Words of the Odyssey 1732 Studios

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Words of the Odyssey · 461 headwords

Each word with its meanings, its forms, and the lines it stands in.

κάθημαι

sitting; I sit; was sitting 22 times

καθήμενος, καθήμενοι, καθήμενον, ἧμαι, καθῆστο, ἥμεθα, καθημένω

perfect participle, nominative singular masculine; perfect middle participle, nominative singular masculine; perfect participle, nominative plural masculine

Perfect-stem participle καθήμενος used with present sense, 'sitting'.

κάλλιμος

lovely; fair; beautiful 6 times

κάλλιμα, κάλλιμον, κάλλιμος

accusative plural neuter adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

κάλλος

beauty; in beauty; with beauty 8 times

κάλλος, κάλλεϊ, κάλλεος

accusative singular neuter noun; dative singular neuter noun; genitive singular neuter noun

διὰ κάλλος 'because of beauty' — accusative of cause with διά.

κάματος

weariness; by weariness; toil 13 times

καμάτῳ, κάματος, καμάτοιο, κάματον

dative singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun

κάμμορος

ill-fated; ill-fated man; poor wretch 5 times

κάμμορε, κάμμορον

vocative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

vocative κάμμορε 'wretched/ill-fated one' — Calypso's tender address to Odysseus

κάμνω

worn out; wearied; labor to build 14 times

κεκμηῶτα, καμόντων, ἔκαμον, κάμοιεν, ἐκάμοντο, κάμ, κάμνεις, κάμῃσι and 3 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; perfect active participle, accusative singular masculine; aorist active participle, genitive plural masculine

Aorist middle ἐκάμοντο, 'made for themselves,' contrary-to-fact with κέ: what never happened.

κάνεον

basket; baskets; a basket 11 times

κανέοισιν, κανέοιο, κανέῳ, κάνεον, κάνεια, κανέου

genitive singular neuter noun; dative plural neuter noun; dative singular neuter noun

κάρα

head; his head; heads 22 times

κάρη, κάρητος, κράτων

accusative singular neuter noun; accusative plural neuter noun; genitive singular neuter noun

κάρη κομόωντας 'long-haired' is a fixed heroic epithet for the Achaeans, describing warrior hairstyle.

κάρηνον

peaks; heads 8 times

κάρηνα, καρήνων

accusative plural neuter noun; genitive plural neuter noun

κάρηνα, lit. 'heads,' figuratively 'peaks/summits' of the mountains — bodily metaphor common in Greek.

κάρτος

strength; in strength; might, power 5 times

κάρτος, κάρτεϊ

nominative singular neuter noun; dative singular neuter noun; accusative singular neuter noun

κάρτος, accusative of respect, 'best with regard to strength'

κάρφω

I will shrivel; withered twice

κάρψω, κάρψεν

future active indicative, 1st singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb

Athena's disguise-spell: a string of first-person futures (κάρψω, ὀλέσω, ἕσσω, κνυζώσω) piling up her transformation of Odysseus.

κάτειμι

was coming down; coming in; I go down 4 times

κατήιεν, κατιόντα, κάτειμι, κατιοῦσαν

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active participle, accusative singular masculine; present active indicative, 1st singular verb

κάτειμι 'to go/come down', describing the ship sailing in toward the harbor.

κάτος

throughout, down once

κάτα

κάτα is κατά in anastrophe (accent shifted back) governing δόμον - common Homeric word order.

Καδμεῖος

Cadmeans once

Καδμείων

the Thebans, named for founder Cadmus

καθάπτω

addressing; rebuking; attacking, assailing 8 times

καθαπτόμενος, καθαπτόμενοι

present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine; present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine

καθαπτόμενος, lit. 'laying hold of' (with words) — idiom for turning to address someone directly.

καθαίρω

cleansed; to clean; clean 7 times

καθῆραι, κάθηράν, κάθηρεν, καθήρατε, καθαίρειν, κάθαιρον, καθήραντες

aorist active infinitive; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb

καθαιρέω

lays low; we took down; closing 6 times

καθέλῃσι, καθείλομεν, καθελοῦσα

aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb; aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine

Subjunctive in a general future condition ("whenever fate should take him") governed by ὅτε κεν.

καθέζομαι

sitting down; sat down; let us sit 9 times

καθέζετο, καθεζόμενος, καθεζώμεσθα, καθεζομένω, καθέζετ, καθεζομένη

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive subjunctive, 1st plural verb; present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine

καθέζομαι, deponent 'took his seat,' governing πρύμνῃ as location.

καθέννυμι

clothed twice

καταειμένον

perfect passive participle, nominative singular neuter; perfect passive participle, accusative singular neuter

καθέννυμι perfect passive 'clothed/clad' — the mountain is poetically dressed in forest, like a person in a garment.

καθεύδω

slept; they sleep; to sleep 6 times

καθεῦδε, καθεύδετον, καθεύδειν

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active indicative, 3rd dual verb; present active infinitive

3rd dual ending -τον marks 'the two of them,' distinct from plural.

καθίζω

sat down; they sat down; took seats 23 times

καθῖζον, καθίζει, καθεῖσεν, κάθισαν, καθίζων, καθῖζε, καθῖζεν, καθίσασα and 1 more

imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active indicative, 3rd singular verb

καθίζει 'seats/convenes'; paired with λύει for the goddess's power over the assembly's start and end.

καίνυμαι

excelled; surpassed; excelling 9 times

ἐκέκαστο, κεκασμένον, ἐκαίνυτο, κέκαστο, κέκασσαι, κεκάσμεθα

pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; perfect medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb

pluperfect ἐκέκαστο, 'had long surpassed' — stresses his established, longstanding skill

καίω

burned; he burned; were burned 23 times

ἔκηε, ἐκάη, ἔκαιον, κήαντες, καῖε, καίετο, καιομένης, κῆαι and 9 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἐκάη is aorist passive of καίω with the older -η- ending, common in epic passives.

κακόξενος

more ill-guested once

κακοξεινώτερος

κακοξεινώτερος, comparative of the rare compound κακόξενος 'having bad luck with guests', coined for this taunt.

κακός

evil; evils; evil things 249 times

κακὰ, κακὸν, κακῶς, κακῶν, κακόν, κακά, κάκ, κακὸς and 23 more

accusative plural neuter adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

Comparative of κακός, 'more base/vulgar'; sets up the imagined gossip that follows in direct quotation.

κακότης

disaster; misfortune; from misery 18 times

κακότητα, κακότητος, κακότητι

accusative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun

Genitive of separation with λύω: 'freed him from misery' — the genitive marks what he is released from.

κακόω

do not vex; already vexed; fouled 5 times

κάκου, κεκακωμένον, κεκακωμένος, κακῶσαι, ἐκακώσατε

present active imperative, 2nd singular verb; perfect medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine; perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine

κάκου, present imperative — with μηδέ 'do not' it forms a prohibition, addressed to Penelope.

κακομήχανος

schemer of evil once

κακομήχανε

κακομήχανε, a striking compound vocative insult—'evil-deviser', direct address of contempt.

κακορραφία

through malice; evil scheme twice

κακορραφίῃσι, κακορραφίῃ

dative plural feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun

κακορραφίῃσι 'evil devisings/malice', a rare compound noun (κακός+ῥάπτω 'stitch together evil').

καλάμη

the stubble once

καλάμην

καλάμη 'stubble' — a rustic metaphor: from the withered stalk you can still guess the grain once stood tall.

καλέω

having called; calling; call 52 times

καλέονται, καλέσας, καλέσσας, καλεῦντες, κάλει, καλέουσι, καλεσσάμενος, καλέσασα and 23 more

aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active indicative, 3rd plural verb

dual participle 'the two having called', again marking the special pairing of the brothers

καλλίζωνος

fair-girdled once

καλλιζώνων

καλλίζωνος, a stock feminine epithet 'beautiful-girdled' — formulaic praise of women's dress/figure.

καλλίρους

fair-flowing twice

καλλιρόοιο, καλλίροον

genitive singular masculine adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective

καλλιρόοιο, compound epithet 'beautiful-flowing', typical of Homeric river descriptions

καλλίσφυρος

lovely-ankled twice

καλλίσφυρος, καλλίσφυρον

nominative singular feminine adjective; accusative singular feminine noun

καλλίσφυρος, standard Homeric beauty-epithet for goddesses, here Ino.

καλλίτριχος

fine-fleeced twice

καλλίτριχα

epic compound epithet 'beautiful-haired', standard formula for flocks

καλλικρήδεμνος

fair-veiled once

καλλικρήδεμνοι

καλλικρήδεμνος: compound epithet 'beautiful-headscarfed,' a formulaic marker of married women.

καλλιπάρηος

lovely-cheeked; fair-cheeked twice

καλλιπάρῃος

compound epithet καλλιπάρῃος, 'fair-cheeked'—typical of Helen's beauty formulas.

καλλιπλόκαμος

lovely-braided; fair-haired twice

καλλιπλοκάμοιο

καλλιπλόκαμος, a formulaic beauty-epithet for goddesses, here marking Circe's divine allure.

καλός

fine; fair; beautiful 168 times

καλὰ, καλὸν, καλά, καλῇ, καλὴν, κάλλιον, καλόν, κάλλιστον and 21 more

accusative plural neuter adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

κάλλιόν, neuter comparative of καλός used impersonally as predicate with ἐστι, 'it is better'

καλύπτω

covered; wrapped; hidden, covered 21 times

κάλυψε, ἐκάλυψαν, κάλυψεν, καλυψάμενος, κεκαλυμμένοι, κεκαλυμμένος, καλυφθείς, καλύψατο and 5 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; perfect medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine

Middle voice: he covers his own head, echoing κάλυψε of line 85.

Καλυψώ

Calypso; of Calypso; from Calypso 23 times

Καλυψώ, Καλυψὼ, Καλυψοῦς

nominative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun

Καλυψώ named at the line's end, launching the next episode — a classic Homeric enjambment hook.

καμινώ

at the oven once

καμινοῖ

dative names: 'old-woman-at-the-oven'—a vivid mocking simile for rapid chatter.

καναχέω

rang out once

κανάχησε

καναχέω, an onomatopoeic verb for a clanging/ringing noise, here of bronze struck by the falling leg.

καπνός

smoke; with smoke; the smoke 12 times

καπνὸν, καπνοῦ, καπνόν, καπνὸς, καπνῷ

accusative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun

smoke rising from one's own hearth is a Homeric shorthand for home itself — Odysseus longs simply to glimpse Ithaca's chimney-smoke.

καρδία

heart; my heart; the heart 24 times

κραδίη, κραδίῃ, κραδίην

nominative singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun

Vocative: Odysseus addresses his own heart as if a separate person.

καρπός

fruit; wrist; grain 9 times

καρπόν, καρπῷ, καρπὸς

accusative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun

καρτερός

strong; mighty; binding 11 times

καρτερὸς, καρτερὸν, καρτεροὶ

nominative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective

predicate adjective: 'you (will be/are) mighty' — no linking verb needed in Greek

κασίγνητος

brothers; of brothers; brother 14 times

κασιγνήτῳ, κασίγνητοι, κασίγνητοί, κασιγνήτοις, κασιγνήτων, κασιγνήτου, κασιγνήτοιο, κασιγνήτοισι and 1 more

nominative plural masculine noun; dative plural masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

Κασσάνδρη

Cassandra's once

Κασσάνδρης

Genitive of the possessor/victim before the relative clause; Priam's daughter, prophetess.

κατά

down; throughout; in 374 times

κατὰ, κατ, κὰδ, κάτα, καθ, κὰκ, κάτ, κατά and 1 more

κατά + accusative 'down along/over' the limbs vividly pictures weariness spreading through the body, not just abstractly 'affecting' it.

κατάγω

were heading in; they came to land; we brought to land 8 times

κατάγοντο, κατήγαγεν, κατάγων, κατηγαγόμεσθα, κατήγετο

imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active participle, nominative singular masculine

κατάγοντο is medio-passive: intransitive 'were putting in/heading to shore,' not a transitive 'bringing something in.'

κατάρχω

began the rite once

κατήρχετο

κατήρχετο: the ritual first-act of sprinkling water/barley that opens Greek sacrifice

καταβάλλω

cast down; dropped twice

κάββαλε, κάββαλεν

καββάλλω is καταβάλλω with epic assimilation (κατα- > καββ-) before consonant.

καταβαίνω

went down; to go down; came down 16 times

κατεβήσετο, καταβῆναι, κατέβαιν, καταβάς, καταβήμεναι, κατεβαίνομεν, καταβὰς, καταβᾶσα and 3 more

aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active infinitive; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine

aorist imperative, brisk command to leave the upper room

καταβλώσκω

roaming about once

καταβλώσκοντα

Vivid rare verb καταβλώσκω 'to roam/wander through', paints Eumaeus lingering in town.

καταγηράσκω

grew old; grow old twice

κατεγήρα, καταγηράσκουσιν

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active indicative, 3rd plural verb

καταγηράσκουσιν, gnomic present stating a general truth about mortal suffering and aging.

καταγινέω

used to bring down once

καταγίνεον

imperfect indicative; the epic uncontracted -εον ending of -έω verbs here gives a habitual sense in context, but is not itself an iterative-aspect marker (contrast the true -σκον iterative suffix in φέρεσκον at b10-l108-w7).

καταδάπτω

tore apart; is torn twice

κατέδαψαν, καταδάπτετ

aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb

καταδάπτω 'rend, devour' — a grim image of the corpse left unburied, denied proper funeral rites.

καταδαρθάνω

lie down to sleep; lay down to sleep; lay down 5 times

κατέδραθον, καταδράθω, καδδραθέτην

aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb; aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb

καταδαρθάνω, from κατά + δαρθάνω 'to sleep'; used for 'fall asleep' in Homer and later Attic prose/comedy alike, not a mainly-Homeric word.

καταδέομαι

tied up; tethered 4 times

κατέδησεν, κατέδησαν

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb

καταδέω

bound fast; bound up; he bound up 6 times

κατέδησε, κατέδει, κατέδησαν, καταδήσῃ

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb

καταδέω 'bind down' — Athena restrains the winds' 'paths' as if they were roads that could be closed off.

καταδύω

setting; having set; went down 22 times

καταδύντα, κατέδυ, καταδυσόμεθ, καταδὺς, καταδῦναι, καταδύντι

aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; future middle indicative, 1st plural verb

unusual timing for an assembly — sunset, hinting at the brothers' disorderly haste

καταθέλγω

had bewitched once

κατέθελξεν

καταθέλγω 'enchant utterly' — Circe's drugs tame wild beasts into eerie tameness, a key motif of her magic.

καταθνήσκω

dead; who have perished; were to die 11 times

κατατεθνηώτων, κατατεθνηυίης, κατατεθναίη, κατατεθνηῶτας

perfect active participle, genitive plural masculine; perfect active participle, genitive singular feminine; perfect active optative, 3rd singular verb

perfect optative in an unreal/hypothetical protasis ("not even if his mother and father were to die") — the published translation uses the conditional, not a simple past.

καταθύμιος

on my mind once

καταθύμιόν

καταθύμιος, 'in accordance with the θυμός'—an idiom for what one is intent on saying.

καταιβατός

descendable once

καταιβαταὶ

καταιβαταὶ, rare verbal adjective 'able to be gone down through' — the door mortals use

καταικίζω

are tarnished; were tarnished twice

κατῄκισται

καταικίζω 'disfigure, spoil' — perfect passive, the weapons' current ruined state.

καταισχύνω

disgrace; shame; to shame 4 times

καταισχύνητέ, καταισχύνειν, καταισχύνοντα

aorist active subjunctive, 2nd plural verb; present active infinitive; present active participle, accusative singular masculine

μή τι καταισχύνειν, purpose infinitive continuing the sense of εἴσεαι — 'not to disgrace...'

κατακείρω

devour, waste; you were plundering; ravaged 3 times

κατακείρετε, κατεκείρετε, κατέκειραν

present active indicative, 2nd plural verb; imperfect active indicative, 2nd plural verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb

κατακείω

intending to lie down; about to lie down; go lie down 10 times

κακκείοντες, κατακείετε, κατάκειτ, κατέκειτ, κατακείομεν, κατέκειτο

future active participle, nominative plural masculine; future active indicative, 2nd plural verb; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb

κακκείοντες is a rare future participle expressing purpose/desire ('longing to go to bed'), a distinctly Homeric formation.

κατακοσμέω

you set in order once

κατακοσμήσησθε

Aorist subjunctive after ἐπήν ('whenever'), a general-future temporal clause.

κατακρύπτω

hiding; disguising; they hide 5 times

κατακρύπτων, κατακρύπτουσιν, κατακρύψας, κατακρύψασ, κατακρύψασα

aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine; present active participle, nominative singular masculine; present active indicative, 3rd plural verb

κατακρύψασ᾽, aorist participle — she conceals the cups under her cloak before carrying them off.

κατακτείνω

killed; having killed; to kill 20 times

κατέκτανε, κατέκτανον, κατακτείνει, κατέκταθεν, κατακτάμεν, κατάκτανε, κατακτάς, κατακτὰς and 10 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active infinitive

epic passive κατέκταθεν (root κτείνω) with -θεν ending, an old aorist passive form

καταλέγω

recount; tell; told 56 times

κατάλεξον, καταλέξω, κατέλεξας, κατέλεξα, κατέλεξεν, καταλέγμενος, καταλέξεται, καταλέξῃ and 9 more

aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb; future active indicative, 1st singular verb; aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb

καταλέξω, future of καταλέγω 'recount in order,' signals a formal, detailed narration to follow

καταλείπω

left behind; he left behind; leave behind 17 times

κατέλειπεν, κάλλιπ, κατέλειπον, κάλλιπεν, κατελείπομεν, καταλείπειν, καλλιπέειν, κάλλιπον

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 1st plural verb

Imperfect καταλείπομεν, 'we were leaving behind' — nostalgic view of Penelope as a young bride.

καταλοφάδεια

across the neck once

καταλοφάδεια

Rare adverb 'slung across the shoulders/neck', hapax-like formulaic detail.

καταλύω

shall we unyoke once

καταλύσομεν

καταλύσομεν: deliberative subjunctive, 'shall we unyoke?', asking for a decision rather than stating a fact.

κατανεύω

nodded assent; nodding; he nodded assent 6 times

κατένευσε, κατανεύων, κατένευσας, καννεύσας, κατένευσεν

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb

κατανεύω, 'nod down' in assent — the same verb used of Zeus's binding nod, here of Menelaus's promise.

καταπαύω

we will stop; restrain; to restrain 5 times

καταπαυέμεν, καταπαύσομεν, καταπαύετε, κατέπαυσα

present active infinitive; aorist active subjunctive, 1st plural verb; present active indicative, 2nd plural verb

καταπαυέμεν, epic infinitive ending -έμεν (=-εῖν), archaic alternate form.

καταπρηνής

flat 3 times

καταπρηνεῖ, καταπρηνέσσ, καταπρηνέσσι

dative plural feminine adjective; dative singular feminine adjective

καταπρηνεῖ 'palm-down, flat' — vivid physical detail of the striking blow

καταριγηλός

a horror once

καταριγηλὰ

καταριγηλός 'causing shudders' is a rare epic coinage, found almost only here

κατατήκω

melt away; melts down; melted 3 times

κατατήκομαι, κατατήκετ, κατέτηξεν

present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb

κατατήκομαι 'I waste/melt away' — vivid metaphor of grief consuming the heart

κατατίθημι

laid down; set down; stowed away 38 times

κατέθηκε, κάτθεσαν, κατέθηκεν, κατέθεντο, κατέθηκ, κατέθηκα, κατέθηχ, καταθήσει and 13 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb; aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb

κατα-τίθημι 'lay down, set down'.

κατατρύχω

wear down twice

κατατρύχω, κατατρύχῃ

present active subjunctive, 1st singular verb; present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb

subjunctive after ἵνα μή, negative purpose clause

καταφθίω

perished; of a dead man; will destroy 5 times

καταφθίσθαι, καταφθιμένοιο, κατέφθιτο, καταφθίσει, καταφθιμένοισιν

aorist middle infinitive; aorist participle, genitive singular masculine; aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb

aorist infinitive after ὤφελες ('would that you had'), an unfulfilled-wish idiom — a cruel taunt to the seer.

καταχέω

poured down once

κατέχευε

κατέχευε closes the simile, echoing περιχεύεται from l232: Athena 'pours' grace like gold over silver.

καταχεύω

poured; poured down; tumbled 7 times

κατέχευεν, κατέχευε, κατέχυνθ, κατέχευας, καταχεύῃ

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb

καταχεύω, 'pour down over'—Athena's divine beautification motif recurs several times in the poem.

κατέδω

devour; they eat up; devouring 9 times

κατέδουσιν, κατέδουσι, κατεδόντων, κατέδονται

present active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active participle, genitive plural masculine; future middle indicative, 3rd plural verb

κατέδουσιν, vivid present ‘eat up’ for the suitors consuming Odysseus's estate.

κατέπεφνον

slew; killed; he killed 11 times

κατέπεφνεν, κατέπεφνε, κατέπεφνον

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb

κατέπεφνον is a rare old aorist (no present stem), 'slay,' used only in epic formula.

κατέρχομαι

had come down; came down; we came down 16 times

κατήλυθον, κατήλθομεν, κατερχομένης, κατελεύσομαι, κατῆλθεν, κατῆλθε, κατέρχεται, κατελθέμεν

aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb

κατήλυθον, 'came down (to the shore),' uses the epic aorist stem of κατέρχομαι rather than the later κατῆλθον.

κατέχω

stayed; was held; holds 10 times

καθέξει, κατέσχετ, κατείχετο, κατέχει, κατέσχεν, κάτεχ, κατάσχῃ, κατέσχετο and 1 more

future active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb

κατέσχετ' from κατέχω 'held back/put in' — Menelaus's ship stopped there.

κατείβω

was draining away; down-flowing; let fall 3 times

κατείβετο, κατειβόμενον, κατείβετον

imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive participle, nominative singular neuter; present active indicative, 2nd dual verb

κατείβετο 'trickled/melted away' — vivid metaphor for his life ebbing like liquid

κατερύκω

held back; is held back; holds back 13 times

κατέρυκε, κατερύκεται, κατερύκει, κατερύκομαι

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active indicative, 3rd singular verb

κατερύκεται is passive — Odysseus is the object of restraint, not an agent; sets up the theme of captivity by Calypso.

κατερύω

was drawn down; he hauled down; is hauled down 4 times

κατειρύσθαι, κατείρυσεν, κατείρυσται

perfect medio-passive infinitive; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb

κατερύω: 'drag down', standard verb for launching a ship into the sea

κατεσθίω

devoured once

κατήσθιε

imperfect: she ate them one after another, ongoing horror

κατηρεφής

arched overhead; roofed over; vaulted 3 times

κατηρεφές

accusative singular neuter adjective; nominative singular neuter adjective

κατηρεφές ('roofed over') pictures the wave curling like a roof above him before it breaks.

κατηφέω

were downcast once

κατήφησάν

κατηφέω 'be downcast/ashamed', paired with ἀκάχοντο for emotional intensity

κατίσχω

is held, occupied; bring in twice

καταΐσχεται, κατισχέμεναι

present passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active infinitive

κατίσχω 'hold/steer to shore' - Agamemnon's warning to land the ship quietly

Καύκωνες

Cauconians once

Καύκωνας

a lesser-known people near Pylos, adding local color to Nestor/Athena's disguised itinerary

κέλευθος

paths; ways; his way 22 times

κέλευθα, κελεύθου, κέλευθον, κελεύθους, κέλευθοι

accusative plural neuter noun; genitive singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun

ὑγρὰ κέλευθα 'watery paths/ways' is a fixed epic kenning for the sea-routes

κέλλω

we beached; having beached; beach (it) 5 times

ἐκέλσαμεν, κελσάσῃσι, κέλσαι

aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb; aorist active participle, dative plural feminine; aorist imperative, 2nd singular verb

aorist participle κέλλω, agreeing with νηυσὶ (dative absolute-like sense)

κέλομαι

bids; bid; you bid 34 times

κέλεται, κέλεαι, κέλομαι, ἐκέκλετο, κελόμην, κέλονται, κέκλετο, κελέσθω and 6 more

present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb

κέλομαι and ἄνωγα paired for emphasis—'I urge and command,' typical epic doubling of near-synonyms.

κέρας

horn; horns; on horns 9 times

κέρασιν, κεράων, κέρα, κέρας, κεράεσσι

dative plural neuter noun; genitive plural neuter noun; accusative singular neuter noun

simile: eyes as unmoving as horn or iron, showing Odysseus's iron self-control

κέρδος

cunning wiles; of gains; cunning ways 11 times

κέρδεα, κέρδε, κέρδος, κέρδεά, κερδέων, κέρδεσιν

accusative plural neuter noun; accusative singular neuter noun; genitive plural neuter noun

κέρδεα 'cunning schemes' — object of the participle νωμῶν, showing Telemachus deliberately staging Odysseus's disguise.

κεάζω

split; shattered; I would shatter 7 times

ἐκέασσε, κεάσαιμι, κέασε, κεάσσαι, κεκεασμένα, κέασαν

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active optative, 1st singular verb; aorist active infinitive

Aorist optative expresses Zeus's resolved future intention, a potential-wish nuance.

κεδνός

faithful; trusty; honored 13 times

κεδνὰ, κεδνὴ, κεδνῇ, κεδνότατός, κεδνοῖο, κεδνὴν

nominative singular feminine adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective; dative singular feminine adjective

κεδνότατος: superlative of κεδνός, 'most trusty/careful' — paired with κήδιστος for emphasis.

κείρω

wasting; devour it; waste it 9 times

κείρετ, ἔκειρον, ἐκείρετε, κείρασθαί, κείροντας, κείροντό, κείροντες

present active imperative, 2nd plural verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb; imperfect active indicative, 2nd plural verb

κείρετε, literally 'shear, cut down' — a harsh, almost violent verb for the suitors stripping Odysseus's estate.

κείω

to lie; splitting wood; meaning to lie down 7 times

κείων, κειέμεν, κείοντες, κείω, κείουσα

present active participle, nominative singular masculine; present active infinitive; present active participle, nominative plural masculine

κείων here in context of chopping/splitting, a rarer sense of the verb 'to split/cut'.

κεῖμαι

lay; lies; lie 90 times

κεῖται, κεῖτ, κεῖτο, ἔκειτο, κείμενον, κείμην, κείμεθ, κέονται and 15 more

present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine

κεῖμαι serves as the perfect/stative passive of τίθημι — 'was lying/stored', common for treasure at rest.

κεῖνος

that man; that one; she 37 times

κεῖνος, κεῖνός, κείνη, κεῖνα, κείνῳ, κείνης, κείνοισι, κείνω and 3 more

nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine pronoun; nominative singular feminine adjective

κεῖνος refers back to the son (Telemachus) just mentioned in the previous line, kept vivid/deictic rather than a plain pronoun

κειμήλιον

treasures; a treasure; keepsake 12 times

κειμήλια, κειμήλιον, κειμήλιά

nominative plural neuter noun; accusative plural neuter noun; nominative singular neuter noun

κειμήλιον, 'heirloom, treasure' — a prized object kept and passed down, the Homeric ideal of a guest-gift.

κεκαφηώς

gasping once

κεκαφηότα

κεκαφηώς, rare perfect participle 'having gasped out breath,' vivid for near-death exhaustion.

κελαινεφής

dark-clouded; dark; lord of dark clouds 5 times

κελαινεφές, κελαινεφέι, κελαινεφέϊ

dative singular adjective; nominative singular neuter adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective

κελαινεφής, 'wrapped in dark clouds,' a standing epithet of Zeus.

κελεύω

you bid; I ordered; bids 89 times

κελεύεις, κελεύει, ἐκέλευσεν, ἐκέλευον, ἐκέλευσα, ἐκέλευεν, κέλευε, ἐκέλευσε and 15 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active indicative, 2nd singular verb; present active indicative, 3rd singular verb

future infinitive κελευσέμεναι after ἔμελλε 'was destined/about to', epic periphrasis for fate compelling Helen.

κενός

empty; empty-handed 3 times

κενεὰς, κενεόν, κενὰ

accusative plural feminine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective

κεράννυμι

mixed; having mixed; were finished 8 times

κεράσσατο, κερασσάμενος, κέρασσεν, κεκράαντο, κέρασσε, κεράσασα

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine

κεράννυμι here idiomatically 'were finished/worked' — describes the gold rim worked onto the silver basket

κεράω

mix; were mixing; mixed 5 times

κεράασθε, κερόωντό, κερῶντό, κερόωντο, κερῶντάς

imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; present medio-passive imperative, 2nd plural verb; present active participle, accusative plural masculine

κερόωντο, uncontracted/distended imperfect middle form of κεράννυμι, typical epic lengthening for meter.

κεραός

horned once

κεραοὶ

a marvel-motif: lambs born already horned, part of the fabled wonders of Libya

κεραυνός

thunderbolt; by the bolt; with thunderbolt 10 times

κεραυνῷ, κεραυνόν

dative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

κερδαλέος

shrewd; crafty; cunning 4 times

κερδαλέον, κερδαλέοισιν, κερδαλέος

accusative singular masculine adjective; dative plural neuter adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

κερδαλέον 'crafty/shrewd' paired with 'gentle' captures Odysseus's calculated charm.

κερδίων

better; more profitable; of any use 18 times

κέρδιον

nominative singular neuter comparative adjective; accusative singular neuter comparative adjective

κερδίων, comparative of κερδαλέος-type stem 'profitable, advantageous' — Odysseus weighing practical gain.

κερδοσύνη

with cunning; cunningly twice

κερδοσύνῃ, κερδοσύνη

κερδοσύνη 'craftiness', a trait Helen credits to Odysseus even in disguise

κερτόμιος

with taunting words; with taunts; mocking 3 times

κερτομίοισι, κερτομίοις

κερτόμιος 'taunting, testing' words — Odysseus's characteristic strategy of probing with provocation.

κερτομέω

mocking; taunted; might taunt 6 times

ἐκερτόμεον, κερτομέοι, κερτομέοντες, κερτομέουσαν, κερτομέωσιν, κερτομέων

imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active optative, 3rd singular verb; present active participle, nominative plural masculine

Negative purpose clause: μή + optative in secondary sequence, stating what Athena wants to prevent — not a clause of fear (which needs a governing verb of fearing).

κεύθω

has hidden; he keeps hidden; enclose 11 times

κύθε, κέκευθε, κεκύθωσι, κεῦθε, ἐκεκεύθει, κεύθετε, κεῦθεν, κεύθω and 3 more

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb

κεύθω 'hide/enclose' — subjunctive with ἄν for indefinite time clause

κεφαλή

head; heads; his head 64 times

κεφαλῆς, κεφαλήν, κεφαλῇ, κεφαλὰς, κεφαλὴν, κεφαλή, κεφαλάς, κεφαλῇσι and 2 more

accusative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun

Genitive of the part covered, governed by κατά split by tmesis (κὰκ...εἴρυσσε).

Κεφαλλήν

of the Cephallenians; Cephallenians 4 times

Κεφαλλήνων, Κεφαλλήνεσσιν

genitive plural masculine noun; dative plural masculine noun

Cephallenians: the wider people under Odysseus' rule, not just Ithaca proper.

κήδιστος

dearest twice

κήδιστοι, κήδιστος

nominative plural masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

superlative κήδιστος, 'most cared-for', from κήδομαι

κήδω

cared for; grieving; troubled 14 times

κήδετο, κηδόμενόν, κήδεσθαι, κήδοιτό, κηδόμενοί, κήδοι, κήδεαι, κηδομένη and 2 more

imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine; present medio-passive infinitive

optative κήδοιτο parallel to ἐθέλοι — sequence of wished-for conditions

κήξ

seagull once

κήξ

κήξ, a rare Homeric bird-name (a diving seabird) used just for this simile.

κήρ

doom; death; fates 32 times

κῆρα, κῆρας, κηρὶ, κὴρ, κῆρ, κῆρες

accusative singular feminine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; accusative plural masculine noun

κήρ = personified death-spirit, distinct from θάνατος

Κήτειοι

Ceteians once

Κήτειοι

obscure allied people of Eurypylus, mentioned only here in Homer

κῆδος

sorrows; troubles; griefs 25 times

κήδε, κήδεα, κήδεά, κήδεσιν, κῆδος

accusative plural neuter noun; nominative plural neuter noun; dative plural neuter noun

κῆρ

heart; at heart; in heart 36 times

κῆρ, κῆρι

accusative singular neuter noun; nominative singular neuter noun; dative singular neuter noun

κῆρ, poetic word for 'heart' (distinct from κήρ 'death spirit'), used for inner feeling.

κῆρυξ

herald; heralds; the herald 46 times

κῆρυξ, κήρυκα, κήρυκες, κηρύκεσσι, κήρυχ, κηρύκων, κήρυκι, κήρυκά

nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; nominative plural masculine noun

ἐκ...ἄγε is tmesis: 'led out,' the preverb ἐκ separated from ἄγε by δὲ ξείνους.

κῆτος

sea-monster; monster; of the monster 5 times

κῆτος, κήτεϊ, κήτεος, κήτεσιν

accusative singular neuter noun; dative singular neuter noun; genitive singular neuter noun

κηληθμός

spellbound; by the spell twice

κηληθμῷ

κηληθμός 'enchantment' - instrumental dative describing the Phaeacians' trance, held spellbound by the tale Odysseus himself has just finished telling (Books 9-12), not the bard's.

κηρός

wax; of wax; the wax 4 times

κηρὸν, κηροῖο, κηρός

accusative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun

κητώεις

full of ravines once

κητώεσσαν

κητώεις is a fixed Homeric epithet for Lacedaemon, of disputed sense ('hollow'/'full of chasms').

κηώεις

fragrant once

κηώεντα

κηώεντα, 'fragrant/perfumed', describing the store-room stocked with spices and cloth.

Κίκονες

to the Cicones; Cicones; the Cicones 7 times

Κικόνεσσι, Κίκονες, Κικόνων, Κίκονας

dative plural masculine noun; nominative plural masculine noun; genitive plural masculine noun

Κίκονες...Κικόνεσσι, subject and object using the same name, stresses neighbor calling neighbor.

Κίρκη

Circe; Circe's; of Circe 46 times

Κίρκη, Κίρκης, Κίρκῃ, Κίρκην

genitive singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun; vocative singular feminine noun

Object of ἄκουον despite genitive case — Greek genitive of the person heard, common with verbs of perception.

κίρκος

falcon; a hawk twice

κίρκος

κίρκος restates/specifies ἴρηξ from prior line, an epic apposition pattern

κίω

going; went; go 60 times

κιὼν, κίον, κίε, κίεν, κιόντι, κιόντες, κιόντα, κιούσῃ and 9 more

aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb

Subjunctive κίῃς after ὄφρα expresses purpose ('so that you may go') — a standard Homeric purpose clause with subjunctive.

κίων

pillar; pillars; a pillar 12 times

κίονα, κίον, κίονας, κίονι, κίονες, κίονος, κίων

accusative singular feminine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; accusative plural feminine noun

κίονα is feminine in Homer though the noun looks masculine-declined; note for learners expecting κίων=masc.

κικλήσκω

they call; is called; called 5 times

κικλήσκουσι, κικλήσκεται, κίκλησκον, κικλήσκει

present active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb

κινέω

shaking; he shook; to move 9 times

κινήσας, κίνησε, κινῆσαι

aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active infinitive

κινήσας + κάρη 'shaking his head' is a stock gesture of anger/decision in Homer.

κιρνάω

mixed; mixing 6 times

ἐκίρνα, κίρνη, κιρνὰς

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active participle, nominative singular masculine

Greeks diluted wine with water; κιρνάς names that specific act, not just 'pouring.'

κισσύβιον

ivy-wood bowl; a bowl 3 times

κισσυβίῳ, κισσύβιον

dative singular neuter noun; accusative singular neuter noun

κισσύβιον, 'ivy-wood cup' — a rustic herdsman's vessel, marking Eumaeus's humble household.

κιχάνω

found; overtook; you will find 20 times

κιχήσεαι, κιχήσατο, κιχάνω, ἔκιχεν, κιχάνει, κιχανόμενοι, κιχήσεσθαι, ἐκίχανον and 9 more

future middle indicative, 2nd singular verb; aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active subjunctive, 1st singular verb

future middle, epic form κιχήσεαι for κιχήσῃ — 2nd sg with uncontracted -εαι ending

κλάζω

shrieking; yelping 3 times

κεκληγῶτας, κεκληγὼς, κεκλήγοντες

perfect active participle, accusative plural masculine; perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine; present active participle, nominative plural masculine

perfect participle κεκληγώς gives the wind an ongoing, animal-like shriek

κλαίω

weeping; wept; they wept 45 times

κλαῖε, κλαῖον, κλαῖεν, κλαίουσα, κλαίειν, κλαίοντες, κλαίων, κλαίοντας and 12 more

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active participle, nominative singular feminine

Imperfect κλαῖεν marks weeping as ongoing action, not a single burst.

κλέος

fame; glory; fame, glory 35 times

κλέος, κλέα

nominative singular neuter noun; accusative singular neuter noun; accusative plural neuter noun

κλέος, 'fame' — the central heroic value at stake: a proper death would have won lasting glory.

κλείς

oarlocks; the oarlocks; key 21 times

κληῖσι, κληῗσιν, κληῗσι, κληῗδ, κληῖδ, κληῖδος, κληῖδα, κληῖσιν and 3 more

dative plural feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun

κληΐς, lit. 'bolt/pin', here the thole-pins where oars sat — a nautical technical term.

κλείω

to lock; closed; make famous 9 times

κλήϊσεν, κληῗσαι, κλείουσιν, κλείω, ἐκλήϊσεν

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active infinitive; present active indicative, 3rd plural verb

κλείουσιν 'make famous/celebrate' — the verb behind κλέος (fame), the central epic value word.

κλεπτοσύνη

in thievery once

κλεπτοσύνῃ

κλεπτοσύνη 'thievery/craftiness' — Autolycus's famous trait, a rare abstract noun highlighting his trickster fame.

κλῆρος

by lot; lots; lot 5 times

κλήρους, κλήρῳ, κλῆρος, κλῆρόν

accusative plural masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun

κληδών

word/news; at the omen; omen 3 times

κλεηδόνι, κληηδόνα

dative singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun

κληδών, a chance utterance taken as a good sign - folk-belief detail

κλίνω

leaning; to lie; they leaned 15 times

κεκλιμένη, κλιθῆναι, κλίνας, ἔκλιναν, κεκλίαται, κλῖναν, κεκλιμένων, κλινάμενος and 3 more

perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine; aorist passive infinitive; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb

Perfect κεκλίαται, 'lie leaning/sloping' — stative perfect describing the islands' fixed geography.

κλισία

hut; the hut; chair 13 times

κλισίῃ, κλισίην, κλισίης, κλισίας, κλισίῃσι

dative singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun

κλισίηνδε

to the hut twice

κλισίηνδ

directional suffix -δε on κλισίηνδε, 'to/toward the hut', common Homeric motion-formation

κλισμός

couches; chairs; seat 12 times

κλισμούς, κλισμῷ, κλισμὸν, κλισμοῖσι

accusative plural masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

Κλύτιος

of Clytius once

Κλυτίοιο

genitive with house understood: 'to (the house) of Clytius'

κλύω

hear; heard; hear! 54 times

κέκλυτε, κέκλυτέ, ἔκλυεν, κλύον, ἔκλυον, ἔκλυε, κλῦθί, κλῦθι and 4 more

aorist active imperative, 2nd plural verb; aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb

κέκλυτε, an old imperative form of κλύω, opens formal public speeches in Homer.

Κλυτίδης

son of Clytius once

Κλυτίδη

patronymic in -ίδης, a formulaic way to identify a minor hero by his father

κλυτός

famous; glorious; splendid 29 times

κλυτὸν, κλυτὰ, κλυτὸς, κλυτά, κλυτόν

accusative singular masculine adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective; nominative plural neuter adjective

κλυτός is a stock epithet applied to gods; here to Amphitrite, sea-goddess

κλυτότοξος

famed for his bow; famed for the bow twice

κλυτότοξος, κλυτοτόξῳ

nominative singular masculine adjective; dative singular masculine adjective

κλυτότοξος, an epithet of Apollo, ties this curse to the god known for striking people down with arrows (plague/death).

κλυτοεργός

famous craftsman once

κλυτοεργὸν

compound epithet κλυτοεργός, 'famed for his work'

κλυτοτέχνης

famed craftsman once

κλυτοτέχνην

epithet κλυτοτέχνης, 'famous for his craft', standard epithet of Hephaestus.

Κλῶθες

the Spinners once

κλῶθές

Κλῶθες, epithet-name of the Fates as spinners of destiny thread — same root as κλώθω 'to spin'.

κνήμη

calves; leg; his shins 3 times

κνήμας, κνήμη, κνήμῃσι

accusative plural feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun; dative plural feminine noun

κνῖσα

of fat; fat; in fat 7 times

κνίσης, κνίσῃ, κνίση

genitive singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun

κνίση 'fat/savor,' the part of sacrifice believed to rise to the gods as fragrant smoke.

κνισήεις

savory once

κνισῆεν

κνισήεις 'reeking with roasting-fat smell' — a vivid Homeric sensory epithet for feasting.

κνυζόω

I will dim; dimmed twice

κνυζώσω, κνύζωσεν

future active indicative, 1st singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb

κνυζόω 'to dim, make bleary' — rare verb, only used of eyes losing their luster.

κόλπος

gulf; gulfs; her dress 3 times

κόλπον, κόλπους, κόλπῳ

accusative singular masculine noun; accusative plural masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

κόμη

hair; locks; the crown 4 times

κόμην, κόμας

accusative singular feminine noun; accusative plural feminine noun

κόμην: literally 'hair/foliage,' the leafy top of the tree

κόπτω

striking; forged; he dashed, smashed 8 times

κόπτε, κόπτοντες, κόπτ, ἔκοψα, κόψε, κόπτων, κεκοπὼς, κόπτον

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active participle, nominative plural masculine; aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb

κόπτω here is the brutal act of dashing the men against the ground

κόραξ

of the Raven once

Κόρακος

Κόρακος πέτρῃ, ‘Raven's Rock’ — a local Ithacan landmark tied to the swineherd's steading.

κόρη

daughter; girl; daughters 68 times

κούρη, κούρῃ, κούρην, κοῦραι, κούρης, κούρῃσιν, κούρας, κουράων and 1 more

nominative singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun

Διὸς...κούρῃ is the standard epic formula 'daughter of Zeus' (Athena), matching the published translation; 'maiden' loses the genealogical sense

κόρος

young men; of the young men; satiety/surfeit 14 times

κοῦροι, κούρω, κούρων, κόρος

nominative plural masculine noun; vocative plural masculine noun; genitive plural masculine noun

Vocative address to the suitors opening Penelope's quoted speech within Antinous's speech.

κόσμος

order; propriety; order, fitting way 7 times

κόσμον, κόσμῳ

accusative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

κατὰ κόσμον, formulaic phrase for 'fittingly, properly'

κοῖλος

hollow; hollow, low-lying 30 times

κοίλης, κοῖλον, κοίλῃς, κοίλην, κοίλῃ, κοίλοιο, κοίλη, κοίλας

genitive singular feminine adjective; dative plural feminine adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective

κοῖτος

of sleep; bed; of rest 10 times

κοίτου, κοίτοιο, κοῖτος, κοῖτον

genitive singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

grim irony: κοῖτος 'bed/roost' is really their death

κοιμάω

slept; lay down to sleep; we lay down to sleep 27 times

κοιμήσαντο, κοιμήθημεν, κοιμηθῆναι, κοίμησε, κοιμήσασα, κοιμηθέντες, κοιμᾶται, κοιμηθείη and 6 more

aorist passive indicative, 1st plural verb; aorist passive infinitive; aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb

κοιμάω aorist passive κοιμήθημεν — passive form but meaning simply 'we slept', common in Homer.

κολλητός

joined; well-joined; jointed 4 times

κολλητῇσιν, κολλητοῖσιν, κολλητὰς

dative plural feminine adjective; dative plural neuter adjective; accusative plural feminine adjective

κολούω

cuts down; cut short twice

κολούει, κολούετε

present active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active imperative, 2nd plural verb

κολούω 'dock, curtail' — imperative telling them not to skimp on the gifts owed a needy guest.

κομάω

long-haired 4 times

κομόωντας, κομόωντες

present active participle, accusative plural masculine; present active participle, nominative plural masculine

κάρη κομόωντας, literally 'flowing-haired as to the head' — a fixed Homeric formula for the Achaeans, marking them as a warrior people.

κομέω

to tend; cared for; keep, tend 7 times

κομέειν, κομέεσκεν, ἐκόμει, κομέουσιν, κομέουσι

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active infinitive; present active indicative, 3rd plural verb

iterative -σκ- imperfect κομέεσκεν, epic marker for a repeated, habitual past action.

κομίζω

keep; attend to; she has taken in 17 times

κόμιζε, κομιζέμεν, κομίζῃ, κόμισσε, κομίσσατο, κομιζόμενός, κομίσσῃ, κομίζειν and 5 more

present active infinitive; present active imperative, 2nd singular verb; aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb

Imperative κόμιζε — Telemachus's first assertion of household authority over his mother, a turning point line.

κομιδή

care; provisioning; care, tending 6 times

κομιδὴ, κομιδῆς, κομιδή

nominative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun

κομιδή 'care, tending' — key word repeated through the passage, contrasting orchard-care with self-neglect.

κονία

dust; ashes; with the dust 10 times

κονίῃσι, κονίῃσιν, κονίη, κονίης

dative plural feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun

sitting in the ashes of the hearth is the classic Homeric gesture of a suppliant's humility before the household.

κοπρίζω

to dung once

κοπρήσοντες

κοπρίζω 'to manure/fertilize' — a future participle of purpose, a rustic detail unusual in epic diction.

κορέννυμι

had my fill; we have satisfied; have had their fill 10 times

κορέσθην, κεκορήμεθα, κορέσωνται, ἐκορέσθην, κορεσαίατο, κορεσσάμενος, κεκορημένοι, κεκορηότε and 2 more

aorist passive indicative, 1st singular verb; perfect medio-passive indicative, 1st plural verb; aorist middle subjunctive, 3rd plural verb

κορέσθην, aorist passive 'was sated' — dual-looking form but glossed as 1st sg here

κορύσσω

arming; armed; tipped with bronze 3 times

κορυσσόμενος, κεκορυθμένος, κεκορυθμένα

present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine; perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine; perfect medio-passive participle, accusative plural neuter

κορυσσόμενος 'donning armor' — middle participle, picturing Odysseus foolishly trying to fight.

κορυφή

peak; peaks 6 times

κορυφὴν, κορυφῆς, κορυφὰς, κορυφήν, κορυφῇ

accusative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun; accusative plural feminine noun

κορώνη

to sea-crows; curved tip; by the handle 8 times

κορώνῃ, κορώνῃσιν, κορῶναι, κορώνη, κορώνης

dative singular feminine noun; dative plural feminine noun; nominative plural feminine noun

κορώνη literally 'curved thing' names the door-ring/handle, a vivid concrete detail typical of Homeric household description.

κορωνίς

curved twice

κορωνίσιν

κορωνίς 'curved/beaked', a stock epithet describing ships' prows.

κοσμέω

prepared; having been arranged twice

ἐκόσμει, κοσμηθέντες

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist passive participle, nominative plural masculine

aorist passive participle, 'organized/divided into groups'

κοσμήτωρ

marshal once

κοσμήτορι

κοσμήτωρ λαῶν, formulaic epithet for a leader of the people (here Telemachus)

κοτέω

growing angry; she is angered; angered, enraged 6 times

κεκοτηότι, κοτέσσεται, κοτεσσάμενος, κοτεσσαμένη

perfect active participle, dative singular masculine; aorist middle subjunctive, 3rd singular verb; aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine

aorist participle κοτεσσάμενος 'having taken offense' sets up the following subjunctive of fear

κοτυληδών

suckers once

κοτυληδονόφιν

κοτυληδονόφιν, rare instrumental/dative plural form in -φιν, archaic epic case ending

κοῦρος

young men; youths; to the young men 10 times

κοῦροι, κούροισιν, κούρω, κοῦρον

nominative plural masculine noun; vocative plural masculine noun; dative plural masculine noun

Dual κούρω again, as at l35 — a formulaic residue: the noun stays dual even though δύω καὶ πεντήκοντα makes clear all fifty-two are meant, not two leaders singled out from the rest.

κοῦφος

more lightly once

κουφότερον

comparative adverb from κοῦφος 'light' — his heart is now lighter after the insult was answered

κουρίδιος

wedded; bridal; wedded, lawful 11 times

κουρίδιον, κουριδίοιο, κουριδίῳ, κουριδίας, κουριδίῃ, κουριδίης, κουριδίου

genitive singular masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective

κουρίδιος 'lawfully wedded' underscores the horror: she killed her own rightful husband.

κουρίζω

as a youth once

κουρίζων

κουρίζων 'being a youth/playing the boy' — participle describing Laertes when he once carried this now-disused shield.

κουρίξ

by the hair once

κουρίξ

κουρίξ 'by the hair' is a rare, vivid adverb used almost only here in Homer to intensify the violence of the seizure.

κουρότερος

younger once

κουροτέροισιν

comparative κουρότερος 'younger' — Antinous condescendingly reminds the old beggar of his age

κουρότροφος

nurse of youths once

κουροτρόφος

κουροτρόφος, 'rearer of young men' — praise-epithet for a harsh but character-forming homeland.

κράνεια

of cornel once

κρανείης

κρανείης: cornel-cherry, wild fodder — pig food, marking their bestial diet.

κράς

head; his head; the head 13 times

κρατὸς, κρατὶ, κρᾶτα, κρατός, κρῆθεν, κράατι

genitive singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun

Epic form κρᾶτα (from κάρα), an alternate accusative for 'head.'

Κράταιις

Crataeis once

Κράταιιν

Κράταιις, Scylla's mother — a minor deity named only here in the poem.

κράτος

strength; authority; power 7 times

κράτος

nominative singular neuter noun; accusative singular neuter noun

κράτος 'power/mastery' — Telemachus's closing claim of household rule, the line's whole point.

κραίνω

are finished; accomplish; to accomplish 8 times

κρηήνατ, κεκράανται, κραίνουσι, κρῆναί, κρῆνον

aorist active imperative, 2nd plural verb; perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active indicative, 3rd plural verb

κεκράανται, perfect passive of κραίνω 'accomplish/finish' — describes craftsmanship completed and lasting.

κραιπνός

swift; swiftly; nimble 5 times

κραιπνὸν, κραιπναί, κραιπνῶς, κραιπνοῖσι, κραιπνὰ

accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative plural feminine adjective; adverb

κραταιίς

its weight once

κραταιίς

κραταιίς, a rare personified noun for brute 'force/weight'; poetic subject of ἀποστρέψασκε

κρατέω

hold sway; hold power; you rule 6 times

κρατέουσιν, κρατέεις, κρατέουσι

present active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active indicative, 2nd singular verb

κρατέεις, uncontracted Ionic epic form of κρατεῖς — the open vowels fill the meter.

κρατερός

mighty; strong; harsh 31 times

κρατέρ, κρατερὸς, κρατεροῖο, κρατερὸν, κρατερῶς, κρατερῆφι, κρατερῇσι, κρατεροῖσι and 7 more

accusative plural neuter adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; genitive singular masculine adjective

κρατερῇσι modifies χερσὶ from the previous line — enjambment linking the two verses.

κρατερόφρων

strong-hearted; stout-hearted 3 times

κρατερόφρονος, κρατερόφρονε

genitive singular adjective; accusative dual adjective

dual adjective κρατερόφρονε, agreeing with dual παῖδε 'two sons' — Homeric dual number in full use.

κρατερῶνυξ

strong-hooved; strong-clawed; strong-hoofed 3 times

κρατερώνυχας, κρατερώνυχες

accusative plural feminine noun; nominative plural masculine adjective

κρατερώνυχας, a compound epithet built for the meter, 'with mighty hooves.'

κρατήρ

mixing-bowls; mixing-bowl; a mixing-bowl 27 times

κρητῆρα, κρητῆρας, κρητῆρι, κρητῆρος, κρητῆρσι, κρητῆρές, κρητῆρσιν

accusative singular masculine noun; accusative plural masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

κρατήρ, the mixing-bowl at the feast where wine and water were blended

κρατύς

strong; mighty twice

κρατὺς

κρατύς, an archaic epic adjective for physical might, paired again with Hermes's epithet.

κρέας

meat; of meat; of meats 34 times

κρέα, κρειῶν, κρέ, κρέας, κρεῶν

accusative plural neuter noun; genitive plural neuter noun; accusative singular neuter noun

κρέα (here elided κρέ᾽), neuter plural of κρέας, the meat from the sacrifice

κρείσσων

stronger; stronger, better; the stronger 6 times

κρείσσων, κρεῖσσον, κρείσσονες

nominative singular masculine comparative adjective; nominative singular neuter comparative adjective; nominative plural masculine comparative adjective

comparative κρεῖσσον, neuter used as predicate: 'nothing is stronger'.

κρείων

lord; of rulers; lord, ruler 13 times

κρεῖον, κρείων, κρειόντων

vocative singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun; genitive plural masculine noun

Vocative epithet address, 'lordly Alcinous,' typical of formal Homeric speech-openings.

κρήδεμνον

veil; seal, cover; headscarves 11 times

κρήδεμνα, κρήδεμνον

accusative plural neuter noun; accusative singular neuter noun

κρήδεμνα, the veil Penelope holds before her face — a recurring gesture of modesty whenever she appears before the suitors.

κρήνη

springs; a spring; spring 11 times

κρήνην, κρῆναι, κρήνη, κρήνῃ, κρηνέων, κρήνης

accusative singular feminine noun; nominative plural feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun

κρήνηνδε

to the spring once

κρήνηνδε

directional suffix -δε 'to/toward' attached directly to the noun, no preposition needed

Κρήτη

Crete; in Crete; to Crete 13 times

Κρήτῃ, Κρήτης, Κρήτην, Κρητάων, Κρήτη

dative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun

Κρήτηνδε

to Crete once

Κρήτηνδε

Κρήτηνδε, directional -δε suffix meaning 'to/toward Crete'.

κρίνω

chosen; choosing; having chosen 19 times

κρίνας, κρινάμενος, κεκριμένοι, κρίνασθαι, ἐκρίνατ, κρινάσθων, κρινθέντε, κρίνων and 5 more

aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine; perfect medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine

perfect participle 'having been selected', emphasizing the bulls are already picked out

Κρονίδης

son of Kronos; son of Cronus; son of Cronos 7 times

Κρονίδη, Κρονίδῃ, Κρονίδης

vocative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun

Κρονίων

son of Cronos; son of Cronus; son of Kronos 23 times

Κρονίων, Κρονίωνα, Κρονίωνος, Κρονίονος

nominative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

Κρονίων, patronymic epithet 'son of Kronos', i.e. Zeus — used instead of the name itself.

κρύβδην

secretly twice

κρύβδην

κρύβδην...ἀναφανδά form a stark contrast pair: 'in secret, not openly'

κρύπτω

will hide; hid; hidden 7 times

κρύψω, κρύψεν, κεκρυμμένον, ἔκρυψαν, κεκρυμμένα

future active indicative, 1st singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular neuter

Aorist subjunctive continuing the purpose clause begun with 'weave a plan'.

κρυφηδόν

secretly twice

κρυφηδόν

ἀμφαδόν...κρυφηδόν pairs two rare adverbs ('openly'/'secretly') as a formulaic contrast.

κτάομαι

acquired; won; you won 3 times

κτήσατο, ἐκτήσατο, ἐκτήσω

aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist middle indicative, 2nd singular verb

Middle voice κτάομαι: acquired 'for himself', matching αὐτὸς.

κτέαρ

possessions; with possessions 9 times

κτεάτεσσιν, κτεάτεσσι

Old-style dative plural κτεάτεσσιν, an archaic consonant-stem ending characteristic of epic vocabulary for property.

κτέομαι

had acquired once

κτήσατο

κτέομαι middle voice: Odysseus acquired them 'for himself,' i.e. as his own property.

κτεατίζω

having won; had acquired 4 times

κτεατίσσας, κτεάτισσεν

aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb

Aorist participle: emphasizes the irony that a man who acquired so much could end up without burial cloth.

κτείνω

killed; to kill; having killed 63 times

ἔκτανε, ἔκτα, κτεῖναι, κτείνας, κτείνοντο, κτεῖνε, ἔκταν, κτείνειν and 24 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active infinitive; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine

root aorist ἔκτα (κτείνω) — athematic aorist stem, no thematic vowel

κτερεΐζω

pay rites for once

κτερεΐξαι

κτερεΐζω, a verb built directly on κτέρεα 'funeral offerings' — exists almost solely to describe this ritual honoring the dead.

κτερίζω

pay the rites once

κτερίσειεν

κτερίζω, cognate to κτέρεα — verb and object share the same root, a common Homeric figure.

Κτήσιππος

Ctesippus 5 times

Κτήσιππος, Κτήσιππον, Κτήσιππ

nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; vocative singular masculine noun

κτῆμα

possessions; goods; property 43 times

κτήματ, κτήματα, κτήματά, κτήμασιν, κτήμαθ, κτήμασι, κτῆμα

accusative plural neuter noun; nominative plural neuter noun; dative plural neuter noun

κτυπέω

thundered once

ἔκτυπε

Zeus's thunderclap is a divine omen confirming Odysseus's success — a formulaic sign of favor.

κύανος

of blue enamel once

κυάνοιο

κύανος = dark blue glass/enamel inlay, a real Bronze Age palace detail (cf. Mycenae/Tiryns friezes).

Κύκλωψ

Cyclops; the Cyclops; the Cyclopes 32 times

Κύκλωψ, Κυκλώπων, Κύκλωπα, Κύκλωπος, Κυκλώπεσσι, Κύκλωπές, Κύκλωπες, Κύκλωπας and 2 more

nominative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun; dative plural masculine noun

Reference to Polyphemus devouring Odysseus's men, recounted later in Book 9.

κύπτω

he stooped once

κύψει

aorist optative in a general/repeated-condition clause with ὁσσάκι

κύων

dogs; of dogs; hounds 41 times

κύνες, κύων, κύνας, κυνῶν, κυσὶν, κύον, κύν

nominative plural masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun; accusative plural masculine noun

κύνες ἀργοί, swift hunting dogs, a realistic domestic detail marking Telemachus's household.

κῦδος

glory; honor 9 times

κῦδος, κῦδός

accusative singular neuter noun; vocative singular neuter noun; nominative singular neuter noun

κῦδος, epic word for battle-glory/renown granted by gods, common formula-word

κῦμα

wave; waves; the wave 68 times

κῦμα, κύματα, κύμασιν, κύματος, κῦμ, κύματ, κύμασι, κύματι and 3 more

nominative singular neuter noun; accusative singular neuter noun; accusative plural neuter noun

κῦμα, subject of φέρε; the wave itself acts as agent, driving the action

κυάνεος

dark; dark, blue-black 5 times

κυανέη, κυανέην, κυάνεαι

nominative singular feminine adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective; nominative plural feminine adjective

κυανέη, 'dark-blue/black,' describing the cloud—same root as Amphitrite's epithet earlier.

κυανόπρῳρος

dark-prowed 9 times

κυανοπρῴροιο

κυανόπρῳρος 'dark-blue-prowed' — a Homeric epithet for ships, formulaic decoration in the verse.

κυανοπρῴρειος

dark-prowed once

κυανοπρῳρείους

κυανοπρῴρειος, compound epithet 'dark/blue-prowed' typical of Homeric ship-descriptions.

κυανοχαίτης

dark-haired one; dark-haired 3 times

κυανοχαίτῃ, κυανοχαῖτα, κυανοχαίτης

dative singular masculine adjective; vocative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine noun

κυανοχαίτης, 'dark-haired,' a standing epithet for Poseidon as sea-god.

κυβερνάω

at steering once

κυβερνῆσαι

Epexegetical infinitive explaining in what Phrontis excelled.

κυβερνήτης

helmsman; the helmsmen; of the helmsman 7 times

κυβερνῆταί, κυβερνήτης, κυβερνήτην, κυβερνῆθ, κυβερνήτεω

nominative plural masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

κυβιστητήρ

tumblers once

κυβιστητῆρε

κυβιστητῆρε: dual form, two acrobats performing together, matching δοιώ 'a pair'.

κυδάλιμος

glorious; glorious, proud 15 times

κυδαλίμοιο, κυδαλίμοισιν, κυδαλίμοισι, κυδάλιμον

genitive singular masculine adjective; dative plural masculine adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective

κυδάλιμος + Μενελάου is a recurring formula, filling the line's end whenever Menelaus is named.

κυδαίνω

gladdened; to glorify twice

κύδαινε, κυδῆναι

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active infinitive

aorist infinitive of κυδαίνω, 'to give κῦδος/glory to'

Κυθέρεια

of Cytherea; Cytherea twice

Κυθερείης, Κυθέρεια

genitive singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun

epithet-name for Aphrodite from her cult island Cythera.

κυκάω

churning; she stirred up 3 times

κυκωμένη, ἐκύκα

present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb

κυκεών

potion; a potion twice

κυκεῶ

κυκεών, the barley-wine-cheese mixture also drunk in Eleusinian ritual — Circe weaponizes an ordinary drink.

κυλίνδω

rolling; writhing; rolls 9 times

κυλίνδετο, κυλίνδει, κυλίνδεται, κυλινδόμενός, κυλίνδων, κυλινδόμενα, κυλινδόμενος, κυλίνδον

present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active indicative, 3rd singular verb

κυλίνδεται, vivid image of doom 'rolling' toward them like a boulder

Κυλλήνη

Cyllenian once

Κυλλήνιος

Epithet from Mt. Cyllene, Hermes' birthplace; marks the god by cult-place, epic formula style.

κυνέη

a helmet; helmet; helmets 6 times

κυνέην, κυνέας, κυνέῃ, κυνέη

accusative singular feminine noun; accusative plural feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun

κυνέω

kissed; kept kissing; he kissed 18 times

κύσε, κύσσε, κύνεον, κύνει, κύσα, κύσεν, κύσσ, ἔκυσσε and 3 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb

κύσε, aorist of κυνέω — a striking gesture of relief and reverence upon reaching land.

κυνοραιστής

of ticks once

κυνοραιστέων

κυνοραιστής 'dog-tick' occurs only here in Homer — a strikingly unheroic, realistic detail.

κυνώπης

shameless one; dog-faced; dog-faced one 3 times

κυνώπιδος, κυνῶπις

genitive singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun

Helen's self-directed epithet κυνῶπις, 'dog-eyed,' i.e. shameless.

κυπαρίσσινος

cypress once

κυπαρισσίνῳ

κυπαρίσσινος: cypress wood signals costly, well-built housing detail typical of Homeric craftsmanship scenes.

κώπη

hilt; oars; the oars 6 times

κώπη, κώπῃς, κώπην, κώπῃσιν

dative plural feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun

κώρυκος

in a sack; leather bag twice

κωρύκῳ

κώρυκος, a leather sack for carrying food — everyday travel gear in the epic world.

κῶας

fleeces; fleece; a fleece 12 times

κῶας, κώεα, κώεσιν

accusative singular neuter noun; accusative plural neuter noun; dative plural neuter noun

κωκύω

wailed; cried aloud; wails 5 times

ἐκώκυον, κώκυσεν, κωκύει, κώκυσ

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active indicative, 3rd singular verb

κωκύω is the epic verb for ritual keening/wailing, often used of women mourning.

Κωκυτός

Cocytus once

Κώκυτός

'River of Wailing' — another underworld river, named for its association with lamentation.

Seen once or twice

κάγκανος

dry once

Κάδμος

of Cadmus once

κάκη

evils, ills once

κάλπις

a pitcher once

κάλως

halyards once

κάμπτω

bent once

κάπη

mangers once

κάρη

with a head once

Κάστωρ

Castor twice

κάτω

down once

καγχαλάω

laughing aloud; laughing loud twice

καθάπαξ

outright once

καθεψιάομαι

jeer at once

καθίημι

we lowered once

καθίστημι

halt; to set down twice

καθιδρύω

seated once

καθιζάνω

were sitting down once

καθικνέομαι

has struck once

καθύπερθεν

above once

καίριος

close-woven once

κακοείμων

raggedly clad once

κακοῦργος

mischief-making once

κακουργία

than evildoing once

καλλίχορος

lovely-dancing once

καλλιρέεθρος

fair-flowing twice

καλύπτρα

veil; a veil twice

καλυψώ

Calypso once

καναχή

clatter once

καρτερόθυμος

stout-hearted once

καρφαλέος

dry once

κασιγνήτη

sister once

κατάγνυμι

wrecked once

καταβρόχω

swallowed down once

καταδέρκομαι

looks down once

καταζαίνω

would dry up once

κατακλίνω

laying down once

καταλείβω

shall I leave behind once

καταντικρύ

straight down from twice

καταπλέω

we sailed in once

καταράομαι

call down curses once

κατασκιάω

overshadowed once

καταστόρνυμι

spreading once

κατεναίρομαι

he cut down once

κατερητύω

detained, held back; checked twice

κατευνάω

laid down to rest twice

κατηφής

downcast once

κατῶρυξ

set deep; deep-sunk twice

κέδρος

of cedar once

κέλαδος

din, uproar once

κέλης

racehorse once

Κένταυρος

the Centaur; Centaurs twice

κεδάννυμι

scattered twice

κεῖσε

there twice

κειμήλιος

treasures twice

κελάδω

singing once

κελαρύζω

streamed, trickled once

κενεών

flank once

κεραίζω

lay waste once

κερκίς

shuttle once

κερτομία

taunts once

κεῦθος

depths once

κευθμών

lairs; hiding-places twice

κήλεος

blazing twice

κηκίω

gushed once

κηρύσσω

to summon; made the summons twice

κίνυμαι

stirring once

κίστη

chest once

κίχλη

thrushes once

κῖκυς

vigor, might once

Κιμμέριοι

Cimmerian once

κλάω

broke off once

κλαγγή

clamor twice

κλέω

am famed once

Κλεῖτος

Cleitus twice

κλειστός

close-fitted once

κλειτός

famous once

κλήθρα

alder twice

κλητός

invited once

κλίσιον

a shed once

κλιντήρ

couch once

κλιτύς

slope once

κλόπιος

thievish once

κλύδων

the surge/wave once

κλύζω

surged, was churned; surged up twice

Κλύμενος

of Clymenus once

Κλυμένη

Clymene once

Κλυτόνηος

Clytoneus twice

κνημίς

leggings once

κνημός

mountain spurs; mountain slopes twice

κνυζηθμός

whimpering once

κνώδαλον

wild beast once

κνώσσω

slumbering once

Κνωσός

Knossos once

κόλλοψ

peg once

κόμπος

din once

κόναβος

din once

κόνις

dust twice

κόρυς

helmets; helmet twice

κότος

anger; grudge twice

κοίρανος

lord once

κοίτη

bed once

κοναβέω

rang, resounded once

κοναβίζω

rang, echoed once

κονέω

raising dust once

κοντός

pole once

κορέω

sweep once

κορμός

trunk once

κοσμητός

well-ordered once

κοτύλη

a cup twice

κράτιστος

best once

κραδάω

brandishing once

κραδίας

heart twice

κραταίπεδος

hard-packed once

κραταιός

mighty; strong twice

κρέα

meat twice

Κρείων

of Creon once

κρεμάννυμι

hung twice

Κρηθεύς

of Cretheus; to Cretheus twice

κρηναῖος

of the spring once

κριθή

barley twice

κριός

ram twice

κριτός

chosen once

κρόμυον

of onion once

Κρόνος

of Kronos once

Κρουνοί

and once

κρύσταλλος

ice once

κρυερός

chilling twice

κτερείζω

I will perform once

Κτήσιος

Ctesius once

Κτιμένη

Ctimene once

Κύδωνες

Cydonians twice

Κύθηρα

past Cythera once

κύκλος

ring; in a circle twice

κύπειρον

galingale once

κύπρος

Cyprus once

κυανῶπις

dark-eyed once

κυβερνητήρ

steersmen once

κυδρός

honored; glorious twice

κυκλοτερής

circular once

κυνέα

the helmet; cap twice

κυνηγέτης

hunters once

κυπάρισσος

cypress once

κυρτόω

arching over once

κυφός

bent once

κῶμα

drowsy trance once

The particulars

The words
Every word of the text, parsed: its headword, its form and its meaning in the line. Source text: public domain (Homer, ancient; Greek per the Murray/Allen text via the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 3.0).
Translation
Public-domain Greek (Homer, ancient; text via the Perseus Digital Library). English translation © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC.
Data
JSON · A guide for agents
Two whoopie pies and a pine. An inside joke.