀέκοντος ἀπηύρα νῆα μέλαιναν,
• σή τʼ ἀγανοφροσύνη μελιηδέα θυμὸν ἀπηύρα.

ἀπαφίσκω

deceives; beguiled; might deceive 3 times

ἀπαφίσκει, ἤπαφε, ἀπάφοιτο

present active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb

• οὔ τί σε Περσεφόνεια Διὸς θυγάτηρ ἀπαφίσκει,
• δάμναται· οὐ γὰρ ἔχω χλαῖναν· παρά μʼ ἤπαφε δαίμων
• ἐρρίγει μή τίς με βροτῶν ἀπάφοιτο ἔπεσσιν

ἀπέρχομαι

departing; has departed; has left 3 times

ἀπελήλυθε, ἀπερχομένη

perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine

perfect ἀπελήλυθε stresses the lasting state: he 'has been gone' for twenty years

• οἴκου ἀπερχομένη· νέμεσις δέ μοι ἐξ ἀνθρώπων
• ἐξ οὗ κεῖθεν ἔβη καὶ ἐμῆς ἀπελήλυθε πάτρης·
• ἐξ οὗ κεῖθεν ἔβη καὶ ἐμῆς ἀπελήλυθε πάτρης,

ἀπέχθομαι

is hated; hated twice

ἀπέχθηται, ἀπεχθόμενος

present medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine

Subjunctive with κε in a generalizing relative clause — 'whoever is hated by the gods.'

• ἄνδρα τόν, ὅς κε θεοῖσιν ἀπέχθηται μακάρεσσιν·
• ἔρρε, ἐπεὶ ἄρα θεοῖσιν ἀπεχθόμενος τόδʼ ἱκάνεις.

ἀπέχω

to hold back; let us keep away; kept away from 7 times

ἀποσχέσθαι, ἀπεχώμεθα, ἀπέχοντο, ἀπέχειν, ἀφέξομαι, ἀποσχήσει, ἀφέξω

aorist middle infinitive; present medio-passive subjunctive, 1st plural verb; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb

ἀποσχέσθαι, aorist middle infinitive of ἀπέχω 'hold oneself off' — subject of the impersonal 'it was no pleasure.'

• θεσπεσίη· τότʼ ἂν οὔ τοι ἀποσχέσθαι φίλον ἦεν.
• ἔστιν, τῶν δὲ βοῶν ἀπεχώμεθα, μή τι πάθωμεν·
• τόφρα βοῶν ἀπέχοντο λιλαιόμενοι βιότοιο.

ἀπείργαθον

drew aside once

ἀποέργαθεν

Rare epic verb ἀπείργαθον 'held/pulled away from,' governing genitive οὐλῆς.

• ὣς εἰπὼν ῥάκεα μεγάλης ἀποέργαθεν οὐλῆς.

Ἀπείρηθεν

from Apeira once

Ἀπείρηθεν

-θεν suffix marks 'from' a place, like English '-ward' in reverse.

• τήν ποτʼ Ἀπείρηθεν νέες ἤγαγον ἀμφιέλισσαι·

ἀπείρητος

untried once

ἀπείρητος

privative ἀ- + πειράω-stem: 'without experience/trial', modifying the speaker.

• οὐ γὰρ ἀπείρητος μαντεύομαι, ἀλλʼ ἐὺ εἰδώς·

ἀπείρων

boundless; endless 9 times

ἀπείρονα, ἀπείρονες

accusative singular feminine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective

• ἠδʼ ἐπʼ ἀπείρονα γαῖαν ἅμα πνοιῇς ἀνέμοιο·
• τὸν δʼ ἐφόρει κατὰ πόντον ἀπείρονα κυμαίνοντα.
• ἠδʼ ἐπʼ ἀπείρονα γαῖαν ἅμα πνοιῇς ἀνέμοιο.

ἀπεῖπον

to renounce; I may declare; had delivered 3 times

ἀπειπέμεν, ἀποείπω, ἀπέειπε

aorist active infinitive; aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἀπεῖπον here means 'spoke out, delivered' not its usual 'refuse'

• πᾶσι μνηστήρεσσιν ἀπειπέμεν, οἵ τέ οἱ αἰεὶ
• πάντες, ἵνʼ ὕμιν μῦθον ἀπηλεγέως ἀποείπω,
• αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ δὴ πᾶσαν ἐφημοσύνην ἀπέειπε,

ἀπειλέω

boasted; threatened; having threatened 4 times

ἀπειλήσας, ἀπείλησας, ἀπειλήτην

aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd dual verb

dual verb ἀπειλήτην continues the twin-subject construction from the previous line.

• ἠμὲν ἀπείλησας βητάρμονας εἶναι ἀρίστους,
• οἵ ῥα καὶ ἀθανάτοισιν ἀπειλήτην ἐν Ὀλύμπῳ
• Τηλεμάχου· μάλα δʼ ἧμιν ἀπειλήσας ἀγορεύει.

ἀπειρέσιος

countless; boundless 3 times

ἀπειρέσιαι, ἀπειρεσίην, ἀπειρέσιοι

nominative plural feminine adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective

• ὑλήεσσʼ· ἐν δʼ αἶγες ἀπειρέσιαι γεγάασιν
• εἶχον ἀπειρεσίην· μάλα γὰρ πολὺ χείρονι φωτὶ
• πολλοί, ἀπειρέσιοι, καὶ ἐννήκοντα πόληες.

ἀπεκλανθάνομαι

forget once

ἀπεκλελάθεσθε

middle imperative of a compound verb, 'let go of' + genitive object

• ὦ γέρον, ἵζʼ ἐπὶ δεῖπνον, ἀπεκλελάθεσθε δὲ θάμβευς·

ἀπευθής

unknown; without news twice

ἀπευθέα, ἀπευθής

accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

ἀπευθής 'unheard-of' as predicate: 'made his death unknown' — echoes Odysseus's uncertain fate theme

• κείνου δʼ αὖ καὶ ὄλεθρον ἀπευθέα θῆκε Κρονίων.
• ὣς ἦλθον, φίλε τέκνον, ἀπευθής, οὐδέ τι οἶδα

ἀπεχθάνομαι

you grow hateful; being hostile; hateful 3 times

ἀπεχθάνεαι, ἀπεχθόμενος, ἀπεχθομένοισί

present active indicative, 2nd singular verb; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active participle, dative plural masculine

aorist participle of ἀπεχθάνομαι, 'having grown hostile,' modifying δῆμος, the stated subject of χαλεπαίνει (not an unstated one).

• μυθέαι ἀκράαντον, ἀπεχθάνεαι δʼ ἔτι μᾶλλον.
• οὔτε τί μοι πᾶς δῆμος ἀπεχθόμενος χαλεπαίνει,
• μνηστήρεσσι φανῆναι, ἀπεχθομένοισί περ ἔμπης·

ἀπήμων

unharmed; harmless; safe, unharmed 13 times

ἀπήμων, ἀπήμονά, ἀπήμονές, ἀπήμονας, ἀπήμονες, ἀπήμονα

nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

• ἢ πάντες σὺν νηυσὶν ἀπήμονες ἦλθον Ἀχαιοί,
• ἀλλʼ ὅτε δὴ καὶ κεῖθεν ἐφαίνετο νόστος ἀπήμων,
• εἴ περ ἀπήμων ἦλθε, λαχὼν ἀπὸ ληίδος αἶσαν.

ἀπήνη

wagon; the wagon; a wagon 9 times

ἀπήνης, ἀπήνην, ἀπήνῃ

genitive singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun

• πάππα φίλʼ, οὐκ ἂν δή μοι ἐφοπλίσσειας ἀπήνην
• ἔρχευ· ἀτάρ τοι δμῶες ἐφοπλίσσουσιν ἀπήνην
• ὥπλεον, ἡμιόνους θʼ ὕπαγον ζεῦξάν θʼ ὑπʼ ἀπήνῃ·

ἀπηλεγέως

without reserve once

ἀπηλεγέως

ἀπηλεγέως 'bluntly, without evasion' — a rare adverb signaling Telemachus is about to speak with unusual directness.

• πάντες, ἵνʼ ὕμιν μῦθον ἀπηλεγέως ἀποείπω,

ἀπηνής

harsh; harsh things; unfeeling 5 times

ἀπηνέα, ἀπηνής, ἀπηνὴς

nominative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective

ἀπηνέα predicate adjective: 'my heart, hard though it is'.

• ἀλλὰ μάλʼ ὑβρίξεις, καί τοι νόος ἐστὶν ἀπηνής·
• ὃς μὲν ἀπηνὴς αὐτὸς ἔῃ καὶ ἀπηνέα εἰδῇ,
• μῆτερ ἐμή, δύσμητερ, ἀπηνέα θυμὸν ἔχουσα,

ἀπιθέω

disobeyed 4 times

ἀπίθησε, ἀπίθησεν, ἀπίθησαν

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb

ἀπιθέω itself means 'disobey'; the negation ('did not disobey') comes from the preceding οὐδ᾽, which has no separate word id in this line.

• ὣς ἔφατʼ, οὐδʼ ἀπίθησε διάκτορος ἀργεϊφόντης.
• ὀπτῆσαί τε κρεῶν· ὁ δʼ ἄρʼ οὐκ ἀπίθησεν ἀκούσας.
• ὣς ἔφατʼ, οὐδʼ ἀπίθησε φίλη τροφὸς Εὐρύκλεια,

ἀπινύσσω

be witless; lacking sense twice

ἀπινύσσειν

ἀπινύσσειν 'to lack sense' — litotes: 'you seem to me not lacking sense' = 'sensible.'

• ἀλλὰ μάλʼ ὧδʼ ἔρξαι, δοκέεις δέ μοι οὐκ ἀπινύσσειν·
• ἀλλὰ μάλʼ ὧδʼ ἔρδειν, δοκέεις δέ μοι οὐκ ἀπινύσσειν·

ἀπιστέω

doubted once

ἀπίστεον

Imperfect ἀπίστεον: sustained disbelief/doubt over time, not a single act.

• αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ τὸ μὲν οὔ ποτʼ ἀπίστεον, ἀλλʼ ἐνὶ θυμῷ

ἀπό

from; away; away from 141 times

ἀπὸ, ἀπ, ἄπο, ἀφ, ἀπό

preposition; adverb

φίλων ἄπο shows anastrophe — the preposition ἄπο is placed after its object and thrown back in accent, a common Homeric word-order flexibility.

• δυσμόρῳ, ὃς δὴ δηθὰ φίλων ἄπο πήματα πάσχει
• οὔ τι κατακτείνει, πλάζει δʼ ἀπὸ πατρίδος αἴης.
• οὔ τοι ἔτι δηρόν γε φίλης ἀπὸ πατρίδος αἴης

ἀπόθεστος

neglected once

ἀπόθεστος

ἀπόθεστος 'unregarded/neglected' is a rare word, underscoring the dog's abandoned state.

• δὴ τότε κεῖτʼ ἀπόθεστος ἀποιχομένοιο ἄνακτος,

ἀπόλλυμι

perished; has perished; to perish 32 times

ἀπόλωλε, ἀπώλεσα, ἀπολέσθαι, ἀπωλόμεθ, ἀπώλετο, ἀπόλοντο, ἀπώλεσε, ἀπόλοιτο and 7 more

perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb; aorist middle indicative, 1st plural verb

ἀπόλοιτο is an aorist optative used as a wish/curse ('may he perish!') — the classic Homeric optative-of-wish construction.

• ὡς ἀπόλοιτο καὶ ἄλλος, ὅτις τοιαῦτά γε ῥέζοι·
• νῦν δʼ ὁ μὲν ὣς ἀπόλωλε κακὸν μόρον, οὐδέ τις ἡμῖν
• οὐ γὰρ Ὀδυσσεὺς οἶος ἀπώλεσε νόστιμον ἦμαρ

Ἀπόλλων

Apollo; of Apollo; Apollo's 28 times

Ἀπόλλων, Ἄπολλον, Ἀπόλλωνος, Ἀπόλλωνός, Ἀπόλλωνι

nominative singular masculine noun; vocative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun

god provoked by mortal challenge; epic pattern of divine retribution for hubris

• ἔνθα κυβερνήτην Μενελάου Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων
• αἲ γάρ, Ζεῦ τε πάτερ καὶ Ἀθηναίη καὶ Ἄπολλον,
• Δήλῳ δή ποτε τοῖον Ἀπόλλωνος παρὰ βωμῷ

ἀπόμνυμι

swore; swore the oath 5 times

ἀπώμνυον, ἀπώμνυ, ἀπώμνυεν, ἀπώμοσα

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb

ἀπόμνυμι 'swear off/away' — completes the oath demanded in the previous lines.

• ὣς ἄρʼ ἔφη, γρῆυς δὲ θεῶν μέγαν ὅρκον ἀπώμνυ.
• ὣς ἐφάμην, ἡ δʼ αὐτίκʼ ἀπώμνυεν, ὡς ἐκέλευον.
• δειδίμεν· ἤδη γάρ τοι ἀπώμοσα καρτερὸν ὅρκον.

ἀπόπροθεν

far off; far away 4 times

ἀπόπροθεν

• ἀμφίπολοι, στῆθʼ οὕτω ἀπόπροθεν, ὄφρʼ ἐγὼ αὐτὸς
• Ὠγυγίη τις νῆσος ἀπόπροθεν εἰν ἁλὶ κεῖται·
• οἶος ποιμαίνεσκεν ἀπόπροθεν· οὐδὲ μετʼ ἄλλους

ἀπόπροθι

far away; far off 5 times

ἀπόπροθι

• δώματά θʼ ὑψερεφέα καὶ ἀπόπροθι πίονας ἀγρούς.
• πωλέʼ, ἐπεὶ μάλα πολλὸν ἀπόπροθι δώματα ναίεις·
• ἀθάνατοι, οὐδʼ εἴ τις ἀπόπροθι δώματα ναίει.

ἀποβαίνω

departed; went away; went off 16 times

ἀπέβη, ἀποβάντες, ἀποβῆναι, ἀπεβήσετο

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine; aorist active infinitive

• ἡ μὲν ἄρʼ ὣς εἰποῦσʼ ἀπέβη γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη,
• ὣς ἄρα φωνήσασʼ ἀπέβη γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη
• ὣς ἄρα φωνήσας ἀπέβη πρὸς δώματα πατρός,

ἀποβρίζω

having fallen asleep; having dozed off twice

ἀποβρίξαντες

ἀποβρίζω, rare verb meaning 'doze off'

• ἔνθα δʼ ἀποβρίξαντες ἐμείναμεν Ἠῶ δῖαν.
• ἔνθα δʼ ἀποβρίξαντες ἐμείναμεν Ἠῶ δῖαν.

ἀπογυμνόω

stripped bare once

ἀπογυμνωθέντα

ἀπογυμνωθέντα, 'made naked/disarmed,' vividly recalls Odysseus's actual vulnerability once weaponless in bed.

• μή σʼ ἀπογυμνωθέντα κακὸν καὶ ἀνήνορα θήῃ.

ἀποδίδωμι

gives back; we will repay; you gave back 3 times

ἀποδῷσιν, ἀποδώσομεν, ἀποδοῖτε

aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb; future active indicative, 1st plural verb; aorist active optative, 2nd plural verb

future ἀποδίδωμι 'give back' — suitors' bribe offer, echoing τιμήν ἀποδοῦναι formula.

• εἰς ὅ κέ μοι μάλα πάντα πατὴρ ἀποδῷσιν ἔεδνα,
• χαλκόν τε χρυσόν τʼ ἀποδώσομεν, εἰς ὅ κε σὸν κῆρ
• Εὐρύμαχʼ, οὐδʼ εἴ μοι πατρώϊα πάντʼ ἀποδοῖτε,

ἀποδιδράσκω

having fled; fleeing twice

ἀποδρὰς, ἀποδράς

ἀποδιδράσκω, "run away/escape"; part of the false tale Odysseus tells to explain his arrival.

• νῦν αὖ Θεσπρωτῶν ἀνδρῶν ἐκ νηὸς ἀποδρὰς
• ἐν κλισίῃ· πρῶτον γὰρ ἔμʼ ἵκετο νηὸς ἀποδράς·

ἀποδρύπτω

was stripped off; strip/flay twice

ἀπέδρυφθεν, ἀποδρύψωσι

aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb

ἀπέδρυφθεν completes the octopus simile begun two lines earlier

• ῥινοὶ ἀπέδρυφθεν· τὸν δὲ μέγα κῦμα κάλυψεν.
• ἢ ποδὸς ἢ καὶ χειρός, ἀποδρύψωσι δὲ πάντα.

ἀποθνήσκω

dying; had died 3 times

ἀποθνήσκων, ἀποτέθνασαν, ἀποθνῄσκων

present active participle, nominative singular masculine; pluperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb

pluperfect of ἀποθνήσκω: state already reached before speech-time

• βάλλον ἀποθνήσκων περὶ φασγάνῳ· ἡ δὲ κυνῶπις
• εὑρέμεναι δυνάμεσθα, βόες δʼ ἀποτέθνασαν ἤδη.
• κάλλιπʼ ἀποθνῄσκων ἐν δώμασιν ὑψηλοῖσι.

ἀποίχομαι

being away; absent, gone away; being gone, absent 10 times

ἀποιχομένοιο, ἀποιχομένου, ἀποίχεται

present medio-passive participle, genitive singular masculine; present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἀποιχομένοιο, genitive participle 'having gone away,' is the standard Homeric euphemism for Odysseus's uncertain fate/absence.

• ἠδʼ ἵνα μιν περὶ πατρὸς ἀποιχομένοιο ἔροιτο.
• ὢ πόποι, ἦ δὴ πολλὸν ἀποιχομένου Ὀδυσῆος
• θῆχʼ, ἵνα μιν περὶ πατρὸς ἀποιχομένοιο ἔροιτο

ἀποικίζω

settled once

ἀπῴκισε

ἀπῴκισε 'sent to live apart' — Neaera colonized her daughters far from other gods, isolating the sacred herds.

• Θρινακίην ἐς νῆσον ἀπῴκισε τηλόθι ναίειν,

ἀποκαίνυμαι

surpassed twice

ἀπεκαίνυτο

ἀποκαίνυμαι, a rare Homeric middle verb meaning "excel/surpass," governing an accusative of the persons outdone.

• τῇ δʼ αὖτʼ Εὐρύαλος ἀπεκαίνυτο πάντας ἀρίστους.
• οἶος δή με Φιλοκτήτης ἀπεκαίνυτο τόξῳ

ἀποκόπτω

cut through; cut off; I cut off 3 times

ἀπέκοψα, ἀπέκοψε

aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb

• ἤλασεν ἄγχι στάς· πέλεκυς δʼ ἀπέκοψε τένοντας
• τοῦ μὲν ὅσον τʼ ὄργυιαν ἐγὼν ἀπέκοψα παραστὰς
• καὶ τότʼ ἔπειτʼ ἀπέκοψα κόμην τανυφύλλου ἐλαίης,

ἀποκτείνω

killed; to kill; kill 7 times

ἀπέκτανον, ἀποκτεῖναι, ἀποκτάνῃ, ἀποκτείνεις, ἀποκτείνω, ἀπέκταμεν

aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active infinitive; aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb

subjunctive ἀποκτάνῃ is the verb the whole oath forbids — this is the very act that later dooms the crew.

• νῦν αὖ παῖδʼ ἀγαπητὸν ἀποκτεῖναι μεμάασιν
• ἢ βοῦν ἠέ τι μῆλον ἀποκτάνῃ· ἀλλὰ ἕκηλοι
• ἔνθʼ ἡμέων πολλοὺς μὲν ἀπέκτανον ὀξέϊ χαλκῷ,

ἀπολάμπω

shone; shone forth twice

ἀπέλαμπεν, ἀπελάμπετο

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἀστὴρ δ᾽ ὣς ἀπέλαμπεν, a simile-in-miniature comparing the robe's shine to starlight.

• ἀστὴρ δʼ ὣς ἀπέλαμπεν· ἔκειτο δὲ νείατος ἄλλων.
• τρίγληνα μορόεντα· χάρις δʼ ἀπελάμπετο πολλή.

ἀπολείβω

drips off once

ἀπολείβεται

the fine linen is so tightly woven that oil (used to finish/soften it) beads and runs off—an image of luxurious craftsmanship.

• καιρουσσέων δʼ ὀθονέων ἀπολείβεται ὑγρὸν ἔλαιον.

ἀπολήγω

might leave off; and cease; will you cease 3 times

ἀπολλήξειαν, ἀπολλήξωσι, ἀπολλήξεις

aorist active optative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb; future active indicative, 2nd singular verb

aorist optative ἀπολλήξειαν in a fear clause (μή...) — optative of wish/apprehension

• μή πώς μοι δείσαντες ἀπολλήξειαν ἑταῖροι
• ῥαῖσαι, ἵνʼ ἤδη σχῶνται, ἀπολλήξωσι δὲ πομπῆς
• οὐκέτʼ ἀπολλήξεις τὸν ἐμὸν γόνον ἐξερέουσα;

ἀπολυμαντήρ

spoiler; spoilers twice

ἀπολυμαντῆρα, ἀπολυμαντῆρες

accusative singular masculine noun; nominative plural masculine noun

ἀπολυμαντήρ, a harsh coinage: 'defiler/ruiner' of feasts, insulting Odysseus as a nuisance.

• πτωχὸν ἀνιηρόν δαιτῶν ἀπολυμαντῆρα;
• πτωχοὶ ἀνιηροί, δαιτῶν ἀπολυμαντῆρες;

ἀπομόργνυμι

wiped away; wiped twice

ἀπομόρξατο

middle voice ἀπομόρξατο, 'wiped away (his own) tear' — Odysseus hides his grief even from Eumaeus.

• ἐλθέμεν· αὐτὰρ ὁ νόσφιν ἰδὼν ἀπομόρξατο δάκρυ,
• καί ῥʼ ἀπομόρξατο χερσὶ παρειὰς φώνησέν τε·

ἀπονέομαι

to return; to return home 5 times

ἀπονέεσθαι

ἀπονέεσθαι, infinitive object of ὀΐω, epic form for 'come back'

• μητέρα ἣν ἐς πατρὸς ἀνωγέτω ἀπονέεσθαι·
• πρῶτος δὲ σταθμόνδε λιλαίεαι ἀπονέεσθαι
• ἠῶθεν προτὶ ἄστυ λιλαίομαι ἀπονέεσθαι

ἀπονίζω

having washed; washing; to wash 6 times

ἀπονιψαμένη, ἀπονίπτεσθαι, ἀπονίψατε, ἀπονιψάμενοι, ἀπονίζουσα, ἀπονίψαντες

aorist middle participle, nominative singular feminine; present medio-passive infinitive; aorist active imperative, 2nd plural verb

Aorist middle participle: she washes her own skin, self-benefit sense typical of middle voice.

• χρῶτʼ ἀπονιψαμένη καὶ ἐπιχρίσασα παρειάς·
• χρῶτʼ ἀπονίπτεσθαι καὶ ἐπιχρίεσθαι ἀλοιφῇ·
• ἀλλά μιν, ἀμφίπολοι, ἀπονίψατε, κάτθετε δʼ εὐνήν,

ἀπονίναμαι

had no joy; got no benefit; got no use 4 times

ἀπόνητο, ἀπονήμενος

aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine

ἀπονίναμαι, 'to get benefit/joy from', negated — Theseus never got to enjoy Ariadne.

• ἦγε μέν, οὐδʼ ἀπόνητο· πάρος δέ μιν Ἄρτεμις ἔκτα
• μοῦνον ἔμʼ ἐν μεγάροισι τεκὼν λίπεν οὐδʼ ἀπόνητο.
• θρέψε μέν, οὐδʼ ἀπόνητο, πάρος δʼ εἰς Ἴλιον ἱρὴν

ἀπονόσφι

apart from; far from; away, aside 6 times

ἀπονόσφιν, ἀπονόσφι

preposition; adverb

• οὐ γάρ οἱ τῇδʼ αἶσα φίλων ἀπονόσφιν ὀλέσθαι,
• πολλὸν ἀπʼ ἠπείρου, αὐτὸς δʼ ἀπονόσφι τραπέσθαι.
• εἰς Ἔρεβος στρέψας, αὐτὸς δʼ ἀπονόσφι τραπέσθαι

ἀπονοστέω

to return home; return home twice

ἀπονοστήσειν

future infinitive object of ὀΐω 'I think' - future infinitive expresses expected result, common after verbs of thinking/hoping.

• ἂψ ἀπονοστήσειν, εἰ καὶ μάλα πολλὰ πέπονθας.
• ἂψ ἀπονοστήσειν, ἀλλʼ αὐτοῦ πότμον ἐφέψειν.

ἀποξύνω

they smooth/shape; to smooth/shave twice

ἀποξύνουσιν, ἀποξῦναι

present active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active infinitive

infinitive of purpose after ἐκέλευσα: 'bade them shave it'

• πείσματα καὶ σπεῖρα, καὶ ἀποξύνουσιν ἐρετμά.
• καὶ παρέθηχʼ ἑτάροισιν, ἀποξῦναι δʼ ἐκέλευσα·

ἀποπαύω

cease from; will stop; stopped 3 times

ἀποπαύε, ἀποπαύσει, ἀπέπαυσας

present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb; future active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb

ἀποπαύσει 'will keep from' — future tense: invoking Crataeis will restrain Scylla from attacking again.

• οἶνον πινόντων· ταύτης δʼ ἀποπαύεʼ ἀοιδῆς
• ἥ μιν ἔπειτʼ ἀποπαύσει ἐς ὕστερον ὁρμηθῆναι.
• ὃς τοῦτον τὸν ἄναλτον ἀλητεύειν ἀπέπαυσας

ἀποπέμπω

send off; sent off; to send off 22 times

ἀποπέμψω, ἀπέπεμψε, ἀποπεμπέμεν, ἀπόπεμπε, ἀπέπεμπον, ἀπόπεμψον, ἀπεπέμπομεν, ἀποπέμπειν and 7 more

present active infinitive; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active imperative, 2nd singular verb

Aorist imperative: a single decisive command, 'send her off now.'

• μητέρα σὴν ἀπόπεμψον, ἄνωχθι δέ μιν γαμέεσθαι
• τὸν νῦν σʼ ἠνώγειν ἀποπεμπέμεν ὅττι τάχιστα·
• οὕτω νῦν ἀπόπεμπε, Διὸς δʼ ἐποπίζεο μῆνιν,

ἀποπλάζω

you were driven off course; driven astray; driven off course 4 times

ἀπεπλάγχθης, ἀποπλαγχθέντες, ἀποπλαγχθέντας

aorist passive indicative, 2nd singular verb; aorist passive participle, nominative plural masculine; aorist passive participle, accusative plural masculine

aorist passive of ἀποπλάζω, 'be driven astray'

• ὅππῃ ἀπεπλάγχθης τε καὶ ἅς τινας ἵκεο χώρας
• ἡμεῖς τοι Τροίηθεν ἀποπλαγχθέντες Ἀχαιοὶ
• νήσου ἀποπλαγχθέντας ἐν ἠεροειδέι πόντῳ.

ἀποπλέω

sailed away; had sailed; to sail back 3 times

ἀπέπλειον, ἀπέπλω, ἀποπλείειν

imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active infinitive

ἀπέπλω is a contracted/epic aorist form of ἀποπλέω, 3rd sg., without the usual -σε ending.

• βάντες ἀπέπλειον, πῦρ ἐν κλισίῃσι βαλόντες,
• ἀλλʼ ὅτε γαίης πολλὸν ἀπέπλω ποντοπόρος νηῦς,
• ἄστυδʼ ἀποπλείειν, ἵνα μὴ δείσασʼ ἐνὶ θυμῷ

ἀποπλήσσω

striking off once

ἀποπλήξας

ἀποπλήσσω: rare compound, 'strike off/knock off' — vivid, violent verb for beheading.

• τῷ οἱ ἀποπλήξας κεφαλὴν οὖδάσδε πελάσσαι,

ἀποπλύνω

kept washing once

ἀποπλύνεσκε

ἀποπλύνεσκε — iterative imperfect in -σκε, marking habitual repeated action: 'the sea used to wash.'

• λάιγγας ποτὶ χέρσον ἀποπλύνεσκε θάλασσα.

ἀποπροίημι

had sent off; let fly; had let fall 3 times

ἀποπροέηκε, ἀποπροίει

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἀποπροέηκε, a triple compound (ἀπό+πρό+ἵημι) intensifying the sense of sending far away, to the city.

• οἱ τρεῖς· τὸν δὲ τέταρτον ἀποπροέηκε πόλινδε
• ἰὸν ἀποπροίει, βάλε δὲ στῆθος παρὰ μαζόν,
• κείμενον, ὅ ῥʼ Ἀγέλαος ἀποπροέηκε χαμᾶζε

ἀπορρήγνυμι

breaking off once

ἀπορρήξας

ἀπορρήγνυμι: violently tearing off — sets up the mountain-peak missile as an act of raw superhuman rage.

• ἧκε δʼ ἀπορρήξας κορυφὴν ὄρεος μεγάλοιο,

ἀπορριγέω

shrink from once

ἀπερρίγασι

ἀπορριγέω, 'shudder away from/dread' — rare compound verb, vividly conveying the suitors' reluctance to formally court her at her father's house.

• οἳ πατρὸς μὲν ἐς οἶκον ἀπερρίγασι νέεσθαι

ἀπορρώξ

a stream; branch twice

ἀπορρώξ

ἀπορρώξ 'a broken-off portion, offshoot' - wine as a fragment of the gods' own drink

• ἀλλὰ τόδʼ ἀμβροσίης καὶ νέκταρός ἐστιν ἀπορρώξ.
• Κώκυτός θʼ, ὃς δὴ Στυγὸς ὕδατός ἐστιν ἀπορρώξ,

ἀποσπένδω

pouring libation 3 times

ἀποσπένδων

circumstantial participle marks the ritual solemnity of the oath — swearing while making a libation

• εὔχετʼ ἀποσπένδων, κούρῃ Διὸς αἰγιόχοιο.
• ὤμοσε δὲ πρὸς ἔμʼ αὐτόν, ἀποσπένδων ἐνὶ οἴκῳ,
• ὤμνυε δὲ πρὸς ἔμʼ αὐτόν, ἀποσπένδων ἐνὶ οἴκῳ,

ἀποσταδόν

standing apart twice

ἀποσταδὰ

Formulaic adverb: begging from a respectful distance rather than touching her.

• ἦ αὔτως ἐπέεσσιν ἀποσταδὰ μειλιχίοισι
• λίσσεσθαι ἐπέεσσιν ἀποσταδὰ μειλιχίοισι,

ἀποστείχω

go back; went away; went off 4 times

ἀποστείχειν, ἀπέστιχε, ἀπέστιχον

present active infinitive; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb

• οἴκαδʼ ἀποστείχειν ἔρδειν θʼ ἱερᾶς ἑκατόμβας
• ἡ μὲν ἔπειτʼ ἀνὰ νῆσον ἀπέστιχε δῖα θεάων·
• δὴ τότʼ ἐγὼν ἀνὰ νῆσον ἀπέστιχον, ὄφρα θεοῖσιν

ἀποστρέφω

turning back; would turn back; twisting back 4 times

ἀποστρέψαντε, ἀποστρέψαντες, ἀποστρέψασκε

aorist active participle, nominative dual masculine; aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb

Dual participle (ἀποστρέψαντε) agrees with σφῶϊ 'you two' — the dual number marks the pair of herdsmen acting together.

• οἱ μὲν ἀποστρέψαντες ἔβαν νέας ἀμφιελίσσας
• ἄκρον ὑπερβαλέειν, τότʼ ἀποστρέψασκε κραταιίς·
• σφῶϊ δʼ ἀποστρέψαντε πόδας καὶ χεῖρας ὕπερθεν

ἀποσφάλλω

drive astray once

ἀποσφήλωσιν

Aorist subjunctive ἀποσφήλωσιν in a general/indefinite relative clause ('whomever the storms first drive off').

• ἐλθέμεν, ὅν τινα πρῶτον ἀποσφήλωσιν ἄελλαι

ἀποτίνω

has paid for; will take revenge; taking revenge 17 times

ἀποτίσεται, ἀπέτισεν, ἀποτίνειν, ἀποτίσεαι, ἀποτῖσαι, ἀποτινύμενοι, ἀποτίσομαι, ἀποτίσῃ and 1 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; future indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active infinitive

middle participle of ἀποτίνω 'exact payment,' i.e. 'in retaliation.'

• πεῖθʼ ἀγαθὰ φρονέων· νῦν δʼ ἁθρόα πάντʼ ἀπέτισεν.
• ἤ κεν νοστήσας ἀποτίσεται, ἦε καὶ οὐκί,
• τῶν μʼ ἀποτινύμενοι κακὰ ῥέζετε δυσμενέοντες,

ἀποφθίνω

perished; I might perish; has perished 9 times

ἀπέφθιθεν, ἀπέφθιτο, ἀποφθίμην, ἀποφθιμένη, ἀποφθιμένου

aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἀποφθίνω, passive aorist 'were destroyed/perished' — marks the death of Odysseus's entire crew.

• ἔνθʼ ἄλλοι μὲν πάντες ἀπέφθιθεν ἐσθλοὶ ἑταῖροι,
• ἔνθʼ ἄλλοι μὲν πάντες ἀπέφθιθεν ἐσθλοὶ ἑταῖροι,
• ἔνθʼ ἄλλοι μὲν πάντες ἀπέφθιθεν ἐσθλοὶ ἑταῖροι,

ἀποφώλιος

foolish things; worthless; fruitless 4 times

ἀποφώλια, ἀποφώλιός, ἀποφώλιοι, ἀποφώλιος

nominative singular masculine adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective; nominative plural feminine adjective

ἀποφώλιος 'good-for-nothing' — a rare, colorful epic adjective used in litotes with οὐκ.

• ἦ δὴ ἀλιτρός γʼ ἐσσὶ καὶ οὐκ ἀποφώλια εἰδώς,
• οὐδὲ θεὸς τεύξειε, νόον δʼ ἀποφώλιός ἐσσι.
• τέξεις ἀγλαὰ τέκνα, ἐπεὶ οὐκ ἀποφώλιοι εὐναὶ

ἀποχάζομαι

stand back once

ἀποχάζεο

imperative middle, 'draw yourself back' — Teiresias must drink blood before Odysseus can question him.

• ἀλλʼ ἀποχάζεο βόθρου, ἄπισχε δὲ φάσγανον ὀξύ,

ἀποψύχω

fainting once

ἀποψύχοντα

ἀποψύχω 'breathe out/faint' — Laertes overwhelmed, echoing swoon-scenes elsewhere in epic.

• εἷλεν ἀποψύχοντα πολύτλας δῖος Ὀδυσσεύς.

ἀπύργωτος

unwalled once

ἀπύργωτόν

alpha-privative adjective, 'without walls' — echoes πύργωσαν wordplay

• πύργωσάν τʼ, ἐπεὶ οὐ μὲν ἀπύργωτόν γʼ ἐδύναντο

ἀπωθέω

you may drive off; to thrust out; drove back 7 times

ἀπώσεαι, ἀπῶσαι, ἀπέωσε, ἀπώσασθαι, ἀπώσατο, ἀπώσω, ἀπώσομεν

future indicative, 2nd singular verb; aorist active infinitive; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἀπῶσαι governs ἀέκουσαν ('unwilling her'): forcing out a mother against her will is the moral crux.

• ὅππως κε μνηστῆρας ἀπώσεαι ἐκ μεγάροιο.
• Ἀντίνοʼ, οὔ πως ἔστι δόμων ἀέκουσαν ἀπῶσαι
• καὶ Βορέης ἀπέωσε, παρέπλαγξεν δὲ Κυθήρων.

ἀράομαι

prayed; would pray; will call down 16 times

ἠρᾶτο, ἠρήσαντο, ἀρησαίατ, ἀρήσετ, ἠρώμην, ἠρήσατο, ἠρῶ, ἀρώμενος and 2 more

imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist optative, 3rd plural verb

ἀράομαι, middle voice — praying as something done for oneself/one's own benefit.

• πάντες κʼ ἀρησαίατʼ ἐλαφρότεροι πόδας εἶναι
• πάντες δʼ ἠρήσαντο παραὶ λεχέεσσι κλιθῆναι.
• δώσει, ἐπεὶ μήτηρ στυγερὰς ἀρήσετʼ ἐρινῦς

ἀράσσω

hammered together; were crushed; he would have crushed 5 times

ἄραξε, ἄρασσεν, ἀράχθη, ἄραξ

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb

σύν...ἄραξε tmesis: 'crushed together/utterly'

• γόμφοισιν δʼ ἄρα τήν γε καὶ ἁρμονίῃσιν ἄρασσεν.
• ἔνθα κʼ ἀπὸ ῥινοὺς δρύφθη, σὺν δʼ ὀστέʼ ἀράχθη,
• σύν κεν ἄραξʼ ἡμέων κεφαλὰς καὶ νήια δοῦρα

ἀράχνιον

spider webs; cobwebs twice

ἀράχνια

nominative plural neuter noun; accusative plural neuter noun

ἀράχνιον, the vivid simile-word comparing the god-forged bonds to something impossibly delicate

• ἠύτʼ ἀράχνια λεπτά, τά γʼ οὔ κέ τις οὐδὲ ἴδοιτο,
• χήτει ἐνευναίων κάκʼ ἀράχνια κεῖται ἔχουσα.

ἀράω

worn out; worn down; distressed 6 times

ἀρημένον, ἀρημένος

perfect medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine; perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine

perfect participle ἀρημένος 'worn out, overcome' governs the datives of means ὕπνῳ καὶ καμάτῳ

• ὕπνῳ καὶ καμάτῳ ἀρημένος· αὐτὰρ Ἀθήνη
• τίπτε τόσον, Πολύφημʼ, ἀρημένος ὧδʼ ἐβόησας
• γήραι ὕπο λιπαρῷ ἀρημένον· ἀμφὶ δὲ λαοὶ

ἀραβέω

clattered once

ἀράβησε

ἀράβησε, onomatopoeic verb for the clashing sound of armor — vivid battle sound-effect.

• δούπησεν δὲ πεσών, ἀράβησε δὲ τεύχεʼ ἐπʼ αὐτῷ.

ἀραρίσκω

fitted; fitted, fastened; satisfied 31 times

ἀραρυῖαν, ἀραρυῖαι, ἀραρυίας, ἄρσον, ἤραρε, ἄρμενον, ἀραρυῖα, ἄρσας and 10 more

perfect active participle, accusative singular feminine; perfect active participle, nominative plural feminine; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb

Aorist participle of ἀραρίσκω 'fit together/equip' — vivid technical verb for rigging a ship with its crew.

• νῆʼ ἄρσας ἐρέτῃσιν ἐείκοσιν, ἥ τις ἀρίστη,
• ὅπλισσόν τʼ ἤια καὶ ἄγγεσιν ἄρσον ἅπαντα,
• ἑξείης ποτὶ τοῖχον ἀρηρότες, εἴ ποτʼ Ὀδυσσεὺς

ἀργαλέος

grievous; hard; more grievous 26 times

ἀργαλέον, ἀργαλέῳ, ἀργαλέην, ἀργαλέων, ἀργαλέης, ἀργαλέος, ἀργαλεώτερον, ἀργαλέας and 3 more

nominative singular neuter adjective; dative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective

predicate adjective ἀργαλέον agrees with στόμα, 'the mouth is hard'

• μνηστύος ἀργαλέης, ἐπεὶ οὔ τινα δείδιμεν ἔμπης,
• ἡμέας ὀτρύνων καταπαυέμεν. ἀργαλέον δὲ
• οἰχομένοιο σέθεν δολιχὴν ὁδὸν ἀργαλέην τε.

Ἀργεῖος

of the Argives; the Argives; for the Argives 34 times

Ἀργείων, Ἀργεῖοι, Ἀργείοισιν, Ἀργείη, Ἀργείοις, Ἀργείους, Ἀργείοισι, Ἀργείην

genitive plural masculine adjective; dative plural masculine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective

Ἀργεῖοι, 'Argives,' is Homer's regular term for the Greeks at Troy collectively.

• Ἀργείων παρὰ νηυσὶ χαρίζετο ἱερὰ ῥέζων
• Ἀργείων οἱ ἄριστοι ἔβαν κοίλῃς ἐνὶ νηυσίν·
• Ἀργεῖοι, μετὰ δέ σφιν ἔβη πολύμητις Ὀδυσσεύς.

Ἀργειφόντης

slayer of Argus; slayer of Argos; Slayer of Argus 13 times

ἀργεϊφόντης, ἀργεϊφόντην, ἀργεϊφόντῃ

nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

Ἀργειφόντης, a fixed Homeric epithet for Hermes (Argus-slayer), always paired with his name in this formula.

• Ἑρμείαν πέμψαντες, ἐύσκοπον ἀργεϊφόντην,
• Ἑρμείαν μὲν ἔπειτα διάκτορον ἀργεϊφόντην
• ὣς ἔφατʼ, οὐδʼ ἀπίθησε διάκτορος ἀργεϊφόντης.

ἀργής

blazing 4 times

ἀργῆτι

• Ζεύς, ὅς μιν κατέπεφνε βαλὼν ἀργῆτι κεραυνῷ.
• οἶον, ἐπεί οἱ νῆα θοὴν ἀργῆτι κεραυνῷ
• οἶον, ἐπεί μοι νῆα θοὴν ἀργῆτι κεραυνῷ

ἀργιόδους

white-tusked 7 times

ἀργιόδοντος, ἀργιόδοντες, ἀργιόδοντας, ἀργιοδόντων

genitive singular masculine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective; accusative plural masculine adjective

Formulaic Homeric epithet for boars, built from ἀργός 'bright' + ὀδούς 'tooth.'

• ὀκτὼ δʼ ἀργιόδοντας ὕας, δύο δʼ εἰλίποδας βοῦς·
• ἀργιόδοντος ὑός, θαλερὴ δʼ ἦν ἀμφὶς ἀλοιφή·
• νωλεμέως κτείνοντο σύες ὣς ἀργιόδοντες,

ἀργός

swift; white, gleaming 4 times

ἀργοὶ, ἀργὴν

nominative plural masculine adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective

ἀργός 'swift/glistening-white' — stock epithet for hunting dogs

• οὐκ οἶος, ἅμα τῷ γε δύω κύνες ἀργοὶ ἕποντο.
• αἰετὸς ἀργὴν χῆνα φέρων ὀνύχεσσι πέλωρον,
• ἔγχος ἔχων· ἅμα τῷ γε δύω κύνες ἀργοὶ ἕποντο.

ἀργύρεος

silver; of silver 21 times

ἀργυρέοιο, ἀργύρεον, ἀργυρέῃ, ἀργυρέας, ἀργύρεος, ἀργύρεοι, ἀργυρέη, ἀργυρέῳ

genitive singular masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; dative singular feminine adjective

• καλῇ χρυσείῃ, ὑπὲρ ἀργυρέοιο λέβητος,
• ἀργυρέῃ, ἐπὶ δὲ κληῖδʼ ἐτάνυσσεν ἱμάντι.
• καλῇ χρυσείῃ ὑπὲρ ἀργυρέοιο λέβητος,

ἀργυρόηλος

silver-studded 9 times

ἀργυρόηλον, ἀργυροήλου

genitive singular masculine adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

ἀργυρόηλος 'silver-nailed' — a mark of the honor now being restored to Odysseus, raised from the ashes to a fine seat.

• ἄλλʼ ἄγε δὴ ξεῖνον μὲν ἐπὶ θρόνου ἀργυροήλου
• τῷ δʼ ἄρα Ποντόνοος θῆκε θρόνον ἀργυρόηλον
• ὣς εἰπὼν ἐν χερσὶ τίθει ξίφος ἀργυρόηλον

ἀργυρόπεζα

silver-footed once

ἀργυρόπεζα

fixed Homeric epithet of Thetis, ἀργυρόπεζα

• ἀργυρόπεζα Θέτις· μάλα γὰρ φίλος ἦσθα θεοῖσιν.

ἀργυρότοξος

silver-bowed 3 times

ἀργυρότοξος

stock epithet for Apollo, marking his role as archer-god who deals sudden death

• τὸν μὲν ἄκουρον ἐόντα βάλʼ ἀργυρότοξος Ἀπόλλων
• ἐλθὼν ἀργυρότοξος Ἀπόλλων Ἀρτέμιδι ξὺν
• αἲ γὰρ Τηλέμαχον βάλοι ἀργυρότοξος Ἀπόλλων

ἀρέσκω

let him appease; will appease; having appeased 4 times

ἀρεσσάσθω, ἀρέσσομαι, ἀρεσσάμενος, ἀρεσσάμενοι

aorist middle imperative, 3rd singular verb; future middle indicative, 1st singular verb; aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine

3rd-singular aorist middle imperative: a command about a third party, 'let him make amends.'

• Εὐρύαλος δέ ἑ αὐτὸν ἀρεσσάσθω ἐπέεσσι
• τοιγὰρ ἐγὼ τὸν ξεῖνον ἀρέσσομαι, ὡς σὺ κελεύεις.
• τούτου, ὃ δή μοι δῶκας ἀρεσσάμενος ἐπέεσσιν.

ἀρείων

better; a better man; braver 8 times

ἄρειον, ἀρείους, ἀρείω, ἀρείων, ἀρείον

nominative plural masculine comparative adjective; accusative singular masculine comparative adjective; accusative singular neuter comparative adjective

ἀρείων, comparative of ἀγαθός—contrasts with κακίους to complete the proverb's balance.

• οἱ πλέονες κακίους, παῦροι δέ τε πατρὸς ἀρείους.
• Αἴγισθος δολόμητις, ἐπεὶ κτάνε πολλὸν ἀρείω;
• ἐσθλήν· οὐ μὲν γὰρ τοῦ γε κρεῖσσον καὶ ἄρειον,

ἀρετή

excellence; in valor; in excellence 21 times

ἀρετῆς, ἀρετὴν, ἀρετῇ, ἀρετῇσι, ἀρετή, ἀρετήν

accusative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun

ἀρετή here means Penelope's outstanding virtue/merit, not moral 'virtue' abstractly — the suitors compete over her quality as a woman.

• εἵνεκα τῆς ἀρετῆς ἐριδαίνομεν, οὐδὲ μετʼ ἄλλας
• ἀρχοὶ μνηστήρων, ἀρετῇ δʼ ἔσαν ἔξοχʼ ἄριστοι.
• παντοίῃς ἀρετῇσι κεκασμένον ἐν Δαναοῖσιν,

ἀρή

ruin, harm; ruin, curse 3 times

ἀρὴν, ἀρήν

• οἷος Ὀδυσσεὺς ἔσκεν, ἀρὴν ἀπὸ οἴκου ἀμῦναι.
• οἷος Ὀδυσσεὺς ἔσκεν, ἀρὴν ἀπὸ οἴκου ἀμῦναι.
• Μέντορ, ἄμυνον ἀρήν, μνῆσαι δʼ ἑτάροιο φίλοιο,

Ἀρήτη

Arete; Arete's 13 times

Ἀρήτη, Ἀρήτην, Ἀρήτης, Ἀρήτῃ

nominative singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun

Ἀρήτη, the queen's name — etymologically linked to ἀρή/prayer, fitting her role as one 'prayed to' for help.

• Ἀρήτη δʼ ὄνομʼ ἐστὶν ἐπώνυμον, ἐκ δὲ τοκήων
• Ἀρήτην· τὴν δʼ Ἀλκίνοος ποιήσατʼ ἄκοιτιν,
• ἀμφὶ δʼ ἄρʼ Ἀρήτης βάλε γούνασι χεῖρας Ὀδυσσεύς,

ἀρηίφιλος

dear to Ares once

ἀρηΐφιλος

epithet ἀρηίφιλος 'Ares-beloved', formulaic warrior epithet for Menelaus.

• ὣς φάτο, μερμήριξε δʼ ἀρηΐφιλος Μενέλαος,

Ἀρητιάδης

son of Aretias; of lord Aretias twice

Ἀρητιάδαο

Patronymic Ἀρητιάδης, 'son of Aretias' — layered genealogy typical of epic naming.

• Νίσου φαίδιμος υἱός, Ἀρητιάδαο ἄνακτος,
• Νίσου φαίδιμος υἱός, Ἀρητιάδαο ἄνακτος·

ἀρίγνωτος

recognizable; easily known; notorious 5 times

ἀρίγνωτ, ἀρίγνωτος, ἀριγνώτη, ἀρίγνωτε

nominative plural neuter adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular feminine adjective

ἀρίγνωτος, "easily known," epic compound adjective — the son of a great father is easy to spot.

• ῥεῖα δʼ ἀρίγνωτος γόνος ἀνέρος ᾧ τε Κρονίων
• ῥεῖά τʼ ἀριγνώτη πέλεται, καλαὶ δέ τε πᾶσαι·
• ῥεῖα δʼ ἀρίγνωτʼ ἐστί, καὶ ἂν πάϊς ἡγήσαιτο

ἀριδείκετος

most renowned; preeminent 7 times

ἀριδείκετε, ἀριδείκετον

vocative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

ἀριδείκετος 'greatly distinguished', a superlative-force compound epithet used in formal address.

• Ἀλκίνοε κρεῖον, πάντων ἀριδείκετε λαῶν,
• Ἀλκίνοε κρεῖον, πάντων ἀριδείκετε λαῶν,
• Ἀλκίνοε κρεῖον, πάντων ἀριδείκετε λαῶν,

ἀριθμέω

will count; I counted; let me count 5 times

ἀριθμήσει, ἠρίθμεον, ἀριθμήσω, ἠρίθμει, ἀριθμήσας

future active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb; aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verb

• φώκας μέν τοι πρῶτον ἀριθμήσει καὶ ἔπεισιν·
• ἠρίθμεον, ἀρχὸν δὲ μετʼ ἀμφοτέροισιν ὄπασσα·
• ἀλλʼ ἄγε δὴ τὰ χρήματʼ ἀριθμήσω καὶ ἴδωμαι,

ἀριθμός

number; in the ranks 3 times

ἀριθμόν, ἀριθμῷ

accusative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

ἀριθμῷ literally 'in number/count' — idiom for being counted among the adult men.

• ζατρεφέας, πάσας δʼ ἄρʼ ἐπῴχετο, λέκτο δʼ ἀριθμόν·
• νήπιος, ὅς που νῦν γε μετʼ ἀνδρῶν ἵζει ἀριθμῷ,
• ἀλλὰ πολὺ πλέονες· τάχα δʼ εἴσεαι ἐνθάδʼ ἀριθμόν.

ἀριπρεπής

striking; distinguished; splendid 4 times

ἀριπρεπές, ἀριπρεπέες, ἀριπρεπέ

nominative singular neuter adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective

ἀριπρεπής, intensive ἀρι- prefix 'very conspicuous'

• ὡς καὶ σοὶ εἶδος μὲν ἀριπρεπές, οὐδέ κεν ἄλλως
• δώδεκα γὰρ κατὰ δῆμον ἀριπρεπέες βασιλῆες
• δεῦρο, γύναι, φέρε χηλὸν ἀριπρεπέʼ, ἥ τις ἀρίστη·

ἀριστερός

our left; the left; on the left 3 times

ἀριστέρ, ἀριστερὰ, ἀριστερὸς

accusative plural neuter adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

ἐπ᾽ ἀριστέρ᾽ ἔχοντες, 'keeping on the left', a stock nautical phrase in Homer.

• νήσου ἔπι Ψυρίης, αὐτὴν ἐπʼ ἀριστέρʼ ἔχοντες,
• ποντοπορευέμεναι ἐπʼ ἀριστερὰ χειρὸς ἔχοντα.
• ἤρτυον· αὐτὰρ ὁ τοῖσιν ἀριστερὸς ἤλυθεν ὄρνις,

ἀριστεύς

the best; best men; the noblest men 9 times

ἀριστῆας, ἀριστῆες, ἀριστῆος, ἀριστήων, ἀριστήεσσιν

accusative plural masculine noun; nominative plural masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun

ἀριστῆες, 'best men/champions' — ironic here, describing suitors plotting an ambush.

• ἤδη γάρ σε μνῶνται ἀριστῆες κατὰ δῆμον
• ὅσσαι ἀριστήων ἄλοχοι ἔσαν ἠδὲ θύγατρες.
• ἄνδρας ἀριστῆας, κακὰ δυσμενέεσσι φυτεύων,

ἀριφραδής

clear; unmistakable, clear; unmistakable 6 times

ἀριφραδές, ἀριφραδὲς, ἀριφραδέα

accusative singular neuter adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective

• σῆμα δέ τοι ἐρέω μάλʼ ἀριφραδές, οὐδέ σε λήσει·
• εἰ δʼ ἄγε δή, καὶ σῆμα ἀριφραδὲς ἄλλο τι δείξω,
• ἀλλʼ ἄγε τοι καὶ σῆμα ἀριφραδὲς ἄλλο τι εἴπω,

Ἀρκεισιάδης

son of Arceisius; of Arceisius 3 times

Ἀρκεισιάδαο, Ἀρκεισιάδην, Ἀρκεισιάδη

genitive singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; vocative singular masculine noun

patronymic in -άδης, epic naming convention

• πάγχυ θεοῖς μακάρεσσι γονὴν Ἀρκεισιάδαο
• Λαέρτην Ἀρκεισιάδην πατέρʼ ἔμμεναι αὐτῷ.
• ὦ Ἀρκεισιάδη, πάντων πολὺ φίλταθʼ ἑταίρων,

Ἀρναῖος

Arnaeus once

Ἀρναῖος

his birth name, later nicknamed Irus (see l6).

• Ἀρναῖος δʼ ὄνομʼ ἔσκε· τὸ γὰρ θέτο πότνια μήτηρ

ἀρνέομαι

refuses; to refuse; let refuse 6 times

ἀρνεῖται, ἀρνήσασθαι, ἀρνείσθω, ἠρνεῖτο

present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist medio-passive infinitive; present medio-passive imperative, 3rd singular verb

3rd-person imperative ἀρνείσθω: a formal prohibition/command, 'let no one refuse.'

• ἡ δʼ οὔτʼ ἀρνεῖται στυγερὸν γάμον οὔτε τελευτὴν
• μηδέ τις ἀρνείσθω. καλέσασθε δὲ θεῖον ἀοιδὸν
• οὐκ ἔστʼ οὐδὲ ἔοικε τεὸν ἔπος ἀρνήσασθαι.

ἀρνειός

ram; a ram; of rams 10 times

ἀρνειὸν, ἀρνειὸς, ἀρνειῶν, ἀρνειούς, ἀρνειοῦ

accusative singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun; genitive plural masculine noun

ἀρνειός specifies a male ram, paired with θῆλυς 'female' ewe next — the standard male/female sacrificial pair.

• ἀντιόων ταύρων τε καὶ ἀρνειῶν ἑκατόμβης.
• ἀρνειούς τε τράγους τε, βαθείης ἔκτοθεν αὐλῆς.
• ἀρνειὸς γὰρ ἔην μήλων ὄχʼ ἄριστος ἁπάντων,

ἀρνευτήρ

a diver once

ἀρνευτῆρι

simile: the falling helmsman is likened to a diving bird/man, ἀρνευτήρ

• πάντʼ ἄμυδις κεφαλῆς· ὁ δʼ ἄρʼ ἀρνευτῆρι ἐοικὼς

ἀρνός

of lambs; lambs 5 times

ἀρνῶν, ἄρνες, ἄρνας

genitive plural masculine noun; nominative plural masculine noun; accusative plural masculine noun

• καὶ Λιβύην, ἵνα τʼ ἄρνες ἄφαρ κεραοὶ τελέθουσι.
• ἀρνῶν ἠδʼ ἐρίφων· διακεκριμέναι δὲ ἕκασται
• καρπαλίμως ἐπὶ νῆα θοὴν ἐρίφους τε καὶ ἄρνας

Ἀρτακίη

Artacia once

Ἀρτακίην

proper name of the spring, marking this scene's specific local geography

• Ἀρτακίην· ἔνθεν γὰρ ὕδωρ προτὶ ἄστυ φέρεσκον·

ἀρτίπους

sound of foot once

ἀρτίπος

ἀρτίπος, 'sound-footed', pointed contrast with Hephaestus's own lameness in the next clause.

• οὕνεχʼ ὁ μὲν καλός τε καὶ ἀρτίπος, αὐτὰρ ἐγώ γε

ἀρτίφρων

sensible once

ἀρτίφρων

ἀρτίφρων 'sound of wits'; litotes-tinged understatement mocking the man's vagueness

• οὔ τι μάλʼ ἀρτίφρων, ἐπεὶ οὐ τόλμησεν ἕκαστα

ἀρτύνω

fitted; will prepare; will provide 7 times

ἀρτυνέουσιν, ἠρτύναντο, ἀρτύνοντας, ἀρτύναντες, ἀρτύναντε

future active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active participle, accusative plural masculine

Present participle ἀρτύνοντας 'contriving/framing' pictures ongoing fabrication, not a single act.

• οἱ δὲ γάμον τεύξουσι καὶ ἀρτυνέουσιν ἔεδνα
• οἱ δὲ γάμον τεύξουσι καὶ ἀρτυνέουσιν ἔεδνα
• ἠρτύναντο δʼ ἐρετμὰ τροποῖς ἐν δερματίνοισιν,

ἀρτύω

was readying; is preparing; was weaving 5 times

ἤρτυε, ἀρτύει, ἤρτυεν, ἤρτυον

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb

ἀρτύω 'fit together/contrive' — the same verb used of preparing an ambush or plot.

• ἀλλήλοις· ἐπὶ γὰρ Ζεὺς ἤρτυε πῆμα κακοῖο·
• ἀρτύει, οὐδέ τι οἶδεν ὅ οἱ φόνος υἷι τέτυκται.
• σοὶ δὲ Κλυταιμνήστρη δόλον ἤρτυε τηλόθʼ ἐόντι.

ἀρχή

beginning; the beginning; the start 8 times

ἀρχῆς, ἀρχήν, ἀρχὴ, ἀρχὴν

genitive singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun

ἀρχή here = 'starting point' — the bow contest literally launched the killing.

• ἐξ ἀρχῆς, εἴ πέρ τε γέροντʼ εἴρηαι ἐπελθὼν
• οἵ τέ οἱ ἐξ ἀρχῆς πατρώιοί εἰσιν ἑταῖροι.
• χρησόμενος· τότε γάρ ῥα κυλίνδετο πήματος ἀρχὴ

ἀρχός

leaders; as leader; captain 7 times

ἀρχοὶ, ἀρχὸν, ἀρχὸς

nominative plural masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun

• ἀρχοὶ δʼ αὖ δύο μοῦνοι Ἀχαιῶν χαλκοχιτώνων
• ἀρχοὶ μνηστήρων, ἀρετῇ δʼ ἔσαν ἔξοχʼ ἄριστοι.
• οἵ οἱ ἕποντʼ· ἐν δʼ ἀρχὸν ἐγὼ βαίνοντʼ ἐνόησα

ἀσάμινθος

the bath; bathtubs; bathing-tubs 10 times

ἀσαμίνθου, ἀσαμίνθους, ἀσάμινθον, ἀσαμίνθων

genitive singular feminine noun; accusative plural feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun

ἀσάμινθος: Homeric word for a bathtub, rare outside epic

• ἔκ ῥʼ ἀσαμίνθου βῆ δέμας ἀθανάτοισιν ὁμοῖος·
• ἔς ῥʼ ἀσαμίνθους βάντες ἐυξέστας λούσαντο.
• ὃς Μενελάῳ δῶκε δύʼ ἀργυρέας ἀσαμίνθους,

ἀσκέω

having smoothed; working with skill; fashioning 3 times

ἀσκήσας, ἀσκήσασα

aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine

• ἡ μὲν τὸν πτύξασα καὶ ἀσκήσασα χιτῶνα,
• ἀσκήσας, ἵνʼ ἄγαλμα θεὰ κεχάροιτο ἰδοῦσα.
• ἑρμῖνʼ ἀσκήσας, τέτρηνα δὲ πάντα τερέτρῳ.

ἀσκελής

unrelentingly; unyieldingly; worn out 3 times

ἀσκελὲς, ἀσκελέες

accusative singular neuter adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective

• ἀλλὰ Ποσειδάων γαιήοχος ἀσκελὲς αἰεὶ
• μηκέτι, Ἀτρέος υἱέ, πολὺν χρόνον ἀσκελὲς οὕτω
• τρηχείης Ἰθάκης. νῦν δʼ ἀσκελέες καὶ ἄθυμοι,

ἀσκηθής

unharmed; unscathed 6 times

ἀσκηθὴς, ἀσκηθής, ἀσκηθέες

nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective

• ὥς κε μάλʼ ἀσκηθὴς ἣν πατρίδα γαῖαν ἵκηται,
• ὥς κε μάλʼ ἀσκηθὴς ἣν πατρίδα γαῖαν ἵκηται.
• ὥς κε μάλʼ ἀσκηθὴς σὴν πατρίδα γαῖαν ἵκηαι,

ἀσκός

skin; a wineskin; wineskin 7 times

ἀσκὸν, ἀσκῷ

accusative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

ἀσκῷ: the wineskin of winds given by Aeolus — key prop of the whole episode.

• ἐν δέ οἱ ἀσκὸν ἔθηκε θεὰ μέλανος οἴνοιο
• ἀσκῷ ἐν αἰγείῳ· κούρη δʼ ἐπεβήσετʼ ἀπήνης.
• βῆν· ἀτὰρ αἴγεον ἀσκὸν ἔχον μέλανος οἴνοιο

ἀσπάζομαι

greeted; embraced 3 times

ἠσπάζοντο, ἠσπάζοντ

• χερσίν τʼ ἠσπάζοντο καὶ ἑδριάασθαι ἄνωγον.
• χερσίν τʼ ἠσπάζοντο ἔπεσσί τε μειλιχίοισι·
• αἱ μὲν ἄρʼ ἀμφεχέοντο καὶ ἠσπάζοντʼ Ὀδυσῆα,

ἀσπάσιος

gladly; welcome 13 times

ἀσπασίως, ἀσπάσιος, ἀσπάσιοι, ἀσπάσιον

adverb; nominative plural masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

ἀσπάσιοι agrees with the implied subjects (Odysseus and Penelope), 'welcome/glad.'

• δάκρυα θερμὰ χέοντʼ, ἐπεὶ ἀσπασίως ἴδε γαῖαν.
• ὡς δʼ ὅτʼ ἂν ἀσπάσιος βίοτος παίδεσσι φανήῃ
• ἀσπάσιον δʼ ἄρα τόν γε θεοὶ κακότητος ἔλυσαν,

ἀσπαίρω

writhing; struggled; gasping 6 times

ἀσπαίροντα, ἀσπαίροντες, ἤσπαιρε, ἤσπαιρον

present active participle, accusative singular masculine; present active participle, nominative plural masculine; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb

Accusative participle agreeing with the fawn, describing it as it struggles.

• ἡ μὲν τὸν θνήσκοντα καὶ ἀσπαίροντα ἰδοῦσα
• ἀσπαίροντα δʼ ἔπειτα λαβὼν ἔρριψε θύραζε,
• ὣς οἵ γʼ ἀσπαίροντες ἀείροντο προτὶ πέτρας·

ἀσπαστός

welcome 7 times

ἀσπαστὸν, ἀσπαστὸς

nominative singular neuter adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

• ὣς Ὀδυσεῖ ἀσπαστὸν ἐείσατο γαῖα καὶ ὕλη,
• ὣς φάν, τῷ δʼ ἀσπαστὸν ἐείσατο κοιμηθῆναι.
• ὣς φάτο, τῇ δʼ ἀσπαστὸν ἐείσατο κοιμηθῆναι.

ἀσπίς

a shield; shields; shield 3 times

ἀσπίδα, ἀσπίδας, ἀσπὶς

accusative singular feminine noun; accusative plural feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun

• σταίη, ἔχων πήληκα καὶ ἀσπίδα καὶ δύο δοῦρε,
• ἐσφόρεον κόρυθάς τε καὶ ἀσπίδας ὀμφαλοέσσας
• οὐδέ πη ἀσπὶς ἔην οὐδʼ ἄλκιμον ἔγχος ἑλέσθαι.

ἀστερόεις

starry 4 times

ἀστερόεντα, ἀστερόεντος

accusative singular masculine adjective; genitive singular masculine adjective

stock Homeric epithet for the night sky, "studded with stars"

• εὔχετο χεῖρʼ ὀρέγων εἰς οὐρανὸν ἀστερόεντα·
• οὔθʼ ὁπότʼ ἂν στείχῃσι πρὸς οὐρανὸν ἀστερόεντα,
• χαίρεσκον μὲν ἰὼν εἰς οὐρανὸν ἀστερόεντα,

ἀστράγαλος

vertebrae; at the joints twice

ἀστραγάλων

ἀστράγαλοι literally 'ankle-bones/vertebrae,' the exact anatomical detail of Elpenor's broken neck.

• ἀστραγάλων ἐάγη, ψυχὴ δʼ Ἄϊδόσδε κατῆλθεν.
• ἀστραγάλων ἐάγη, ψυχὴ δʼ Ἄϊδόσδε κατῆλθε.

ἀσφαλής

secure; unfalteringly; steadily 4 times

ἀσφαλέως, ἀσφαλὲς

adverb; accusative singular neuter adjective

• Οὔλυμπόνδʼ, ὅθι φασὶ θεῶν ἕδος ἀσφαλὲς αἰεὶ
• τερπόμενοι λεύσσουσιν· ὁ δʼ ἀσφαλέως ἀγορεύει
• ἡ δὲ μάλʼ ἀσφαλέως θέεν ἔμπεδον· οὐδέ κεν ἴρηξ

Ἀσφαλίων

Asphalion once

Ἀσφαλίων

a minor named attendant, typical Homeric detail giving even small roles a proper name.

• ὣς ἔφατʼ, Ἀσφαλίων δʼ ἄρʼ ὕδωρ ἐπὶ χεῖρας ἔχευεν,

ἀσφόδελος

asphodel 3 times

ἀσφοδελὸν

ἀσφοδελὸν λειμῶνα 'meadow of asphodel', the fixed Homeric name for the underworld meadow of the dead.

• φοίτα μακρὰ βιβᾶσα κατʼ ἀσφοδελὸν λειμῶνα,
• θῆρας ὁμοῦ εἰλεῦντα κατʼ ἀσφοδελὸν λειμῶνα,
• ἤϊσαν· αἶψα δʼ ἵκοντο κατʼ ἀσφοδελὸν λειμῶνα,

ἀσχαλάω

are chafing; chafes; grieving 3 times

ἀσχαλόωσι, ἀσχαλάᾳ, ἀσχαλόων

present active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active participle, nominative singular masculine

ἀσχαλάω 'to be impatient/vexed,' a rare verb outside Homer used for the crew's restless waiting.

• ἠδʼ ἑτάρους, οἵ πού με μάλʼ ἀσχαλόωσι μένοντες·
• γήμασθʼ, ἀσχαλάᾳ δὲ πάϊς βίοτον κατεδόντων,
• κτήσιος ἀσχαλόων, τήν οἱ κατέδουσιν Ἀχαιοί.

ἀτάρ

but; and; then 459 times

αὐτὰρ, ἀτὰρ, αὐτάρ, ἀτάρ

particle; conjunction

• θέλγει, ὅπως Ἰθάκης ἐπιλήσεται· αὐτὰρ Ὀδυσσεύς,
• αὐτὰρ ἐγὼν Ἰθάκηνδʼ ἐσελεύσομαι, ὄφρα οἱ υἱὸν
• χαῖρε, ξεῖνε, παρʼ ἄμμι φιλήσεαι· αὐτὰρ ἔπειτα

ἀτάσθαλος

reckless; reckless deeds; reckless things 15 times

ἀτάσθαλα, ἀτάσθαλον, ἀτασθάλῳ, ἀτάσθαλ, ἀτάσθαλοι

accusative plural neuter adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective

ἀτάσθαλος 'reckless, wicked' is a stock epic term for lawless behavior, echoing the suitors' crime.

• οἵ τέ μοι ὑβρίζοντες ἀτάσθαλα μηχανόωνται.
• κεῖνος δʼ οὔ ποτε πάμπαν ἀτάσθαλον ἄνδρα ἐώργει.
• ἀλλʼ ὁ μὲν ὤλεσε λαὸν ἀτάσθαλον, ὤλετο δʼ αὐτός·

ἀτασθαλία

recklessness; reckless follies; by their follies, recklessness 9 times

ἀτασθαλίῃσιν, ἀτασθαλίῃσι, ἀτασθαλίαι, ἀτασθαλίας

dative plural feminine noun; nominative plural feminine noun; accusative plural feminine noun

ἀτασθαλίῃσιν, the key Homeric theistic-theodicy word: human wrongdoing, not fate, causes extra suffering — Zeus's whole point in this speech.

• αὐτῶν γὰρ σφετέρῃσιν ἀτασθαλίῃσιν ὄλοντο,
• σφῇσιν ἀτασθαλίῃσιν ὑπὲρ μόρον ἄλγεʼ ἔχουσιν,
• τούτου γὰρ καὶ κεῖνοι ἀτασθαλίῃσιν ὄλοντο.

ἀτέλεστος

unfulfilled; to no end 4 times

ἀτέλεστος, ἀτέλεστ, ἀτέλεστον, ἀτέλεστα

nominative singular feminine adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective

• οὔ τοι ἔπειθʼ ἁλίη ὁδὸς ἔσσεται οὐδʼ ἀτέλεστος.
• ἤ κʼ ἀτέλεστʼ εἴη, ὥς οἱ φίλον ἔπλετο θυμῷ·
• μὰψ αὔτως, ἀτέλεστον, ἀνηνύστῳ ἐπὶ ἔργῳ.

ἀτέμβω

she thwarts; being cheated; cheated of 5 times

ἀτεμβόμενος, ἀτέμβειν, ἀτέμβει

present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine; present active infinitive; present active indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἀτέμβω, 'deprive/cheat of' — expresses Odysseus' concern for a fair division of the spoils.

• ἐξ οὗ ἀτέμβει θυμὸν ἐνὶ στήθεσσιν Ἀχαιῶν.
• δασσάμεθʼ, ὡς μή τίς μοι ἀτεμβόμενος κίοι ἴσης.
• δασσάμεθʼ, ὡς μή τίς μοι ἀτεμβόμενος κίοι ἴσης.

ἀτελής

unfulfilled, half once

ἀτελὴς

ἀτελής, 'not brought to completion' — 'no incomplete death', i.e. death will surely happen

• τῷ κε καὶ οὐκ ἀτελὴς θάνατος μνηστῆρσι γένοιτο

ἀτερπής

joyless 3 times

ἀτερπέα, ἀτερπέι

dative singular adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

• πέτρῃς πρὸς μεγάλῃσι βαλὸν καὶ ἀτερπέι χώρῳ·
• ἰχθῦς δʼ ὣς πείροντες ἀτερπέα δαῖτα φέροντο.
• ἤλυθες, ὄφρα ἴδῃ νέκυας καὶ ἀτερπέα χῶρον;

ἀτιμάζω

dishonor; dishonoring; dishonors 15 times

ἀτιμάζουσι, ἀτιμάζει, ἀτιμάζοντες, ἀτιμάζουσιν, ἀτιμάζοντας

present active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active participle, nominative plural masculine

ἀτιμάζω 'dishonor/scorn' — Nausicaa fears gossip about marrying a foreigner

• ἄλλοθεν· ἦ γὰρ τούσδε γʼ ἀτιμάζει κατὰ δῆμον
• αἰὲν ἀτιμάζει, φιλέει δʼ ἀίδηλον Ἄρηα,
• ἦ μιν ἀτιμάζουσιν ἀνʼ Ἑλλάδα τε Φθίην τε,

ἀτιμάω

to dishonor; dishonor; dishonors 6 times

ἀτιμῆσαι, ἀτιμήσουσι, ἀτιμᾷ, ἀτιμήσασ, ἀτίμα, ἀτίμων

aorist active infinitive; future active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active indicative, 3rd singular verb

Aorist infinitive after an understood 'it is (wrong)' — epexegetic infinitive.

• ξεῖνον ἀτιμῆσαι· πρὸς γὰρ Διός εἰσιν ἅπαντες
• εἰ δέ μʼ ἀτιμήσουσι δόμον κάτα, σὸν δὲ φίλον κῆρ
• ἠδʼ ὅτις οὐκ ἀλέγει, σὲ δʼ ἀτιμᾷ τοῖον ἐόντα.

ἀτιτάλλω

to rear; I rear; being reared 6 times

ἀτιτάλλω, ἀτίταλλε, ἀτιταλλέμεναί, ἀτιταλλομένην

present active indicative, 1st singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active infinitive

paired infinitives κομέειν...ἀτιταλλέμεναί, near-synonyms for nurturing — epic doubling for emphasis.

• ἀθανάτων· σὺ δὲ τοὺς κομέειν ἀτιταλλέμεναί τε.
• ἧμαι, ἄλλοισιν δὲ σύας σιάλους ἀτιτάλλω
• ὡς ὅδε χῆνʼ ἥρπαξʼ ἀτιταλλομένην ἐνὶ οἴκῳ

ἀτραπός

paths; track; the path 3 times

ἀτραπιτοί, ἀταρπὸν, ἀταρπιτοῦ

nominative plural feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun

ἀτραπός is feminine despite the -ον ending, hence feminine adjective τρηχεῖαν agreeing with it.

• ἀτραπιτοί τε διηνεκέες λιμένες τε πάνορμοι
• αὐτὰρ ὁ ἐκ λιμένος προσέβη τρηχεῖαν ἀταρπὸν
• ἰσχίῳ· οὐδέ μιν ἐκτὸς ἀταρπιτοῦ ἐστυφέλιξεν,

Ἀτρείδης

son of Atreus; sons of Atreus; of the son of Atreus 48 times

Ἀτρεΐδη, Ἀτρεΐδης, Ἀτρεΐδαο, Ἀτρεΐδην, Ἀτρεΐδῃ, Ἀτρεΐδῃσι, Ἀτρεΐδεω, Ἀτρείδης and 3 more

vocative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun

Patronymic epithet (Ἀτρεΐδης) for Menelaus/Agamemnon, a formulaic epic tag.

• ὡς καὶ νῦν Αἴγισθος ὑπὲρ μόρον Ἀτρεΐδαο
• ἐκ γὰρ Ὀρέσταο τίσις ἔσσεται Ἀτρεΐδαο,
• ἥ τʼ ἔριν Ἀτρεΐδῃσι μετʼ ἀμφοτέροισιν ἔθηκε.

ἀτρεκής

truly; truthfully; exactly 25 times

ἀτρεκέως, ἀτρεκὲς

adverb; accusative singular neuter adjective

• ἀλλʼ ἄγε μοι τόδε εἰπὲ καὶ ἀτρεκέως κατάλεξον·
• τοιγὰρ ἐγώ τοι ταῦτα μάλʼ ἀτρεκέως ἀγορεύσω.
• ἀλλʼ ἄγε μοι τόδε εἰπὲ καὶ ἀτρεκέως κατάλεξον,

Ἀτρεύς

of Atreus 3 times

Ἀτρέος

• τίς νύ τοι, Ἀτρέος υἱέ, θεῶν συμφράσσατο βουλάς,
• μηκέτι, Ἀτρέος υἱέ, πολὺν χρόνον ἀσκελὲς οὕτω
• ὢ πόποι, ἦ μάλα δὴ γόνον Ἀτρέος εὐρύοπα Ζεὺς

ἀτρύγετος

barren 12 times

ἀτρύγετον, ἀτρυγέτοιο

accusative singular masculine adjective; genitive singular masculine adjective; genitive singular feminine adjective

ἀτρύγετος, 'unharvestable/barren', a standing Homeric epithet for the sea as unfarmable, unlike land.

• Φόρκυνος θυγάτηρ ἁλὸς ἀτρυγέτοιο μέδοντος,
• πόντον ἐπʼ ἀτρύγετον κακὰ πάσχειν οὐδʼ ἀλάλησθαι.
• ὅς τε κατὰ δεινοὺς κόλπους ἁλὸς ἀτρυγέτοιο

Ἀτρυτώνη

Atrytone; Unwearied One twice

Ἀτρυτώνη

Ἀτρυτώνη 'Unwearied One', a cult epithet of Athena used in formulaic prayers.

• κλῦθί μευ, αἰγιόχοιο Διὸς τέκος, Ἀτρυτώνη,
• κλῦθί μευ, αἰγιόχοιο Διὸς τέκος, Ἀτρυτώνη·

ἀυτή

cry; war-cry, battle-din; the outcry 4 times

ἀϋτή, ἀυτή, ἀυτήν

nominative singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun

• ὥς τέ με κουράων ἀμφήλυθε θῆλυς ἀυτή·
• οἳ Τρώων μὲν ὑπεξέφυγον στονόεσσαν ἀυτήν,
• αὐτούς τʼ ἔκτεινον· τάχα δʼ ἐς πόλιν ἵκετʼ ἀϋτή.

ἀυτμή

blast; breath; blast (heat) 8 times

ἀϋτμή, ἀυτμήν, ἀυτμένα, ἀυτμὴ, ἀυτμή

nominative singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

ἀυτμή 'blast/breath' as subject of εὗσεν — vivid sensory personification of heat.

• ἐφράσατο, λιγέων δʼ ἀνέμων ἐπʼ ἀυτμένα χεῦε,
• πάντα δέ οἱ βλέφαρʼ ἀμφὶ καὶ ὀφρύας εὗσεν ἀυτμὴ
• ὄρσας ἀργαλέων ἀνέμων ἀμέγαρτον ἀυτμήν;

ἀφαιρέω

took away; lifting away; takes away 6 times

ἀφείλετο, ἀφελὼν, ἀφαιρεῖται, ἀφεῖλε, ἀφελώμεθα

aorist middle indicative, third singular; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb

• ἤσθιον· αὐτὰρ ὁ τοῖσιν ἀφείλετο νόστιμον ἦμαρ.
• ῥηιδίως ἀφελὼν θυρεὸν μέγαν· αὐτὰρ ἔπειτα
• ἀλλά τε καὶ τῶν αἰὲν ἀφαιρεῖται λὶς πέτρη·

ἀφανδάνω

displeases once

ἀφανδάνει

ἀφανδάνω, negative compound of ἁνδάνω 'to please' — 'fails to please, is unwelcome'.

• εἰ δʼ ὑμῖν ὅδε μῦθος ἀφανδάνει, ἀλλὰ βόλεσθε