Words of the Odyssey 1732 Studios

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Words of the Odyssey · 846 headwords

Each word with its meanings, its forms, and the lines it stands in.

ʽἑρμῆς

of Hermes once

Ἑρμείαο

genitive after ἕκητι, 'by favor of'

ἔγχος

spear; spears; with spear 35 times

ἔγχος, ἔγχεϊ, ἔγχεσιν, ἔγχε, ἔγχει, ἔγχεά

accusative singular neuter noun; dative singular neuter noun; dative plural neuter noun

χάλκεον ἔγχος, 'bronze spear,' a recurring epic phrase marking Athena's warrior aspect even in disguise.

ἔδω

eating; eat; to eat 44 times

ἔδοντες, ἔδουσιν, ἔδμεναι, ἔδουσι, ἔδων, ἔδοντας, ἔδομαι, ἔδωμεν and 5 more

present active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active participle, nominative plural masculine; active infinitive

present participle ἔδοντες, 'by eating' — describes the suitors literally consuming the household's wealth as the cause of the waste.

ἔθνος

tribes; droves 4 times

ἔθνεα, ἔθνε

accusative plural neuter noun; nominative plural neuter noun

ἔθνεα νεκρῶν, 'tribes/hosts of the dead' — a formulaic mass noun for the crowding shades

ἔθω

is accustomed once

εἴωθε

perfect εἴωθε with present sense: 'he is (habitually) wont'

ἔισος

balanced; balanced, trim; well-balanced 13 times

ἐίσας, ἐίσης, ἐΐσας, ἐίσῃς, ἐΐσης

accusative plural feminine adjective; genitive singular feminine adjective; dative plural feminine adjective

ἐίση, 'well-balanced,' a standard Homeric epithet for a seaworthy ship.

ἔκλησις

forgetting once

ἔκλησιν

ἔκλησιν θέωμεν, 'let us put forgetting (of it)' — a set periphrasis for enacting amnesty.

ἔκπαγλος

terribly; terrible; fierce, terrible 8 times

ἐκπάγλως, ἔκπαγλον, ἐκπάγλοις, ἔκπαγλος

adverb; dative plural neuter adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective

ἔκτοσθε

outside; from without; out of 6 times

ἔκτοσθεν, ἔκτοσθε

ἔκτοσθε as improper preposition governing genitive θαλάσσης, 'out from the sea.'

ἔκφημι

to utter; tell twice

ἐκφάσθαι

present infinitive; present middle infinitive

Present middle infinitive, 'declare/speak out', continuing the command not to reveal his identity.

ἔλαιον

with oil; olive oil; oil 17 times

ἐλαίῳ, ἔλαιον

dative singular neuter noun; nominative singular neuter noun; accusative singular neuter noun

ἔλαιον 'olive oil' — source of English 'oleo, oil'.

ἔλαφος

a deer; deer; stag 7 times

ἔλαφος, ἔλαφον, ἐλάφοισι, ἐλάφους, ἐλάφοιο

nominative singular feminine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; dative plural feminine noun

Opens an extended epic simile comparing the suitors' fate to a fawn caught in a lion's lair.

ἔλδομαι

longing for; longs; pressing 12 times

ἐέλδεται, ἐελδόμενος, ἐέλδετο, ἐέλδεαι, ἐέλδομαι, ἐελδομένῳ, ἐελδόμενός, ἐελδομένοισιν and 2 more

present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine; present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb

ἐελδόμενος shows epic reduplication (ἐ-ελδ-) on the root ἔλδομαι 'to desire/crave,' a common augment-like intensifying spelling in Homer.

ἔλδωρ

wish; longing, wish 4 times

ἐέλδωρ

accusative singular neuter noun; nominative singular neuter noun

ἐέλδωρ shows epic reduplication/augment-like lengthening of ἔλδωρ 'desire, wish'.

ἔλπω

gives hope; I expect; had hoped 19 times

ἔολπα, ἐώλπει, ἔλπει, ἐλπομένῳ, ἔλπετο, ἔλποιτό, ἔλπῃ, ἔλποιο and 5 more

perfect active indicative, 1st singular verb; pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἔολπα, perfect with present force ('I have come to hope'), a common Homeric perfect-as-present verb.

ἔμμορος

share, allotted once

ἔμμοροί

ἔμμορος 'having a share' governs the genitive τιμῆς/αἰδοῦς, root shared with μοῖρα 'fate/portion'

ἔμπαιος

skilled; skilled, practiced twice

ἔμπαιον, ἔμπαιος

accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

ἔμπαιον 'experienced/skilled in', negated by preceding οὐδέ — 'unskilled in works.'

ἔμπεδος

steadfast; steadfastly; firm 22 times

ἔμπεδον, ἔμπεδος, ἔμπεδα, ἔμπεδόν, ἔμπεδοί, ἔμπεδοι

accusative singular neuter adjective; nominative singular feminine adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective

ἔμπεδα 'firm, secure' modifies πάντα as an adverbial complement: keep things 'firmly' safe.

ἔμπλεος

full; full of; brimful 7 times

ἐνίπλειον, ἐμπλείην, ἐνίπλειος

accusative singular feminine adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

ἐνίπλειον (ἐν-+πλέος) 'filled up full', emphatic compound stressing Eumaeus's generous hospitality.

ἔμπορος

passenger twice

ἔμπορος

ἔμπορος 'passenger/trader' — a pointed self-deprecation, not a captain

ἔνδιος

at midday once

ἔνδιος

ἔνδιος 'at noon' — marks the fixed time Proteus surfaces, key to the ambush timing.

ἔνδοθι

within; within, inside; inside 7 times

ἔνδοθι

adverb; preposition

ἔνδοθι is an adverb 'within' though treebank marks it object of ἀέξεται; take as locative modifier

ἔννυμι

were dressed in once

ἕσσο

pluperfect of ἔννυμι with middle sense 'had put on yourself' - stative resultant meaning

ἔξειμι

go out; will you go out; I will go out 3 times

ἔξιτέ, ἔξεισθα, ἔξειμι

present active imperative, 2nd plural verb; present active indicative, 2nd singular verb; future active indicative, 1st singular verb

Sharp imperative ἔξιτε: Telemachus abruptly orders the suitors from his halls.

ἔξοχος

exceedingly; by far; beyond 16 times

ἔξοχα, ἔξοχον, ἔξοχ, ἔξοχος, ἔξοχοι

adverb; accusative singular masculine adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective

ἔξοχα 'exceedingly', adverb marking superlative praise, common in Homeric compliments

ἔοικα

is fitting; resembling; you resemble 65 times

ἔοικε, ἔοικας, ἐῴκει, ἐοικώς, ἔοικεν, ἐοικότα, ἐοικότες, ἤϊκτο and 7 more

perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; perfect active indicative, 2nd singular verb; perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine

ἐοικότι, a perfect participle of ἔοικα ('to resemble/be fitting'), gives the sense 'a death that matched his deeds' — perfect tense shows a settled, deserved state.

ἔπειμι

were shut, lay upon; goes over, inspects; will come 9 times

ἔπεσαν, ἔπεισιν, ἐπέσσεται, ἐπήισαν, ἐπιείσομαι, ἐπιόντι, ἐπῇσαν, ἐπῆεν and 1 more

imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active indicative, 3rd singular verb; future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἐπέσσεται, future of ἔπειμι 'will be upon/come after' — heir yet to arrive.

ἔπος

words; with words; word 231 times

ἔπος, ἔπεα, ἐπέεσσι, ἐπέεσσιν, ἔπεσσιν, ἔπεσσι, ἔπε, ἔπεσσί and 4 more

dative plural neuter noun; accusative singular neuter noun; accusative plural neuter noun

ἔργον τε ἔπος τε 'deed and word'—a formulaic pairing praising complete competence, in speech and action.

ἔραμαι

fell in love with once

ἠράσσατ

ἠράσσατο takes a genitive object (ποταμοῦ) — Greek verbs of desire/love often govern the genitive.

ἔρανος

a shared-cost meal; club-feast twice

ἔρανος, ἐράνῳ

nominative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

ἔρανος names a potluck-style meal where guests each contribute - the word signals these suitors are freeloading, not hosting properly.

ἔργνυμι

were penned; she penned them; are penned 5 times

ἔρχατο, ἐέργνυ, ἐέρχατο, ἔρχαται

pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb

Pluperfect ἐέρχατο (from ἔργνυμι) with present-like force: 'they were shut in.'

ἔργον

deeds; deed; work 130 times

ἔργα, ἔργον, ἔργ, ἔργων, ἔργῳ, ἔργοισιν, ἔργοις, ἔργοισι and 2 more

accusative plural neuter noun; accusative singular neuter noun; nominative plural neuter noun

'works of oxen or men' = plowed fields, farmed land — a formulaic sign of no human habitation

ἔργω

enclosed; they did; bar 5 times

ἔρξαν, ἔεργον, ἐέργουσίν, ἔεργε

aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active indicative, 3rd plural verb

ἔργω 'shut in, enclose'—different verb from the common ἔρχομαι-family; here imperfect, describing a standing state.

ἔρδω

do; to do; having done 26 times

ἔρδειν, ἔρξον, ἐώργει, ἔρξω, ἔρξῃς, ἔρξαι, ἔρδωμεν, ἐρξέμεν and 10 more

present active infinitive; aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb; pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb

Pluperfect ἐώργει (from ἔρδω) stresses a completed state in the past: Odysseus 'had (ever) done' no wrong — an emphatic character reference.

Ἔρεβόσδε

to Erebus once

Ἔρεβόσδε

Ἔρεβόσδε, directional -δε suffix 'to/toward Erebus', the underworld's dark region.

Ἔρεβος

Erebus 4 times

Ἔρεβος, Ἐρέβευς

accusative singular neuter noun; genitive singular neuter noun

Name of the underworld's darkness, personified/place-name marking where the sacrificial animals' heads are turned.

ἔρις

a quarrel; strife; quarrel 11 times

ἔριν, ἔρις, ἔριδος, ἔριδα

accusative singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun

ἔριφος

of kids; kids; to the kids 5 times

ἐρίφων, ἐρίφους, ἐρίφοισι

genitive plural masculine noun; accusative plural masculine noun; dative plural masculine noun

ἔρνος

shoot; sapling twice

ἔρνος, ἔρνεϊ

accusative singular neuter noun; dative singular neuter noun

The famous simile: he compares Nausicaa to a young palm shoot he once saw at Delos.

ἔρομαι

to ask; asked; will ask 37 times

ἐρέσθαι, εἴροντο, εἰρήσομαι, εἴρετο, ἔροιτο, εἴρεσθαι, ἐρέεσθαι, ἐρέοντο and 12 more

imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist infinitive; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb

εἴρηαι is subjunctive after εἰ...τε in a general/future conditional — 'if you should ever ask' rather than a simple present condition.

ἔρος

desire; desire, craving; with desire 16 times

ἔρον, ἔρῳ

accusative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

ἔρος, epic form of ἔρως 'desire, longing' — here desire for food and drink, not romantic love

ἔρρω

begone; wandering; let him go 4 times

ἔρροντι, ἐρρέτω, ἔρρ, ἔρρε

present active imperative, 2nd singular verb; present active participle, dative singular masculine; present active imperative, 3rd singular verb

Third-person imperative ἐρρέτω from ἔρρω, a dismissive 'let him go to ruin/be off.'

ἔρχομαι

came; having come; coming 433 times

ἦλθε, ἦλθεν, ἐλθὼν, ἦλθον, ἔλθοι, ἐλθόντες, ἤλυθεν, ἐλθεῖν and 60 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active infinitive

ἐλθὼν sets up a hoped-for hypothetical return of Odysseus, part of a long conditional wish spanning several lines.

ἔσθω

to eat; ate; eating 12 times

ἐσθέμεναι, ἦσθε, ἔσθων, ἔσθειν, ἔσθουσαι, ἦσθ

present active infinitive; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active participle, nominative singular masculine

epic present infinitive ἐσθέμεναι of ἔσθω, alt. to ἐσθίειν.

ἔσχατος

the most remote; at the edge; farthest 3 times

ἔσχατοι, ἔσχατον

nominative plural masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

ἔσχατον agrees with an implied storeroom, 'the innermost/farthest one'

ἔτος

year; the year; of the year 19 times

ἔτος, ἔτεϊ, ἔτεος, ἔτει

nominative singular neuter noun; dative singular neuter noun; genitive singular neuter noun

The 'twentieth year' formula marks the epic's full time-span (10 years at Troy + 10 wandering).

ἔτυμος

the truth; to true things; true things 4 times

ἔτυμον, ἐτύμοισιν, ἔτυμα, ἔτυμόν

accusative singular neuter adjective; dative plural neuter adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective

ἔτυμον, emphatic adverbial accusative reinforcing her sincerity

ἔφυδρος

bringing wet once

ἔφυδρος

ἔφυδρος, 'rain-bearing,' a striking rare epithet for the West Wind here.

ἔχθω

hated; is hated; was hated 4 times

ἐχθόμενός, ἔχθεσθ, ἤχθετο, ἤχθεθ

imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine; present medio-passive infinitive

ἔχθεσθ(αι), 'to be hated' by the gods — infinitive after οὐ γὰρ ὀίω 'I do not think.'

ἔχω

holding; hold; having 318 times

ἔχουσιν, ἔχων, ἔχει, ἔχοντες, ἔχοντα, ἔχε, ἔχον, ἔχουσα and 66 more

present active indicative, 3rd plural verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active participle, nominative singular masculine

Subjunctive after ἵνα expresses purpose: 'so that he may have.'

ἐάω

would be; it might be; would let 66 times

εἴη, ἐάσομεν, εἴα, εἴων, ἔα, ἐάᾳς, ἐάσατε, ἐάσει and 19 more

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb; present active indicative, 2nd singular verb

epic-optative εἴη of εἰμί (labeled here as ἐάω by the treebank lemma field, kept as given).

ἐγγίγνομαι

are born once

ἐγγεγάασιν

perfect ἐγγεγάασιν, 'have been born (and so now are)' — epic perfect form of γίγνομαι

ἐγγύθεν

nearby; from nearby; near 13 times

ἐγγύθεν

adverb; preposition

ἐγγύθεν used with dative σφισιν: 'near to them' — kinship of Phaeacians to gods.

ἐγγύς

near; nearby; near, close 13 times

ἐγγὺς

adverb; preposition

ἐγγύς used predicatively with ἐών, 'being near' — the seer's key claim that Odysseus is close by

ἐγγυαλίζω

I handed over; I hand over; may grant 3 times

ἐγγυάλιξα, ἐγγυαλίξω, ἐγγυαλίξῃ

aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb; future active indicative, 1st singular verb; aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb

ἐγγυαλίζω, "place in the hands of, entrust" — formal verb of transferring a guest into someone's care.

ἐγείρω

wakes; awoke; roused 13 times

ἐγείρει, ἔγειρε, ἔγρετο, ἔγειρεν, ἔγρεο, ἔγροιτο, ἐγρόμενος, ἐγειρομένων

present active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἔγροιτο, aorist middle optative — optative of purpose expressing Athena's intended result 'so that he would wake.'

ἐγκατατίθεμαι

stored away; laid up, stored twice

ἐγκάτθετο

ἐγκάτθετο, vivid compound verb 'set within', describing the craftsman investing skill into the object

ἐγκέφαλος

brain; brains; with brains 3 times

ἐγκέφαλος, ἐγκέφαλός, ἐγκεφάλῳ

nominative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

ἐγκέφαλος 'in-the-head' — a grimly concrete anatomical noun for the ram's-eye violent fantasy.

ἐγκονέω

busily working twice

ἐγκονέουσαι

vivid present participle 'hurrying/bustling', paints the maids at work

ἐγκρύπτω

buried, hid once

ἐνέκρυψε

famous extended simile opening (ὡς δ᾽ ὅτε...) comparing Odysseus hiding under leaves to a banked ember preserving fire

ἐγχεσίμωρος

spear-fighting once

ἐγχεσιμώρους

ἐγχεσιμώρους, a striking compound epithet, 'furious with the spear', unique to the Myrmidons.

ἐγώ

me; I; to me 1553 times

μοι, ἐγὼ, μ, με, ἐγώ, ἐγὼν, ἐμοὶ, ἐμὲ and 26 more

dative singular masculine pronoun; nominative singular masculine pronoun; accusative singular masculine pronoun

νῶι, dual 'we two' — Nestor (the narrator, speaking in the first person) and Diomedes, who traveled home together; Menelaus catches up with them at Lesbos

ἐδωδή

food; with food; of food 8 times

ἐδωδῆς, ἐδωδὴν, ἐδωδῇ, ἐδωδήν, ἐδωδὴ

accusative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun

ἐθέλω

willing; you wish; wished 134 times

ἐθέλεις, ἐθέλω, ἤθελε, ἐθέλῃσθα, ἐθέλῃσιν, ἐθέλων, ἐθέλοντα, ἤθελον and 32 more

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active indicative, 2nd singular verb; present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb

οὐκ ἐθελούσῃ, 'not willing' — dative agreeing with μητέρι, stressing Penelope's unwillingness.

ἐθελοντήρ

volunteers once

ἐθελοντῆρας

ἐθελοντήρ, rare noun built on 'willing', 'those who want to'

ἐίσκω

I liken; reckon; made himself look 9 times

ἐίσκω, ἐίσκομεν, ἐΐσκεις, ἐίσκεις, ἤισκε, ἐΐσκει

present active indicative, 2nd singular verb; present active indicative, 1st singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἐίσκω 'liken, make resemble' — the disguise verb governing the whole clause

ἐκβάλλω

let fall; struck out; hurled out 7 times

ἔκβαλε, ἔκβαλον, ἔκβαλλε

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb

3rd plural aorist ἐκβάλλω, subject is the sailors (unstated) — she is 'thrown out.'

ἐκβαίνω

disembarking; climbing out; stepping ashore 8 times

ἐκβαίνοντα, ἐκβάντες, ἐκβὰς, ἔκβητ, ἐκβήσαντες

present active participle, accusative singular masculine; aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine

Aorist participle ἐκβάντες, action prior to/simultaneous with the lying-still of the next line.

ἐκγίγνομαι

sprung from; sprung; were born 5 times

ἐκγεγαυῖα, ἐκγεγάτην

perfect active participle, nominative singular feminine; perfect active indicative, 3rd dual verb

ἐκγεγαυῖα: perfect participle 'born of,' marking Helen's divine parentage as an epithet.

ἐκδέρω

having flayed once

ἐκδείρας

Aorist participle: vivid physical detail of skinning the ox to make the wineskin.

ἐκδύω

took off; stripping off; slipping out 3 times

ἐκδὺς, ἔκδυνε

aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἐκεῖνος

that man; that one; his 102 times

κεῖνος, κεῖνον, κείνου, κείνη, κείνῳ, ἐκεῖνος, ἐκείνῳ, κείνων and 14 more

nominative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; genitive singular masculine adjective

κεῖνος, epic form of ἐκεῖνος, referring to Orestes

ἐκθνήσκω

died once

ἔκθανον

ἔκθανον 'died' hyperbolically for uncontrollable laughing - a vivid comic idiom, not literal death.

ἐκκαλέω

called out; was calling forth twice

ἐκκαλέσαντες, ἐξεκαλεῖτο

aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb

Imperfect middle: ongoing, repeated act of summoning souls, not a single completed call.

ἐκλανθάνω

would forget; forgot; they forget 3 times

ἐκλελάθοιτο, ἐκλάθετο, ἐκλελάθωντ

aorist optative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd plural verb

ἐκλάθετο from ἐκλανθάνω, middle voice 'forgot (for himself)' — the fatal lapse that leads to his death.

ἐκπέμπω

sent out; drives out; send out 3 times

ἔκπεμψάν, ἐκπέμψῃσι, ἐκπέμψασθε

aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb; aorist middle imperative, 2nd plural verb

ἐκπέμψασθε, aorist middle imperative, brusque command 'escort him out'.

ἐκπεράω

they cross; crosses; passed through 4 times

ἐκπερόωσιν, ἐκπεράᾳ, ἐξεπέρησε

present active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἐκπίνω

drank it down; he drank it down; they drank it down 5 times

ἔκπιεν, ἔκπιον, ἐκπέποται

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb

compound ἐκπίνω, 'drink out/down completely', emphasizing he drained the cup.

ἐκσῴζω

saved out once

ἐξεσάωσε

Compound ἐκ-σῴζω, 'brought safely out of,' underscoring Poseidon's initial mercy before anger.

ἐκτέμνω

had cut; cut out; had killed 3 times

ἔκταμεν, ἐξέταμον

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb

ἐκτελέω

I finish; finished; let us finish 21 times

ἐξετέλεσσε, ἐκτελέωμεν, ἐκτελέσω, ἐξετελεῦντο, ἐκτετέλεσται, ἐκτελέσας, ἐξετέλειον, ἐκτελέσειεν and 5 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active subjunctive, 1st plural verb; aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verb

Aorist participle marks completed travel prior to the main verb: 'having finished the same road'.

ἐκτίθημι

setting out once

ἐκθεῖσαι

ἐκθεῖσαι: aorist participle, feminine plural, agrees with the maidservants implied as addressees

ἐκτός

outside; outdoors; clear of 10 times

ἐκτὸς

preposition; adverb

ἐκτός + genitive αὐλῆς: 'outside of' takes genitive, common Homeric preposition pattern.

ἐκφαίνω

came back into view; appeared, showed forth twice

ἐξεφάνη, ἐξεφαάνθη

aorist passive ἐξεφαάνθη, 'were brought to light' — marks the long-awaited climax of the ἦμος...τῆμος time clause.

ἐκφεύγω

escaped; to escape; we escaped 9 times

ἐκφυγέειν, ἔκφυγε, ἐκφύγομεν, ἐξέφυγον

aorist active infinitive; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb

ἐκφθίνω

had run out; had been used up twice

ἐξέφθιτο

pluperfect ἐκφθίνω, 'had already been used up'

ἐκχέω

poured out; had been poured down; pouring out 6 times

ἐκχεύατ, ἐξεκέχυντο, ἐκχύμενοι, ἐξέχυθ, ἔκχυτο

aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist middle participle, nominative plural masculine

ἐξεκέχυντο, pluperfect passive, stresses the bonds already hanging in place beforehand

ἐλάινος

olive-wood 3 times

ἐλάινον, ἐλάινος

nominative singular neuter adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

ἐλάτινος

of fir; fir-wood 3 times

εἰλάτινον, εἰλάτιναί

accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative plural feminine adjective

material adjective 'made of fir,' epic technical vocabulary for ship-building

ἐλαία

olive tree; of the olive tree; olive trees 11 times

ἐλαίης, ἐλαίη, ἐλαῖαι

genitive singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun; nominative plural feminine noun

The bed was built around a living olive-tree trunk — this is the secret proof only Odysseus could know.

Ἐλατρεύς

Elatreus twice

Ἐλατρεύς

Catalog of Phaeacian athlete names, several built on sea/rowing roots (Ὠκύαλος 'swift-at-sea').

ἐλαύνω

drove; struck; to drive 68 times

ἤλασε, ἐλάαν, ἔλασεν, ἐλάσειε, ἐλάσῃ, ἔλασαν, ἔλασσε, ἐλάσαντες and 21 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active infinitive; aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb

ἔλων: imperfect of ἐλαύνω 'drive (a chariot)', picturing the ongoing approach by chariot.

ἐλαφρός

swifter; lightest; lightly 4 times

ἐλαφρότεροι, ἐλαφρότατοι, ἐλαφρῶς, ἐλαφρότατος

nominative plural masculine comparative adjective; nominative plural masculine superlative adjective; adverb

ἐλέγχω

shames once

ἐλέγχει

Odysseus speaks of himself in the third person as 'the stranger,' maintaining his disguise even after the feat.

ἐλέφας

of ivory; ivory; with ivory 8 times

ἐλέφαντος, ἐλέφαντι

genitive singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

Triple dative list (gold, silver, ivory) shows Homeric love of cataloguing precious materials.

ἐλεαίρω

pitying; pitied; pities 12 times

ἐλέαιρε, ἐλεαίρων, ἐλέαιρον, ἐλεαίρει, ἐλεαίροντες, ἐλεαίρεις, ἐλέαιρεν

present active participle, nominative singular masculine; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active imperative, 2nd singular verb

Imperative addressed to the river-god; epic ἐλεαίρω, not the common ἐλεέω.

ἐλεγχείη

shame; disgrace, reproach twice

ἐλεγχείην, ἐλεγχείη

accusative singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun

ἐλεγχείη names the social shame of failure — a key Homeric value word tying prowess to honor.

ἐλεέω

pitied; pitied, took pity on; pitying 9 times

ἐλέησά, ἐλέησεν, ἐλέησον, ἐλεήσας, ἐλεήσῃ

aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb

aorist participle sets up the hoped-for result: 'if pitying me you would send...'

ἐλεεινός

pitied; most pitiful; pitiful 5 times

ἐλεεινὸν, ἐλεεινόν, ἐλεεινοτάτῳ, ἐλεεινός

accusative singular neuter adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; dative singular neuter superlative adjective

ἐλελίζω

spun, whirled; was shaken; was spun, reeled 3 times

ἐλελίχθη, ἐλέλιξε

aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἐλελίζω, an onomatopoeic-feeling verb for violent spinning motion.

ἐλεφαίρομαι

deceive once

ἐλεφαίρονται

ἐλεφαίρονται puns on ἐλέφας 'ivory' — the ivory gate's dreams 'ivory-cheat' us, a favorite Homeric sound-play.

Ἐλπήνωρ

Elpenor; of Elpenor 4 times

Ἐλπήνωρ, Ἐλπήνορος, Ἐλπῆνορ, Ἐλπήνορα

nominative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun; vocative singular masculine noun

introduces Elpenor, whose death here is recounted before Odysseus even notices him missing — dramatic irony for the audience.

ἐλύω

loosed; curled up; have loosened 4 times

ἔλυσαν, ἐλυσθεὶς

aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculine

aorist passive participle used with active sense: 'having curled/rolled himself'

ἐμβάλλω

put; hurled; you cast 15 times

ἔμβαλε, ἐμβαλέειν, ἐμβάλλετε, ἐμβάλετ

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active infinitive; present active indicative, 2nd plural verb

Aorist infinitive of ἐμβάλλω, 'to throw in/on'.

ἐμβαίνω

he had embarked; setting foot twice

ἔμβη, ἐμβαίνων

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active participle, nominative singular masculine

ἐμβαίνων, 'stepping on/in'—Odysseus braces his foot on the carcass to pull the spear free.

ἐμβασιλεύω

was king once

ἐμβασίλευε

imperfect ἐμβασίλευε, describing an ongoing past state of rule

ἐμμεμαώς

eager once

ἐμμεμαῶτες

ἐμμεμαῶτες, perfect participle with present force, 'straining forward'

ἐμός

my; my own; of my 202 times

ἐμὸν, ἐμόν, ἐμὸς, ἐμῆς, ἐμὴν, ἐμῷ, ἐμὰ, ἐμοῖς and 16 more

accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective

vocative ἐμοί/ἐμός used possessively with comrades, address form

ἐμπάζομαι

paid heed; heed, pay attention to; heed 10 times

ἐμπάζετο, ἐμπάζεο, ἐμπάζομαι, ἐμπαζόμεθ, ἐμπάζεαι, ἐμπάξομαι

imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb

ἐμπάζομαι + genitive, 'take notice of' — Zeus ignores Odysseus' sacrifice, foreshadowing more suffering to come.

ἐμπίπλημι

having filled; heap full; fill! 14 times

ἐμπλήσας, ἐνιπλησθῆναι, ἐμπλησέμεν, ἔμπλησον, ἔμπληντο, ἐμπλήσατο, ἐνέπλησάν, ἐμπλήσαντες and 2 more

aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist passive infinitive; future active infinitive

Root aorist middle of ἐμπίπλημι, 'became filled', governing genitive βροτῶν 'with men'.

ἐμπνέω

breathed into 3 times

ἐνέπνευσεν, ἐνέπνευσε, ἔμπνευσε

ἐμπνέω 'breathe in' — a god literally inspiring courage, root sense of 'inspire'.

ἐμπολάω

they were buying up once

ἐμπολόωντο

ἐμπολόωντο, imperfect middle 'trading/buying for themselves' — durative, ongoing barter.

ἐμφύω

implanted once

ἐνέφυσεν

ἐνέφυσεν, aorist of ἐμφύω 'grow/plant in' — a vivid image of the god's gift taking root in the mind.

ἐναίρω

mar; had killed twice

ἐναίρεο, ἐνήρατο

present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb; aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἐναίρεο middle imperative, lit. 'destroy/wear down'—vivid image of grief ravaging the body

ἐναίσιμος

fitting; righteous; fated things 9 times

ἐναίσιμοι, ἐναίσιμον, ἐναίσιμα, ἐναίσιμος

nominative plural masculine adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective

ἐναίσιμος 'fitting, just' — Calypso claims her own mind is not deceitful, defending her oath's sincerity.

ἐναλίγκιος

like; looking like 14 times

ἐναλίγκιον, ἐναλίγκιος, ἐναλίγκιοι, ἐναλίγκια

accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective

ἐναλίγκιος 'like, similar to' governs a dative (θεοῖς) plus accusative of respect (αὐδήν) — 'like the gods in voice'.

ἐναντίος

face to face; facing; to meet them 6 times

ἐναντίη, ἐναντίαι, ἐναντίοι, ἐναντίος

nominative singular feminine adjective; nominative plural feminine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective

ἐναντίος describes Odysseus' posture as he approaches, not the goddess

ἐναραρίσκω

fixed once

ἐναρηρός

Perfect participle ἐναρηρός, 'firmly fitted in' — same root as ἀραρὼν, a recurring Homeric carpentry verb.

ἐναργής

visibly; vivid; plainly, visibly 4 times

ἐναργεῖς, ἐναργὴς, ἐναργὲς

nominative plural masculine adjective; nominative singular feminine adjective; nominative singular neuter adjective

ἐναργής 'in visible/manifest form' stresses the goddess appeared openly, not in disguise.

ἐνδουπέω

I splashed down; crashed down twice

ἐνδούπησα, ἐνδούπησε

aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἐνδούπησα, a vivid thudding/splashing verb — Homer's fondness for sound-evocative compounds at moments of impact.

ἐνέζομαι

were within twice

ἔνεσαν

ἔνεσαν, root sense 'sat/lay in', describing the arrows inside the quiver

ἐνέπω

tell; may tell; telling 27 times

ἐνίσπες, ἐνίσπῃ, ἐνισπεῖν, ἐνέποντα, ἔννεπε, ἐνίψω, ἐνίσποις, ἔνισπε and 6 more

aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb; aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb; future active indicative, 1st singular verb

Emphatic future ἐνίψω closes Telemachus's refusal — a firm vow never to voice that command.

ἐνειμί

remained in; is in twice

ἐνέην, ἔνεστιν

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἐνειμί 'be in/present' — the wine that was still there

ἐνεύδω

to sleep on; had slept twice

ἐνεύδειν, ἐνεῦδεν

present active infinitive; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἐνεύδω 'sleep in/on' — imperfect for the ongoing state of having slept on the fleeces, describing them, not a new action.

ἐνήνοθε

shines upon once

ἐπενήνοθεν

rare perfect ἐπενήνοθεν, 'gleams/blooms upon', an archaic epic form

ἐνῆμαι

we sat once

ἐνήμεθα

ἐνῆμαι pluperfect used with present sense in epic, 'we were sitting'.

ἐνίημι

we will launch; had cast in; sends in 7 times

ἐνήσομεν, ἐνέηκε, ἐνίησι, ἐνήκαμεν, ἐνεῖσα, ἐνήσει

future active indicative, 1st plural verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active indicative, 3rd singular verb

aorist of ἐνίημι, referring to the drug she slipped into the wine

ἐνίσσω

we assailed; being reviled twice

ἐνίσσομεν, ἐνισσόμενος

present active indicative, 1st plural verb; present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine

rare Homeric verb ἐνίσσω, 'rebuke/strike with words'

ἐνιαύω

made his lair; made his bed twice

ἐνίαυε, ἐνίαυεν

ἐνιαύω 'pass the night/dwell' — introduces Polyphemus, not yet named, only as a monstrous 'man.'

ἐνιαυτός

a year; year; of the years, seasons 18 times

ἐνιαυτὸν, ἐνιαυτόν, ἐνιαυτῷ, ἐνιαυτῶν, ἐνιαυτὸς, ἐνιαυτοῦ

accusative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun; genitive plural masculine noun

dative of time-when: 'in its eleventh year', marking the wine's long aging.

ἐνιπή

threats, rebukes; rebuke; from abuse 3 times

ἐνιπάς, ἐνιπήν, ἐνιπῆς

accusative plural feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun

ἐνιπάς, 'reproaches/threats', here Poseidon's wrathful pursuit

ἐννέωρος

nine-year-old; nine years old; nine years long 4 times

ἐννεώροιο, ἐννεώροισιν, ἐννέωροι, ἐννέωρος

genitive singular masculine adjective; dative plural masculine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective

Rare compound adjective ἐννέωρος 'nine years old', a stock Homeric epithet for prime-age oxen; here it describes the animal whose hide becomes the wind-bag, not evidence of a sacrifice in this passage.

ἐννεάπηχυς

nine cubits once

ἐννεαπήχεες

ἐννεάπηχυς, 'measuring nine cubits' — a regular compound number-adjective; 'wide' comes from εὖρος in the surrounding clause, not this word alone, and the compound was not specially coined for these giants.

ἐννῆμαρ

for nine days; nine days 5 times

ἐννῆμαρ

ἐννῆμαρ, a fixed epic numeral-adverb; 'nine days and nights' is a formulaic span for ordeals in Homer.

Ἐννοσίγαιος

earth-shaker; Earth-shaker; the Earth-shaker 6 times

ἐννοσίγαιος, ἐννοσίγαιον, ἐννοσίγαι

nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; vocative singular masculine noun

ἐννοσίγαιος, epithet of Poseidon meaning 'earth-shaker'

Ἐνοσίχθων

earth-shaker; the Earth-shaker; Earth-shaker 18 times

ἐνοσίχθων, ἐνοσίχθονι

nominative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

Ἐνοσίχθων, 'earth-shaker' — another standing epithet of Poseidon tied to his role causing earthquakes.

ἐνστάζω

is instilled once

ἐνέστακται

ἐνστάζω 'drip in'—a vivid image of paternal spirit poured drop by drop into the son.

ἐντανύω

to string; strings; be strung 17 times

ἐντανύσῃ, ἐντανύσαι, ἐντανύεσθαι, ἐντανύσειν, ἐντανύσω, ἐντανύειν, ἐντάνυσε, ἐντανύσειεν and 3 more

aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb; aorist active infinitive; present medio-passive infinitive

ἐντανύσαι and διοϊστεῦσαι are epexegetic infinitives after πρίν, spelling out the two feats the suitors will fail: stringing, then shooting through the iron.

ἐντίθημι

she laid up; put aboard; to put on 8 times

ἔνθετο, ἐνθέμεναι, ἐντιθέμεσθα, ἐνθήσω

aorist indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active infinitive; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st plural verb

ἔνθετο θυμῷ, 'she put in her heart' — a formulaic idiom for taking something deeply to heart.

ἐντύνω

preparing; you may get ready; having dressed 8 times

ἐντυνόμενοι, ἐντύνοντο, ἐντύνεαι, ἐντυναμένη, ἔντυνον, ἐντυνώμεθα

present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist middle subjunctive, 2nd singular verb

aorist subjunctive after ὄφρα expresses purpose: 'so that you may get ready'

ἐντύω

were preparing once

ἔντυον

imperfect ἔντυον, the domestic bed-making happening in parallel to the dialogue above.

ἐνώπια

wall; the wall twice

ἐνώπια

ἐνώπια, the front/porch wall facing the entrance of the hall

ἐξάγω

led out; leading out; led them out 6 times

ἐξῆγε, ἐξαγαγόντες, ἔξαγεν, ἐξάγαγ

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἐξάρχω

began urging once

ἐξήρχετο

ἐξάρχω 'begin/lead off' a speech or plan — used of ringleaders proposing action.

ἐξάρχων

leading off once

ἐξάρχοντος

ἐξάρχοντος: genitive absolute-like construction, 'as he led off (the song)', framing the tumblers' act.

ἐξαίνυμαι

was taking out once

ἐξαίνυτο

Imperfect middle, ongoing action of unloading.

ἐξαίσιος

an outrage; excessive twice

ἐξαίσιον

adverbial accusative of degree with δείσας, 'fearing exceedingly'

ἐξαιρέω

chose out; they set apart; takes away 8 times

ἔξελον, ἐξείλετο, ἔξελε, ἐξαιρεύμην, ἐξείλοντο

aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb

Gnomic aorist describing a general, timeless truth about death.

ἐξακέομαι

might heal once

ἐξακέσαιτο

optative in a purpose clause after ὡς: 'so that he might appease'

ἐξαλαόω

blinded; you blinded 4 times

ἐξαλάωσας, ἐξαλάωσε, ἐξαλαῶσαι

aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active infinitive

refers to Polyphemus, Poseidon's son, blinded by Odysseus in Book 9 — the source of the god's wrath.

ἐξαλαπάζω

sacked; having sacked 3 times

ἐξαλαπάξαι, ἐξαλαπάξας, ἐξαλάπαξαν

aorist active infinitive; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb

aorist infinitive after a verb of saying (φασι), reporting a completed act

ἐξαναδύομαι

having risen up; rising up from under twice

ἐξαναδῦσαι, ἐξαναδύς

aorist active participle, nominative plural feminine; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine

ἐξαναδύς, vivid compound 'up-and-out-diving', picturing him surfacing

ἐξαναφανδόν

openly once

ἐξαναφανδόν

ἐξαναφανδόν, rare emphatic adverb 'openly, plainly'—stresses Athena's frankness

ἐξαπόλλυμι

has perished once

ἐξαπόλωλε

ἐξαπόλωλε, perfect of ἐξαπόλλυμι, a striking uncanny image: broad daylight replaced by supernatural darkness.

ἐξαπονίζω

washed once

ἐξαπένιζεν

Imperfect ἐξαπένιζεν 'was washing' — durative aspect frames the ongoing action just before the crucial discovery.

ἐξαρπάζω

snatching once

ἐξαρπάξασα

ἐξαρπάξασα, aorist participle 'having snatched' — describes the swift, simultaneous seizing action of each head.

ἐξαφύω

drawing off once

ἐξαφύοντες

ἐξαφύοντες, participle from ἐξαφύω 'draw out (liquid)', vivid image of tapping the wine-jars dry.

ἐξέρομαι

to question; question him; inquires of 10 times

ἐξερέεσθαι, ἐξερέοιτο, ἐξερέῃσι, ἐξερέηται, ἐξερέοιθ, ἐξείρετο

present middle optative, 3rd singular verb; present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb; present middle infinitive

ἐξερέηται, subjunctive with expressed alternative senses ('might inquire'), used generically in a habitual/recurring scene of consulting a seer.

ἐξέρχομαι

going out; coming out; to go out 13 times

ἐξελθοῦσα, ἐξελθὼν, ἐξελθών, ἐξελθέμεναι, ἐξέλθωμεν, ἔξελθε, ἐξῆλθε, ἐξελθόντε and 1 more

aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine; aorist active infinitive

Hortatory subjunctive, 1st plural: 'let us...'

ἐξεῖπον

tell once

ἐξείπῃ

Subjunctive ἐξείπῃ in a fear clause with μή — 'lest someone go and tell.'

ἐξελαύνω

to drive out; having driven out; drove out 7 times

ἐξελάσαι, ἐξελάσαντας, ἐξήλασε, ἐξελάων, ἐξελάαν, ἐξελάσωσι, ἐξελάσαιμι

aorist active infinitive; aorist active participle, accusative plural masculine; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb

Aorist optative here expresses a wish/potential ('I could knock out'), not a real past event.

ἐξεμέω

she spewed up; she should spew forth twice

ἐξεμέσειε, ἐξεμέσειεν

optative in a generalizing 'whenever' clause describing repeated/habitual action

ἐξεναρίζω

having killed; to strip, kill twice

ἐξεναρίξας, ἐξεναρίξαι

aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active infinitive

strong compound verb, 'slain outright' — Oedipus killing Laius

ἐξερέω

I will declare; you could learn; will tell 8 times

ἐξερέω, ἐξερέοις, ἐξερέοντες, ἐξερέουσιν, ἐξερέουσα

future active indicative, 1st singular verb; future active optative, 2nd singular verb; future active participle, nominative plural masculine

future optative in a remote conditional: 'you would (be able to) learn'

ἐξερεείνω

asked about; asked; searching out 7 times

ἐξερέεινεν, ἐξερέεινον, ἐξερεείνων, ἐξερέεινε, ἐξερεείνοι

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active participle, nominative singular masculine

Intensive verb ἐξερεείνω, 'questioned closely/probed'.

ἐξερύω

pulled out; tearing out; drew out 4 times

ἐξέρυσαν, ἐξέρυσ, ἐξερύσας

aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine

Aorist participle ἐξερύσας is prior to δώῃ: 'having torn out, (he) may give' - action sequence packed into one clause.

ἐξικνέομαι

drew near; I reached; I fled to 3 times

ἐξικόμην, ἐξίκετο

aorist middle indicative, 1st singular verb; aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἐξικόμην 'I reached, arrived at' — aorist middle of ἐξικνέομαι, paired with φεύγων 'fleeing.'

ἐξόλλυμι

may destroy once

ἐξολέσειε

optative of wish, ἐξολέσειε — 'may Zeus destroy them'

ἐξονομακλήδην

by name once

ἐξονομακλήδην

rare compound adverb ἐξονομακλήδην, 'calling out each by name,' heightening the pathos of this final farewell

ἐξορμάω

having darted off once

ἐξορμήσασα

aorist participle ἐξορμήσασα, feminine, agrees with implied ship (νῆα/νηῦς)

ἐξοφέλλω

kept raising once

ἐξώφελλεν

Aorist indicative (not imperfect) here has iterative/gnomic force, hence the ongoing sense 'kept raising' the bride-price.

ἐπάρουρος

field hand once

ἐπάρουρος

ἐπάρουρος, rare compound 'attached to a plot of land' — a hired man bound to someone else's soil, i.e. a landed serf, not literally landless.

ἐπάρχω

beginning with; pouring first drops; pour first 5 times

ἐπαρξάμενοι, ἐπαρξάσθω, ἐπαρξάμενος

aorist middle imperative, 3rd singular verb; aorist participle, nominative plural masculine; aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine

ἐπαρξάμενοι, 'having made first offering,' describes the ritual of pouring a portion first before serving all—ties to the libation custom.

ἐπαίσσω

rush; I rushed; rushed 5 times

ἐπαῖξαι, ἐπήιξα, ἐπήϊσσον, ἐπαΐξανθ, ἐπήϊξαν

aorist active infinitive; aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb

Aorist infinitive of sudden attack, ἐπαίσσω, paired with a purpose-like ὥς τε clause: 'rush as if eager to kill.'

ἐπαινός

dread 4 times

ἐπαινῆς, ἐπαινῇ

genitive singular feminine adjective; dative singular feminine adjective

ἐπαινή 'dread, terrible,' a fixed formulaic epithet for Persephone as queen of the dead.

ἐπακούω

hears; to hear, listen to; to hear in turn 7 times

ἐπακούει, ἐπακούσαι, ἐπακοῦσαι, ἐπακούσῃ

present active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active infinitive

ἐπακτήρ

the huntsmen once

ἐπακτῆρες

ἐπακτήρ 'one who drives on, huntsman/tracker' — here refers to the hunting party itself (Odysseus and Autolycus's sons), not a separate class of beaters.

ἐπαλάομαι

having wandered; has wandered 4 times

ἐπαληθεὶς, ἐπαληθείς, ἐπαληθῇ

aorist medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb

ἐπαλάομαι, "roam over" — Menelaus's own wandering echoes Odysseus's, a deliberate parallel

ἐπαλαστέω

in deep anger once

ἐπαλαστήσασα

ἐπαλαστήσασα, an aorist participle for a sudden surge of indignation — marks Athena's emotional response before she speaks.

ἐπαμύντωρ

defenders once

ἐπαμύντορε

ἐπαμύντορε: dual of ἐπαμύντωρ 'helper', echoing ἀμύντωρ above

ἐπαοιδή

with a chant once

ἐπαοιδῇ

ἐπαοιδή: a magical healing incantation sung over a wound, reflecting archaic medical practice.

ἐπασκέω

is finished once

ἐπήσκηται

Perfect ἐπήσκηται stresses the completed, lasting state of the courtyard's construction.

ἐπασσύτερος

one after another once

ἐπασσύτεροι

ἐπασσύτεροι 'in close succession' describes scouts relieving each other continuously

ἐπαφύσσω

added once

ἐπήφυσεν

ἐπαφύσσω 'ladle in besides' — practical domestic verb, mixing hot with cold water in the basin.

ἐπέοικε

is fitting; it is fitting; it befits 6 times

ἐπέοιχ, ἐπέοικεν, ἐπέοικε, ἐπεῴκει

perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἐπέοικε, perfect with present sense, impersonal 'it befits'.

ἐπέρχομαι

came over; came on; coming 38 times

ἐπελθὼν, ἐπήλυθε, ἐπήλυθον, ἐπῆλθε, ἐπερχόμενον, ἐπέλθῃ, ἐπελήλυθα, ἐπῆλθον and 9 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb

perfect of ἐπέρχομαι, stressing the lasting result: 'I have come to have traversed'.

ἐπέχω

held to, offered; he rested; do you set upon 4 times

ἐπέσχε, ἔπεχεν, ἐπέχεις, ἐπεῖχε

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active indicative, 2nd singular verb

ἐπέχω here 'he propped/kept (his feet) on it'

ἐπεγείρω

woke up; wake twice

ἐπέγρετο, ἐπέγειρε

aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active imperative, 2nd singular verb

Middle voice ἐπεγείρω = 'rouse oneself,' fitting the intransitive 'awoke.'

ἐπείγω

being eager; though eager for; straining 18 times

ἐπειγόμενοι, ἐπειγόμενός, ἐπειγόμενος, ἔπειγε, ἐπειγομένην, ἔπειγον, ἐπείγετο, ἐπειγομένους and 3 more

present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine; present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb

Concessive use of the participle with περ: 'eager though you are' — περ regularly marks a participle as concessive in Homer.

ἐπελαύνω

drove near; drove; let (touch) 6 times

ἐπέλασσεν, ἐπέλασσε, ἐπέλασσα, ἐπέλασσαν

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb

ἐπελαύνω here means 'bring close to/let touch,' governing the dative θαλάσσῃ, unusual but vivid physical image.

ἐπεντύνω

make ready once

ἐπεντύνονται

vivid present tense amid past narrative, a customary/habitual scene

ἐπεσβολία

a flood of words once

ἐπεσβολίας

Rare epic word for presumptuous, overbold speech.

ἐπεύχομαι

prayed; pray; to pray 9 times

ἐπεύξασθαι, ἐπεύχετο, ἐπεύξατο, ἐπευξάμενος, ἐπευχόμενος, ἐπεύχεο

aorist middle infinitive; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἐπήβολος

master of once

ἐπήβολος

ἐπήβολος 'having command/mastery' + genitive

ἐπήρατος

lovely 4 times

ἐπήρατον, ἐπήρατος, ἐπήρατα

nominative singular neuter adjective; nominative singular feminine adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective

ἐπήρετμος

oared; at the oars 6 times

ἐπήρετμοι

nominative plural feminine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective

ἐπήρετμος 'furnished with oars' — a formulaic Homeric epithet for ships, evoking the seafaring raider's life Odysseus (as Cretan) claims.

Ἐπήριτος

Eperitus once

Ἐπήριτος

'Eperitus' resembles Greek 'strife-sought' — a fitting alias for the disguised, embattled Odysseus.

ἐπηετανός

year-round; abundant; abundance 8 times

ἐπηετανὸν, ἐπηετανοί, ἐπηετανός, ἐπηετανοὶ

accusative singular neuter adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective; nominative singular feminine adjective

ἐπηετανός 'perennial' — an epic compound describing the spring's constant flow.

ἐπημοιβός

spare once

ἐπημοιβοί

ἐπημοιβός 'changeable, spare' — describes extra tunics for changing.

ἐπί

upon; on; over 596 times

ἐπὶ, ἐπ, ἔπι, ἐφ, ἔπ, ἐπί, ἐπʼ

ἐπὶ here is used adverbially/emphatically with ἦλθε rather than governing a case, a common Homeric tmesis-like usage.

ἐπίβαθρον

passage-fare once

ἐπίβαθρον

ἐπίβαθρον, 'fare for boarding' — payment for passage on a ship.

ἐπίκλοπος

a cheat; a thief; crafty, sly 3 times

ἐπίκλοπος, ἐπίκλοπον

nominative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

ἐπίμαστος

begging once

ἐπίμαστον

ἐπίμαστος, 'sought after/importunate', describing a beggar who solicits handouts.

ἐπίουρος

keeper; guardian twice

ἐπίουρος

rare epic word ἐπίουρος 'watcher/guard over' — used only of herdsmen

ἐπίσταμαι

skilled; to know; skilled, knowing 10 times

ἐπίστασθαι, ἐπιστάμενος, ἐπισταμένῳ, ἐπιστάμεναι, ἐπίσταιτο, ἐπίσταμαι, ἐπισταμένου

present medio-passive infinitive; present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine; present medio-passive participle, dative singular masculine

ἐπίστασθαι, 'to be skilled in,' takes ἔργα περικαλλέα as its direct object: 'skilled in surpassingly beautiful handiwork.'

ἐπίστροφος

much-traveled once

ἐπίστροφος

ἐπίστροφος ἀνθρώπων, 'much given to visiting people,' is a compact epithet praising Odysseus's far-ranging hospitality-network.

ἐπίσχεσις

restraint once

ἐπίσχεσις

ἐπίσχεσις, rare abstract noun — 'a holding back', i.e. self-restraint in giving.

ἐπίσχω

hold back; taking aim twice

ἐπίσχετε, ἐπισχόμενος

present active imperative, 2nd plural verb; present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine

ἐπίσχω here means 'hold (the bow) aimed at' — a precise, deliberate targeting participle.

ἐπίφρων

prudent; shrewd; wise, prudent one 3 times

ἐπίφρονι, ἐπίφρονα, ἐπίφρονά

dative singular feminine adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective; accusative singular masculine noun

ironic pairing: the gods can make even the ἐπίφρων 'sensible one' foolish

ἐπιάλλω

set in motion once

ἐπίηλεν

ἐπιάλλω, 'drove on/instigated' — Eurymachus shifts all blame onto Antinous.

ἐπιβαίνω

set foot on; to mount; to embark on 27 times

ἐπιβήμεναι, ἐπέβην, ἐπιβαινέμεν, ἐπιβὰς, ἐπιβῆναι, ἐπέβησαν, ἐπεβήσετο, ἐπιβαίην and 9 more

aorist active infinitive; aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb

ἐπιβαίνω + genitive: 'step onto' takes its object in the genitive, not accusative

ἐπιβήτωρ

that mounts; mounters; mounter, breeder 3 times

ἐπιβήτορα, ἐπιβήτορας

accusative singular masculine noun; accusative plural masculine noun

ἐπιβήτωρ 'mounter/sire' describes the boar's breeding role, a vivid rustic detail.

ἐπιβρίθω

weigh down once

ἐπιβρίσειαν

Optative in a general temporal clause, epic idiom for grapes hanging heavy when ripe.

ἐπιγιγνώσκω

may recognize; will recognize twice

ἐπιγνώωσι, ἐπιγνώῃ

aorist active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb; aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb

Uncontracted epic subjunctive ἐπιγνώωσι (for ἐπιγνῶσι) keeps the extra syllable for the meter.

ἐπιγράφω

grazed, scratched once

ἐπέγραψεν

ἐπιγράφω literally 'wrote/scored upon' — vivid metaphor for a shallow spear-wound skimming the shoulder

ἐπιδέξιος

from left to right once

ἐπιδέξια

ἐπιδέξια = sunwise order, ritual seating direction for the contest

ἐπιδέω

bound; I lack; bound, fastened 3 times

ἐπέδησε, ἐπιδεύομαι

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb

ἐπιδεύομαι + genitive: 'be in want of' governs τούτων

ἐπιδευής

lacking; lacking, short of; falling short 4 times

ἐπιδευέες, ἐπιδευὴς

nominative plural masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

ἐπιδευέες + genitive βίης: 'falling short of strength' — genitive of the thing lacked.

ἐπιδήμιος

at home; present among his people twice

ἐπιδήμιον, ἐπιδήμιος

accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

ἐπιδήμιος ('in the land/among the people') is an epic compound underscoring Odysseus's earlier presence at home.

ἐπιδινέω

wheeling about; whirling; keeps turning over 3 times

ἐπιδινηθέντε, ἐπιδινήσας, ἐπιδινεῖται

aorist passive participle, nominative dual masculine; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἐπιδινέω, 'spin/whirl around' — vivid image of Polyphemus winding up before the throw.

ἐπιέννυμι

clothed in; take aboard 3 times

ἐπιειμένον, ἔφεσσαι

perfect passive participle, accusative singular masculine; aorist middle imperative, 2nd singular verb

ἐπιειμένον, perfect passive participle 'having put on/clothed in' — metaphorical, 'clad in strength.'

ἐπιείκελος

like; equal 4 times

ἐπιείκελος, ἐπιείκελον, ἐπιείκελ

nominative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; vocative singular masculine adjective

ἐπιείκελος 'resembling,' echoes stock Homeric praise for kings compared to gods

ἐπιίστωρ

knower of once

ἐπιίστορα

ἐπιίστωρ, rare compound noun 'one skilled/versed in', here darkly ironic of violent deeds

ἐπικάρσιος

headlong once

ἐπικάρσιαι

ἐπικάρσιαι literally 'athwart, crosswise'; rendered 'headlong' here to convey the ships pitching wildly out of control in the gale.

Ἐπικάστη

Epicaste once

Ἐπικάστην

Homer's name for Jocasta, mother/wife of Oedipus

ἐπικέλλω

having beached; to run aground; ran up 3 times

ἐπικέλσαντας, ἐπικέλσαι, ἐπέκελσεν

aorist active participle, accusative plural masculine; aorist active infinitive; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb

Aorist participle ἐπικέλσαντας, 'having run ashore,' describing the sailors' completed act before waiting.

ἐπικερτομέω

mocking once

ἐπικερτομέων

ἐπικερτομέων 'taunting': narrator shifts to 2nd person address (προσέφης 'you spoke') directly to Eumaeus — a rare Homeric apostrophe.

ἐπικεύθω

nor conceal; conceal; will hide 11 times

ἐπικεύσω, ἐπίκευθε, ἐπικεύσῃς

future active indicative, 1st singular verb; present active imperative, 2nd singular verb; aorist active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb

ἐπικεύσω pairs with κρύψω in near-synonym doubling, a Homeric emphatic device.

ἐπικλώθω

spun out; had spun, decreed; spins out 7 times

ἐπεκλώσαντο, ἐπέκλωσαν, ἐπικλώσῃ, ἐπέκλωσεν, ἐπικλώσωνται

aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb

ἐπικλώθω, 'spin as fate,' the gods as weavers of destiny — a recurring Homeric metaphor for the Fates' thread.

ἐπικόπτω

about to strike once

ἐπικόψων

future participle ἐπικόψων expresses purpose/intent, 'in order to strike down'

ἐπικρατέω

hold sway; hold power; hold sway over 5 times

ἐπικρατέουσιν, ἐπικρατέωσιν

present active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb

Subjunctive with ὅτε for a general/repeated temporal clause ('whenever').

ἐπιλείβω

poured libation once

ἐπέλειβον

ἐπέλειβον, imperfect describing the ritual libation-pouring that closes the sacrifice scene begun with the cut tongues.

ἐπιλήθω

forgets; forgot; he forgot 4 times

ἐπελήθετο, ἐπιλήσεται, ἐπέλησεν

imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist middle subjunctive, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἐπιλήθω takes genitive object (τέχνης) — 'forget of/about'

ἐπιληκέω

kept time once

ἐπελήκεον

ἐπιληκέω 'to beat/clap time', a rare verb for keeping rhythm at a dance.

ἐπιλλίζω

are winking once

ἐπιλλίζουσιν

secret signals urging Irus to remove the old beggar—social pressure/mockery.

ἐπιμαίομαι

touched; strive for; feeling for 10 times

ἐπιμασσάμενος, ἐπιμαίεο, ἐπεμαίετο, ἐπεμάσσατ, ἐπιμασσαμένη

present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb; aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἐπιμαίομαι + genitive 'strive eagerly after' — governs νόστου, 'homecoming.'

ἐπιμέμφομαι

you have a grievance; I blame twice

ἐπιμέμφεαι, ἐπιμέμφομαι

present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb; present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb

middle-voice ἐπιμέμφομαι, 'find fault with,' governs the dative κασιγνήτοις.

ἐπιμήδομαι

was contriving once

ἐπεμήδετο

ἐπιμήδομαι middle 'plan/devise (for oneself)' against her father Proteus — middle marks her own scheming interest.

ἐπιμίσγω

mingles; comes twice

ἐπιμίσγεται

ἐπιμίσγεται, 'mingles with/comes among,' present tense for a general truth about his presence.

ἐπιμιμνήσκομαι

remembering, calling to mind; having remembered; we recalled 3 times

ἐπιμνησθεὶς, ἐπιμνησαίμεθα

aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist middle optative, 1st plural verb

ἐπιμνησαίμεθα: iterative optative, 'whenever we would recall,' marking repeated past action.

ἐπιπέλομαι

revolving; revolving, coming round twice

ἐπιπλόμενον

present participle of ἐπιπέλομαι, 'coming round again' - cyclical time in epic

ἐπιπείθομαι

was persuaded; obeyed 12 times

ἐπεπείθετο

ἐπεπείθετο θυμὸς ἀγήνωρ echoes the close of l466's line, but the first half differs (plural ἡμῖν δ᾽ αὖτ᾽ 'for us' there vs singular αὐτὰρ ἐμοί γ᾽ 'for me' here) — not a verbatim repeat.

ἐπιπλάζομαι

having wandered once

ἐπιπλαγχθείς

ἐπιπλάζομαι, 'driven off course', evokes Odysseus's storm-tossed voyage.

ἐπιπλέω

to sail; you sailed; were sailing 6 times

ἐπέπλεον, ἐπιπλεῖν, ἐπέπλως, ἐπιπλώων

imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active infinitive; aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb

ἐπιπλέω 'sail upon' — nominative participle referring to the implied subject (Odysseus), describing him sailing as Poseidon caught sight of him.

ἐπιπνέω

blows; blow upon twice

ἐπιπνείῃσιν, ἐπιπνεύσωσιν

present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb; aorist active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb

Subjunctive with κε/ὅ marks a general future condition: 'whenever the breezes blow.'

ἐπιποιμήν

shepherdesses once

ἐπιποιμένες

ἐπιποιμένες 'watching over as herders' — a rare compound coined for these nymph-shepherds.

ἐπιπροίημι

steered on once

ἐπιπροέηκε

ἐπιπροίημι, 'send forth further,' i.e. drove the ship onward toward the islands.

ἐπιπταίρω

sneezed at once

ἐπέπταρε

ἐπιπταίρω governs the dative ἔπεσσι: 'sneezed at all my words', an omen sealing them as true

ἐπιρρέζω

used to sacrifice once

ἐπιρρέζεσκον

iterative imperfect ἐπιρρέζεσκον with -σκ- suffix marks a habitual, repeated action.

ἐπισεύω

rushing upon; rushing on; rushed upon 12 times

ἐπέσσυτο, ἐπεσσύμενον, ἐπεσσύμενος, ἐπέσσευεν, ἐπεσσύμεθ, ἐπισσεύῃ, ἐπισσεύας, ἐπεσσύμενοι

imperfect middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; present middle participle, nominative singular neuter; perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine

epic ἐπι-compound of σεύω; middle voice with self-propelled force, 'rushed ourselves at him'

ἐπισκύζομαι

be angered once

ἐπισκύσσαιτο

ἐπισκύσσαιτο, rare optative of a compound found almost only here in Homer, expressing feared reaction.

ἐπισπαστός

self-invited; self-inflicted twice

ἐπίσπαστον

ἐπίσπαστον 'self-drawn-on' - rare compound adjective, ruin one brings on oneself

ἐπισπέρχω

press hard; pressing on twice

ἐπισπέρχουσι, ἐπισπέρχων

present active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active participle, nominative singular masculine

vivid present participle: Odysseus urging the maids as they work

ἐπισταδόν

one by one; going round to each; busily 4 times

ἐπισταδόν, ἐπισταδὸν

ἐπισταδόν, a rare adverb meaning 'standing by each in turn'—vivid picture of the herald serving one by one.

ἐπιστέφω

filled to the brim; filled brimful; crowned, filled brimful 3 times

ἐπεστέψαντο

ἐπιστέφω 'crown/heap up to the brim' vividly literalizes abundance — the wine bowls are 'crowned' with drink.

ἐπιστροφάδην

on every side; right and left twice

ἐπιστροφάδην

ἐπιστροφάδην 'turning this way and that' — vivid adverb for striking in all directions through the hall.

ἐπισχεσία

pretext once

ἐπισχεσίην

ἐπισχεσίη, a rare abstract noun 'excuse/pretext,' nearly unique to this passage.

ἐπιτάρροθος

helper once

ἐπιτάρροθος

ἐπιτάρροθος — divine 'backer' in battle, implying Athena's unseen aid to Odysseus.

ἐπιτέλλω

I charge; charged; laid upon, ordained 12 times

ἐπιτέλλομαι, ἐπέτελλεν, ἐπέτελλε, ἐπιτέλλω, ἐπετείλατο, ἐπετέλλετ, ἐπιτειλαμένῳ

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb; present active indicative, 1st singular verb

ἐπετείλατο, 'enjoined, imposed' — Athena is presented as the divine cause of the Achaeans' disastrous homecomings, foreshadowing the poem's theme.

ἐπιτέρπομαι

delights once

ἐπιτέρπεται

ἄλλος...ἄλλοισιν 'one...in another' is a classic distributive epic pattern

ἐπιτίθημι

laying out; laying on; we will impose 21 times

ἐπιθεῖσα, ἐπέθηκε, ἐπέθηκα, ἐπιθήσομεν, ἐπέθηχ, ἐπιθείη, ἐπιθεῖναι, ἐπιθεῖτε and 2 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine; aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb

threat of a formal penalty (θωή), showing the suitors treat the assembly as if they held judicial power.

ἐπιτρέπω

entrust; entrusted; may he hand down 7 times

ἐπιτρέψαι, ἐπέτρεπεν, ἐπιτρέψειεν, ἐπετράπετο, ἐπιτρέψειας, ἐπίτρεψον

aorist active infinitive; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb

optative of wish continuing the prayer begun in the previous line, each Phaeacian passing wealth and honor to his sons.

ἐπιτρέχω

runs over; rushed at; has spread over 3 times

ἐπιδέδρομεν, ἐπέδραμον

perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb

ἐπιτρέχω here perfect tense ἐπιδέδρομεν, 'has spread and now covers'

ἐπιφέρω

shall lay upon once

ἐποίσει

χεῖρας ἐποίσει, 'lay hands on' — idiom for violent attack, future vivid in a relative clause of threat.

ἐπιφθονέω

you begrudge once

ἐπιφθονέῃς

ἐπιφθονέω 'feel envy/grudge toward' — Teiresias implies Odysseus controls who gets to drink

ἐπιφράζω

you thought; noticed, perceived; noticed 5 times

ἐπεφράσατ, ἐπεφράσθης, ἐπιφράσσετ, ἐπιφρασσαίατ

aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist passive indicative, 2nd singular verb; aorist middle subjunctive, 3rd singular verb

ἐπεφράσθης, aorist passive of ἐπιφράζω used with active/deponent sense, 'you took thought/contrived'.

ἐπιφροσύνη

presence of mind; good sense twice

ἐπιφροσύνην, ἐπιφροσύνας

accusative singular feminine noun; accusative plural feminine noun

ἐπιφροσύνη, 'quick wits/good counsel'—Athena's gift that saves him

ἐπιχέω

poured; he piled on; poured over himself 8 times

ἐπέχευε, ἐπεχεύατο

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἐπιχέω 'pour over/upon', part of formulaic hand-washing hospitality scene

ἐπιχθόνιος

earthly; earthly, mortal; earth-dwelling 7 times

ἐπιχθονίων, ἐπιχθονίοισιν

genitive plural masculine adjective; dative plural masculine adjective

epic compound epithet: ἐπί+χθών, 'upon-the-earth', formulaic of mortals

ἐπιχράω

press upon, besiege once

ἐπέχραον

ἐπιχράω, 'set upon/press hard' — strong verb for the suitors' unwanted, aggressive courtship.

ἐπιχρίω

having anointed; to anoint; rubbing on 3 times

ἐπιχρίσασα, ἐπιχρίεσθαι, ἐπιχρίοντες

aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine; present medio-passive infinitive; present active participle, nominative plural masculine

ἐπιψαύω

touches upon once

ἐπιψαύῃ

ἐπιψαύω + dative 'touch lightly on', a rare compound suggesting only slight contact with understanding.

ἐποίχομαι

coming upon; going around to; came round 20 times

ἐποιχομένη, ἐποίχεσθαι, ἐπῴχετο, ἐποιχόμενος, ἐποιχόμενον, ἐποιχομένης

present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine; present medio-passive infinitive; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἐποίχομαι 'go about among/inspect' — describes Proteus's methodical patrol of his herd.

ἐποπίζομαι

beware once

ἐποπίζεο

ἐποπίζεο 'have regard for, dread' takes the accusative μῆνιν directly as its object here (as in Homer generally) — there is no genitive default being overridden

ἐποπτεύω

used to oversee once

ἐποπτεύεσκε

iterative imperfect ἐποπτεύεσκε (-σκε suffix), 'used to oversee repeatedly,' describing Laertes' habitual past routine on the farm.

ἐπορούω

fell upon once

ἐπόρουσε

ἐπόρουσε ‘rushed/sprang upon’ — vivid verb personifying sleep as an attacker.

ἐποτρύνω

urging on; urge; urges on 26 times

ἐποτρύνας, ἐποτρύνει, ἐποτρύνων, ἐποτρύνω, ἐποτρύνῃς, ἐπότρυνον, ἐποτρύνουσα, ἐποτρυνώμεθα and 7 more

aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; present active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active participle, nominative singular masculine

aorist participle shows urging as prior/attendant action to the main command

ἐπώνυμος

given as her own; fitting twice

ἐπώνυμον

ἐπώνυμος 'named for a reason/by-name' modifying ὄνομα — a name given to mark something (here, tied to the ὀδύσσομαι pun in l407), not 'as his own' (that sense would require ἑός/ἐμός, different words).

ἐρατεινός

lovely; welcome 6 times

ἐρατεινήν, ἐρατεινὸς, ἐρατεινῆς

accusative singular feminine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; genitive singular feminine adjective

ironic litotes: 'not destined to be welcome' foreshadows the horror of meeting Polyphemus.

ἐργάζομαι

to do labor; to work; to labor 6 times

ἐργάζεσθαι, ἐργάζοντο

present medio-passive infinitive; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb

ἐρέθω

trouble; stir up twice

ἐρέθουσι, ἐρέθουσιν

main verb held back to the very end of the sentence, epic suspension across lines 516-517

ἐρέσσω

rowed; you have acted; I rowed 4 times

ἔρεσσον, ἔρεξας

imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb

ἐρέτης

oarsmen; with oarsmen; of rowers 5 times

ἐρέτας, ἐρετάων, ἐρέτῃσιν

accusative plural masculine noun; genitive plural masculine noun; dative plural masculine noun

ἐρέχθω

racking; tearing twice

ἐρέχθων

ἐρέχθων 'tearing/racking' — vivid participle showing grief physically wrenching his heart

ἐρεείνω

questioned; question; ask 12 times

ἐρέεινε, ἐρεείνεις, ἐρέεινον, ἐρέεινεν, ἐρεείνετο

present active indicative, 2nd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active imperative, 2nd singular verb

ἐρεθίζω

to provoke; I stir up, question; kept goading 4 times

ἐρεθιζέμεν, ἐρεθίζω, ἐρέθιζον

present active infinitive; present active subjunctive, 1st singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb

Imperfect ἐρέθιζον marks repeated/ongoing taunting, not a single act.

ἐρείδω

were set/fixed; leaning; having propped 7 times

ἐρείσας, ἐρηρέδατ, ἐρεισθεὶς, ἐρειδόμενος, ἐρεῖσαι, ἐρείδουσαι

aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; pluperfect passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculine

pluperfect passive of ἐρείδω 'prop, fix firmly'—echoes ἐληλέδατ᾽ in line 86, a formulaic repetition pattern.

Ἐρεμβοί

Erembi once

Ἐρεμβοὺς

an obscure people, unidentified in antiquity — part of Menelaus's exotic-travels catalog

Ἐρετμεύς

Eretmeus once

Ἐρετμεύς

Ἐρετμεύς 'Oarsman', another speaking-name for a Phaeacian, fitting their seafaring identity.

ἐρετμόν

oars; with oars; oar 26 times

ἐρετμοῖς, ἐρετμὰ, ἐρετμόν, ἐρετμά

dative plural neuter noun; accusative plural neuter noun; accusative singular neuter noun

The oar-as-grave-marker is fulfilled later when Odysseus and his crew bury Elpenor and plant his oar on the mound (Book 12); this is distinct from Teiresias's separate prophecy about an oar mistaken for a winnowing-fan.

ἐρεύγομαι

belching; belches, surges; belched 3 times

ἐρευγόμενον, ἐρεύγεται, ἐρεύγετο

present medio-passive participle, nominative singular neuter; present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἐρῆμος

desert; deserted twice

ἐρήμην, ἐρήμῃ

accusative singular feminine adjective; dative singular feminine adjective

ἐρῆμος, 'deserted, lonely' — Aegisthus strands the bard so no witness/protector remains.

ἐρητύω

held back; tried to hold back; held back, restrained 4 times

ἐρήτυον, ἐρητύοντο, ἐρήτυε

imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἐρίγδουπος

loud-thundering 3 times

ἐρίγδουπος

ἐρίγδουπος, epic epithet for Zeus as thunder-god, paired with the formula πόσις Ἥρης.

ἐρίδουπος

echoing; loud-roaring; echoing, resounding 8 times

ἐριδούπῳ, ἐριδούπου, ἐριδούπων

dative singular feminine adjective; genitive singular feminine adjective; genitive plural masculine adjective

ἐρίδουπος 'loud-echoing' is a stock epithet for porticoes/halls in Homer.

ἐρίζω

could rival; could contend; might rival 11 times

ἐρίσσειε, ἐρίζοι, ἐρίσσεται, ἐρίζειν, ἐριζέμεν, ἐρίζεσκον, ἔριζεν, ἐρίζετον and 2 more

aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb; present active infinitive; present active optative, 3rd singular verb

iterative imperfect ἐρίζεσκον (-σκ- suffix) marks Eurytus's hubris of repeatedly rivaling gods — the fate that later destroyed him

ἐρίηρος

trusty 17 times

ἐρίηρας, ἐρίηρες, ἐρίηρον

accusative plural masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; accusative plural masculine noun

ἐρίηρος, a formulaic epithet meaning 'well-fitted, faithful,' often paired with ἀοιδός or ἑταῖρος.

ἐρίμυκος

loud-bellowing once

ἐριμύκους

ἐρίμυκος, a compound epithet (ἐρι- intensive + μυκάομαι 'bellow') typical of Homeric cattle descriptions.

ἐριβῶλαξ

fertile; rich-soiled twice

ἐρίβωλον, ἐριβώλακος

accusative singular feminine adjective; genitive singular feminine noun

ἐριβῶλαξ, 'rich-clodded,' formulaic land epithet.

ἐριδαίνω

to strive; we vie; we quarrel 4 times

ἐριδαίνομεν, ἐριδαινέμεν, ἐρίδαινε

present active indicative, 1st plural verb; present active infinitive; present active imperative, 2nd singular verb

ἐριδαίνομεν: first-person plural, the speaker includes himself among the bickering suitors.

ἐρικυδής

glorious 6 times

ἐρικυδέα, ἐρικυδέος

accusative singular feminine adjective; genitive singular feminine adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective

ἐρικυδέα, an intensive epic compound ('very glorious'), typical of heroic epithets.

Ἐρινύς

Furies; Erinys; Erinyes 5 times

Ἐρινύες, ἐρινῦς, Ἐρινύς, ἐρινύσιν

nominative plural feminine noun; accusative plural feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun

Erinyes invoked as agents of a mother's curse, key underworld motif

ἐριούνης

luck-bringer once

ἐριούνης

ἐριούνης is a traditional epithet of Hermes, 'the profitable/helpful one.'

ἐριστάφυλος

of rich clusters; of great clusters twice

ἐριστάφυλον

ἐριστάφυλος, a compound epithet ('with fine grape-clusters') describing the vines' wine-bearing fruit.

ἐρύκω

to restrain; kept, held back; to hold back 22 times

ἔρυκε, ἐρυκακέειν, ἐρύκοι, ἐρύξει, ἐρύκεαι, ἐρύκομαι, ἐρύκεις, ἔρυκεν and 6 more

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active infinitive; present active optative, 3rd singular verb

ἐρυκακέειν: uncontracted epic infinitive ending -έειν (for -εῖν)

ἐρύω

dragged; to guard; drawing 54 times

ἐρυσσάμενος, ἔρυσθαι, ἐρύσαντο, ἔρυσσαν, ἐρύσσομεν, ἐρύσαντες, ἐρύσσαμεν, εἰρύαται and 19 more

aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present medio-passive infinitive

ἐρύσαντο 'drew off (the spits)', mediopassive stressing the men acting for themselves.

ἐρυθρός

red 8 times

ἐρυθρόν, ἐρυθρὸν, ἐρυθρός

accusative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

ἐρυκανάω

keep him back; tried to hold back twice

ἐρυκανόωσ, ἐρύκανε

present active indicative, 3rd plural verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἐρυκανάω is an iterative/frequentative form of ἐρύκω 'restrain' — the -αν- extension implies repeated or ongoing restraint, fitting a long captivity.

ἐρῶ

I will tell; will tell; to tell 58 times

ἐρέω, ἐρέει, ἐρέων, ἐρέοντα, ῥηθέντι, ἐρέουσα, ἐρέοιμεν, ἐρέειν and 7 more

future active indicative, 1st singular verb; future active indicative, 3rd singular verb; future active indicative, 3rd plural verb

ἐρέοιμεν is another iterative optative, paired with ἐπιμνησαίμεθα for habitual past action.

ἐρωέω

draws back; will gush, flow twice

ἐρωεῖ, ἐρωήσει

present active indicative, 3rd singular verb; future active indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἐρωέω 'stream, gush' — vivid battlefield verb for blood spilling around a spear.

ἐρωτάω

you ask; he asked 5 times

εἰρωτᾷς, εἰρώτα

present active indicative, 2nd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb

Imperfect ἐρωτάω: repeated/ongoing questioning, 'kept asking.'

ἐσείδω

I saw; he saw 3 times

εἰσεῖδον, ἔσιδε

imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb; aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἐσθής

clothing; in clothing; clothes 15 times

ἐσθῆτά, ἐσθῆτα, ἐσθῆτος, ἐσθῆτός, ἐσθής, ἐσθῆτι

accusative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun

ἐσθίω

eat; to eat; he ate 17 times

ἤσθιε, ἐσθίετε, ἤσθιον, ἐσθιέμεν, ἔσθιε, ἔδονται, ἐσθίεταί, ἔσθι and 1 more

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active imperative, 2nd plural verb; present active imperative, 2nd singular verb

Future middle of ἐσθίω, vivid image of the suitors literally 'eating up' the household wealth.

ἐσθλός

noble; good; fine 74 times

ἐσθλὸν, ἐσθλόν, ἐσθλοὶ, ἐσθλὸς, ἐσθλά, ἐσθλῶν, ἐσθλός, ἐσθλὰ and 13 more

accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective

ἐσθλά continues in apposition to φάρμακα μητιόεντα from the prior line — "good ones."

ἐσχάρα

hearth; the hearth 10 times

ἐσχάρῃ, ἐσχαρόφιν

dative singular feminine noun; dative plural masculine noun; genitive plural masculine noun

ἐσχαρόφιν is an archaic -φιν instrumental/locative ending, functioning like a dative

ἐσχατιά

the edge; edge; at the border 10 times

ἐσχατιῇ, ἐσχατιῆς, ἐσχατιήν

dative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun

ἐσχατιῇ, 'border land, edge of the estate' — where herds grazed farthest from the household, a realistic Homeric estate detail.

Ἐτεόκρητες

true Cretans once

Ἐτεόκρητες

Ἐτεόκρητες, 'true/original Cretans' — a native ethnic group distinct from the Dorian settlers.

ἐτήτυμος

truly; true 10 times

ἐτήτυμον, ἐτήτυμος

accusative singular neuter adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

Adverbial accusative ἐτήτυμον, 'in very truth,' reinforcing the claim.

ἐύς

noble; of good things; noble, good 7 times

ἑάων, ἑῆος, ἠύ, ἠύς, ἐΰν

genitive plural neuter adjective; genitive singular adjective; nominative singular neuter adjective

ἑάων, epic genitive plural of ἐύς 'good,' in the fixed formula δωτῆρες ἑάων 'givers of good things.'

ἐϋκνήμις

well-greaved once

ἐϋκνήμιδας

ἐϋκνήμιδας, standard Homeric epithet for the Achaeans (fitted with shin-guards)

ἐυκνήμις

well-greaved 7 times

ἐυκνήμιδες, ἐυκνήμιδας, ἐϋκνήμιδας

accusative plural masculine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective

ἐυκνήμιδες, stock Homeric epithet for the Achaeans (bronze shin-guards)

ἐυκτίμενος

well-built; well-tended 15 times

ἐυκτίμενον, ἐϋκτίμενον, ἐϋκτιμένῃ, ἐυκτιμένῃ, ἐυκτιμένην, ἐϋκτιμένης, ἐϋκτιμένην

accusative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective; dative singular feminine adjective

Stock Homeric epithet ἐυκτίμενος, 'well-built,' applied formulaically to place-names like Lesbos.

ἐυμμελίης

good-ash-spear once

ἐυμμελίην

Compound epithet 'of the good ash spear', a warrior-honoring formula.

ἐυπλοκαμίς

fair-haired once

ἐϋπλοκαμῖδες

ἐϋπλοκαμῖδες: standard Homeric epithet for women, 'with lovely locks'

ἐυπλυνής

well-washed; clean-washed; clean, freshly-washed 4 times

ἐυπλυνὲς, ἐϋπλυνὲς

ἐυπλυνής 'well-washed', a compound adjective for freshly laundered cloth.

ἐυρραφής

well-stitched twice

ἐϋρραφέεσσι

compound epithet εὐ-ρραφής 'well-sewn,' describing leather storage bags

ἐυρρείτης

fair-flowing once

ἐϋρρείτην

ἐυρρείτης, a stock Homeric epithet for rivers ('fair-flowing'), here modifying the Nile/Egypt.

ἐυστρεφής

well-twisted; tightly twisted 4 times

ἐυστρεφέεσσι, ἐυστρεφὲς, ἐϋστρεφέϊ, ἐϋστρεφὲς

accusative singular neuter adjective; dative plural feminine adjective; dative singular adjective

ἐφάλλομαι

leaping forward; pouncing; springing upon 3 times

ἐπάλμενος, ἐπάλμενοι, ἐπιάλμενος

aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist middle participle, nominative plural masculine

ἐπάλμενος, aorist middle participle of ἐφάλλομαι, vividly captures the sudden lunge before the spear-strike.

ἐφάπτω

you touch, grasp; had been fastened; are fastened 3 times

ἐφάψεαι, ἐφῆπτο, ἐφῆπται

future perfect medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb; pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἐφάπτω middle + genitive, 'lay hold of' — governs ἠπείροιο, the mainland.

ἐφανδάνω

pleased; was pleasing 7 times

ἐπιήνδανε, ἐπιὴνδανε

ἐφανδάνω 'be pleasing to', governs dative τοῖσιν - impersonal-feeling verb of emotional reaction.

ἐφέζομαι

sitting; to sit; sat down 3 times

ἐφεζόμενος, ἐφέζεσθαι, ἐφέζετο

present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine; present medio-passive infinitive; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἐφέλκω

draws on twice

ἐφέλκεται

Proverb-like line within Odysseus's speech to Telemachus, giving his own rationale for hiding the weapons (to be enacted by Telemachus) — not Telemachus's own rationale.

ἐφέπω

met; following; to meet 26 times

ἐπέσπον, ἐπισπόμενοι, ἐπισπεῖν, ἐπέσπεν, ἐπισπόμενος, ἐπίσποι, ἐπίσπῃ, ἐφέποντες and 2 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active infinitive; aorist middle participle, nominative plural masculine

ἐπέσπεν, aorist of ἐφέπω, 'met/pursued' — idiom πότμον ἐπισπεῖν, 'to meet one's fate/death.'

ἐφέστιος

at my own hearth; to her hearth; to his own hearth 3 times

ἐφέστιος, ἐφέστιον

nominative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

ἐφέστιος 'at the hearth' vividly frames dying at home, foreshadowing Agamemnon's fate.

ἐφευρίσκω

we caught; I find; might find 5 times

ἐφεύρομεν, ἐφεύρω, ἐφεύροι

aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb; aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verb; aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb

ἐφεύρομεν, "we found her out," the dramatic turning point of the ruse.

ἐφεψιάομαι

mock; mocked twice

ἐφεψιόωνται, ἐφεψιόωντο

present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb

ἐφεψιάομαι 'to jeer/mock' — rare verb picked up again two lines later as καθεψιόωνται, echoing the insult.

ἐφημέριος

for that day; things of a day twice

ἐφημέριός, ἐφημέρια

nominative singular masculine adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective

ἐφημέριος, "lasting a day," here adverbial: the drug's effect would last through that whole day.

ἐφημοσύνη

command; charge, instructions twice

ἐφημοσύνης, ἐφημοσύνην

genitive singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun

rare noun 'charge laid on one'; epic vocabulary for a message/task

ἐφίζω

sat; to seat me aboard; setting, seating 6 times

ἐφῖζε, ἐφέσσαι, ἐφεσσάμενος, ἐφίζεσκε, ἐπιέσσαμεν

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active infinitive; aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine

γούνασιν ἐφεσσάμενος — 'seated me on his knees,' a stock gesture of paternal affection in epic.

ἐφίημι

lay upon; would lay; lets loose 17 times

ἐφήσει, ἐφήσω, ἐφῆκεν, ἐφείη, ἐφέηκεν, ἐφιέμενος, ἐφήσεις, ἐφέηκε and 3 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; future active indicative, 3rd singular verb; future active indicative, 1st singular verb

optative ἐφείη in a relative clause of characteristic/wish: 'the kind of man who would lay hands on the suitors'.

ἐφίστημι

should stand; skilled; had taken their stand 4 times

ἐφεστάμεν, ἐπιστάμενοι, ἐφέστασαν, ἐφεστάμεναι

perfect active infinitive; aorist middle participle, nominative plural masculine; pluperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb

Perfect infinitive ἐφεστάμεν stresses a stranger left standing (an ongoing state), the breach of hospitality Telemachus reacts to.

ἐφοπλίζω

having fitted out; to make ready; would you make ready 6 times

ἐφοπλίσσαντες, ἐφοπλίσαι, ἐφοπλίσσειας, ἐφοπλίσσουσιν, ἐφοπλίσσαι, ἐφοπλίσσωσι

aorist active infinitive; aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine; aorist active optative, 2nd singular verb

optative + ἄν = polite request, 'won't you make ready...'

ἐφοράω

to look upon; will pick out; to visit 11 times

ἐφορᾷ, ἐποψόμενος, ἐπιόψομαι, ἐποψόμενον, ἐφορῶντες, ἐπόψεαι, ἐφόρει

present active indicative, 3rd singular verb; future middle participle, nominative singular masculine; future indicative, 1st singular verb

future of ἐφοράω 'look upon/select', governs the relative clause

ἐφορμάω

urges, is set on; drove him; driving on 7 times

ἐφορμᾶται, ἐφωρμήθη, ἐφορμήσας, ἐφωρμήθην, ἐφορμηθεῖσα, ἐφορμηθεὶς

present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine

aorist participle, causal: 'by setting the winds on me'

ἐφύπερθε

above; on top; from above 6 times

ἐφύπερθε, ἐφύπερθέ, ἐφύπερθεν

ἐφύπερθε ('above/on top') is an adverb modifying an implied verb of placing carried over from ἕννυτο in the previous clause; καλύπτρην is the object of that implied verb, not of the adverb itself.

ἐχέθυμος

self-controlled once

ἐχέθυμος

ἐχέθυμος lit. 'heart-holding' — a compound coinage meaning able to restrain one's passion.

ἐχέφρων

prudent 8 times

ἐχέφρων, ἐχέφρονι, ἐχέφρονα

nominative singular feminine adjective; dative singular adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

ἐχέφρων 'wise/prudent' is Penelope's stock Homeric epithet, marking her steady judgment throughout the poem.

ἐχθαίρω

hate; hated; might hate 7 times

ἤχθηρε, ἐχθαίρουσ, ἐχθαίρῃσι, ἐχθαίρῃσιν

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb

ἐχθαίρω, strong verb 'to loathe' — Zeus's hatred explains the house of Atreus's curse.

ἐχθρός

hateful 4 times

ἐχθρὸν, ἐχθρὸς, ἐχθροὶ, ἐχθραὶ

nominative singular neuter adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective

ἐχθρόν, neuter predicate adjective agreeing with the implied 'it' (the retelling), not with a noun.

ἕ

to him; his; for him 394 times

οἱ, ἑ, οἷ, ἕο, ἓ, ἕθεν, ἑοῖ, οἵ and 4 more

dative singular masculine pronoun; dative singular feminine pronoun; accusative singular masculine pronoun

Plain dative object of παρίστημι ('stand beside/near someone') — a normal dative of the person, not a possessive or accusative usage.

ἕδνον

bridal gifts; bride-gifts; with bridal gifts 11 times

ἔεδνα, ἕδνα, ἐέδνοισιν, ἐέδνοισι

accusative plural neuter noun; dative plural neuter noun

ἔεδνα, bridal gifts given by the groom's family to the bride's father — a distinct Homeric marriage custom worth flagging.

ἕδρα

seats; seat; seated groups 7 times

ἕδραι, ἕδρας, ἑδρέων, ἕδρης, ἕδρην

nominative plural feminine noun; accusative plural feminine noun; genitive plural feminine noun

τε…καί links ἄγυρίν and ἕδρας as a paired object, a common epic doubling for 'assembly-place'.

ἕζομαι

sat down; sitting; sat 60 times

ἕζετο, ἕζετ, ἑζόμενοι, ἕζοντο, ἑζόμενος, ἕσασθαι, ἑζέσθην, ἑζομένη and 6 more

imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine

ἕζετο, standard formulaic close to a speech ('so speaking, he sat down') marking the end of a character's turn.

ἕκαστος

each; each thing; each one 109 times

ἕκαστα, ἕκαστος, ἑκάστῳ, ἕκαστον, ἑκάστῃ, ἑκάστου, ἑκάστη, ἕκαστά and 4 more

accusative plural neuter adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; dative singular masculine adjective

ἕκαστοι, plural 'each (group of men)' rather than singular ἕκαστος

ἕκηλος

at ease; in peace; undisturbed 11 times

ἕκηλος, ἕκηλοι, ἕκηλον

nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

ἕκηλον 'at ease' modifies the implied subject, paired with ἀκέοντα

ἕλιξ

twist-horned; crook-horned; curved-horned 8 times

ἕλικας, ἕλικες, ἑλίκων

accusative plural masculine noun; accusative plural masculine adjective; accusative plural feminine noun

ἕλιξ 'curved, spiral' — a standard Homeric epithet for cattle horns.

ἕλκω

dragged; drew; they hauled 11 times

ἕλκον, ἕλκομεν, ἕλκητον, ἕλκωσι, ἕλκῃ, ἑλκέμεναι, ἕλκε, ἕλκετο and 1 more

imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 1st plural verb

3rd dual verb form ἕλκητον agrees with the pair of oxen (βόε), a dual number distinct from plural.

ἕλωρ

prey; spoil 4 times

ἕλωρ

nominative singular neuter noun; accusative singular neuter noun

ἕλωρ 'prey, spoil,' paired formulaically with κύρμα — a common Homeric doublet for carrion.

ἕνεκα

for the sake of; because of; on account of 40 times

εἵνεκα, ἕνεκ, εἵνεκ, ἕνεκεν

εἵνεκα, epic lengthened form of ἕνεκα governing genitive μητέρος

ἕννυμι

put on; I will clothe; clothed 39 times

ἕστο, ἕσσω, ἑσσάμενος, ἕννυσθαι, ἕσσεν, ἕννυτο, ἕσσαν, ἕσσαι and 10 more

pluperfect passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; future active indicative, 1st singular verb; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb

Aorist middle participle: he dressed himself, action completed before the main verb.

ἕπομαι

followed; follow; to follow 73 times

ἕποντο, ἕπεσθαι, ἕπονται, ἑπόμην, ἕσπετο, ἕπευ, ἕψομαι, σπέσθαι and 19 more

imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; present medio-passive infinitive; present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb

future middle of ἕπομαι, 'I will come along'

ἕρκος

barrier; courtyards; walls, enclosure 19 times

ἕρκος, ἕρκεος, ἕρκεα, ἕρκεά, ἕρκεσι, ἕρκει

accusative singular neuter noun; accusative plural neuter noun; genitive singular neuter noun

ἕρκος ὀδόντων 'barrier of the teeth', famous Homeric formula for words slipping past control

ἕρμα

earrings; the bulwark twice

ἕρματα, ἕρμα

accusative plural neuter noun; accusative singular neuter noun

ἕρμα literally 'prop, stay' — vivid metaphor for the city's defenders

ἕρπω

crawled; moving about; creep 3 times

εἷρπον, ἕρπων, ἕρπει

imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active participle, nominative singular masculine; present active indicative, 3rd singular verb

uncanny image: flayed hides creeping — divine portent of sacrilege

ἕρση

newborn lambs once

ἕρσαι

ἕρσαι literally 'dew-drops,' a poetic epithet for the very youngest lambs.

ἕτερος

another; other; in the other (hand) 23 times

ἑτέρῃ, ἕτερον, ἕτερόν, ἕτερος, ἑτέρας, ἕτεραι, ἑτέρω, ἑτέρη and 5 more

dative singular feminine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative plural feminine adjective

dual number, used for the two flanking rams — a form modern Greek lost

ἑδνόω

might dower, give bride-gifts for once

ἐεδνώσαιτο

ἑδνόω describes a father endowing his daughter with a dowry when giving her in marriage; here Icarius himself (not a groom) is the subject who would dower her, the reverse of a suitor paying bride-price.

ἑδριάω

to be seated; used to sit; they sat down 3 times

ἑδριόωντο, ἑδριάασθαι

imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; present medio-passive infinitive

habitual imperfect ('used to sit'), a sense driven by context—not a true -σκ- iterative like ἔχεσκον two lines below.

Ἑκάεργος

far-worker once

ἑκάεργος

ἑκάεργος, epithet of Apollo 'who works/strikes from afar,' referencing his bow.

ἑκατηβόλος

far-shooting twice

ἑκατηβόλ, ἑκατηβόλου

vocative singular masculine adjective; genitive singular masculine adjective

epithet ἑκατηβόλος 'shooting from afar', formulaic for Apollo

ἑκατόμβη

hecatombs; hecatomb; hecatomb (sacrifice) 15 times

ἑκατόμβας, ἑκατόμβης, ἑκατόμβην

accusative plural feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun

ἑκατόμβη literally '100 oxen,' a formulaic term for a large ritual sacrifice.

Ἑλένη

Helen; to Helen; of Helen 20 times

Ἑλένη, Ἑλένης, Ἑλένῃ, Ἑλένην

nominative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun

Penelope invokes Helen as the mythic counter-example of a wife who was deceived/unfaithful.

ἑλίσσω

kept twisting; tossed himself twice

ἑλίσσετο

Contrast: the heart holds firm, but his body restlessly turns — mind vs. body split.

ἑλκέω

had assaulted once

ἕλκησε

ἑλκέω 'dragged/assaulted' — the crime that earned Tityus his punishment

ἑξείης

in a row; in order twice

ἑξείης

ἑξείης 'in due sequence' - each god honored in proper turn, a formulaic ritual phrase.

ἑξήκοντα

sixty once

ἑξήκοντα

360 is the count of the boars (ἄρσενες) specifically, not all the pigs on the farm; the 50 sows per sty (600 total) are counted separately in lines 15–16.

ἑός

his own; her own; his 151 times

ὃν, ἑὸν, ᾧ, ἣν, ἧς, ἑὴν, οἷς, ἑοῖσιν and 24 more

accusative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective; dative singular masculine adjective

ἑός, archaic 3rd-person possessive adjective 'his own', common in Homer.

ἑπτάπυλος

seven-gated once

ἑπταπύλοιο

famous epithet of Thebes referencing its seven gates

ἑπταέτης

seven years once

ἑπτάετες

numeral adjective ἑπτάετης used adverbially, 'for seven years'

ἑπταετής

for seven years; seven years twice

ἑπτάετες

adverbial accusative of extent of time, from ἑπτά + ἔτος

ἑρκεῖος

of the courtyard once

ἑρκείου

Ζεὺς Ἑρκεῖος, 'Zeus of the Enclosure', patron of the household courtyard altar — a specific cult epithet.

ἑρμαῖος

of Hermes once

Ἕρμαιος

Ἕρμαιος λόφος, 'hill of Hermes', names a real landmark above the town of Ithaca in the epic geography.

Ἑρμῆς

Hermes; from Hermes; for Hermes 20 times

Ἑρμείας, Ἑρμείαν, Ἑρμεία, Ἑρμῆς, Ἑρμῆν, Ἑρμείαο, Ἑρμῇ

nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; vocative singular masculine noun

Vocative address; head noun of the vocative is elided (implied 'you').

ἑρμίς

the bedposts; bedpost twice

ἑρμῖσιν, ἑρμῖν

dative plural masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

ἑρμίς, a rare noun for the corner-posts of the bed frame

ἑρπύζω

creeping twice

ἑρπύζοντ, ἑρπύζων

present active participle, accusative singular masculine; present active participle, nominative singular masculine

ἑρπύζων 'crawling/creeping' vividly shows Odysseus's grief-stricken, aimless movement along the shore

ἑσπέριος

in the evening; at evening; of the west 8 times

ἑσπέριος, ἑσπερίους, ἑσπερίων, ἑσπέριοι

nominative singular masculine adjective; accusative plural masculine adjective; genitive plural masculine adjective

Predicate adjective used adverbially of time, a common Homeric idiom.

ἑστία

hearth 4 times

ἱστίη

ἑστία, the household hearth — swearing by a host's hearth was a sacred oath-form invoking hospitality itself.

ἑταίρα

companion once

ἑταίρην

ἑταίρην figuratively personifies the lyre as the feast's 'companion' — a poetic touch on music's role at banquets.

ἑταῖρος

companions; comrades; comrade 236 times

ἑταίρους, ἑταῖροι, ἑτάρων, ἑτάροισιν, ἑτάρους, ἑταίρων, ἑτάροισι, ἕταροι and 10 more

accusative plural masculine noun; nominative plural masculine noun; dative plural masculine noun

ἑταῖρος 'companion' — key Odyssey word for Odysseus's crew.

ἑτεραλκής

victory that turns the scale once

ἑτεραλκέα

ἑτεραλκής describes a victory tipping decisively to one side — Athena withholds it, still testing Odysseus.

ἑτερήμερος

on alternate days once

ἑτερήμεροι

ἑτερήμεροι, 'every other day' — the Dioscuri's famous myth of alternating life and death.

ἑψιάομαι

let them amuse themselves; to take delight twice

ἑψιαάσθων, ἑψιάασθαι

present medio-passive imperative, 3rd plural verb; present medio-passive infinitive

ἑψιαάσθων, 3rd-plural imperative, dismisses the suitors so Penelope can speak to the beggar alone.

εἰ

if; whether; even if 335 times

εἰ, εἴ, αἴ, αἲ

conjunction; exclamation

εἰ δ᾽ ἄγε, a fixed exhortative formula, 'well then, come' — introduces a command, not a real conditional.

εἴβω

let fall; shed; letting fall 7 times

εἶβε, εἴβων, εἶβεν, εἶβον, εἴβοι

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active participle, nominative singular masculine; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb

Imperfect: 'was letting well up,' picturing the tear forming, not a single drop.

εἴδομαι

it seemed; likened; appeared 20 times

εἰδομένη, ἐείσατο, ἐεισαμένη, εἴσατ, εἴδεται, εἰσάμενος

aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; present participle, nominative singular feminine; present middle participle, nominative singular feminine

εἴδομαι 'appear like'—Athena assumes Mentor's exact form and voice, standard epic disguise motif.

εἴδω

it looked; came into view; knowing 7 times

εἴσατο, εἰδώς, οἶδα, εἰδησέμεν

aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine; perfect active indicative, 1st singular verb

εἴσατο: aorist middle of εἴδω, 'appeared/showed itself like'

εἴδωλον

phantom; phantoms; a phantom 9 times

εἴδωλον, εἴδωλα, εἰδώλων

accusative singular neuter noun; nominative singular neuter noun; nominative plural neuter noun

εἴδωλον, the 'image/likeness' of the dead—Homer's term for a ghost's insubstantial form.

εἴθε

would that; would that! O that!; oh that 9 times

αἴθ, εἴθε, εἴθ, αἴθε

εἴθε introduces a wish clause completed by the optative τελέσειεν in the next line.

εἴκελος

like; alike 6 times

εἴκελον, εἰκέλη, εἰκέλω, εἴκελος

nominative singular neuter adjective; nominative singular feminine adjective; accusative dual masculine adjective

Dual form εἰκέλω 'alike' (of the pair) — the rare dual number underlines the exact two-way comparison.

εἴκω

yielding to; yielding; made way 14 times

εἴκων, εἴξειε, εἴξαντες, εἶξαν, εἴξασα, εἴξασκε, εἶκε, εἴκοι

present active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine

εἴκω 'yield' — elders rising to let the young Telemachus take his father's seat, a mark of respect.

εἴλω

having struck; driving together; herding 7 times

ἔλσας, εἴλει, εἰλεῦντα, εἴλεον, ἀλεὶς

aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active participle, accusative singular masculine

ἔλσας from εἴλω 'to drive, strike,' aorist participle setting up the main verb ἐκέασσε.

εἴρερος

captivity once

εἴρερον

εἴρερον 'slavery/bondage', rare epic noun

εἴρω

I speak; I may ask; to ask 7 times

εἴρω, εἴρωμαι, εἴρεσθ, ἔερτο, ἐερμένον

present active indicative, 1st singular verb; present medio-passive subjunctive, 1st singular verb; present middle infinitive

εἴρω/εἴρομαι 'to ask, inquire' — completes ἐπετράπετο 'your heart turned to ask.'

εἴσειμι

I will go once

εἴσειμι

εἴσειμι, present with future sense, 'I will go in' — from εἰς + εἶμι.

εἴσω

inside; into; within 23 times

εἴσω, ἴσω

adverb; preposition

Functions here as a postpositive preposition governing the genitive, 'into [the house] of Hades.'

εἶδαρ

dishes; food; dishes, foodstuffs 12 times

εἴδατα, εἶδαρ

accusative plural neuter noun; accusative singular neuter noun

εἶδαρ 'food/dish', plural εἴδατα as generic 'foodstuffs' served at the feast

εἶδον

saw; I saw; seeing 203 times

ἴδον, ἰδὼν, ἰδέσθαι, ἴδε, ἴδεν, ἰδέειν, εἶδον, ἴδηται and 36 more

aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb; aorist middle infinitive

ἰδοίατο is an epic 3rd-plural optative ending (-οίατο for -οιντο) — a metrically convenient alternate form.

εἶδος

in looks; looks; in form 25 times

εἶδος, εἶδός, εἴδεϊ

accusative singular neuter noun; dative singular neuter noun; nominative singular neuter noun

accusative of respect: 'like the immortals in appearance'

εἶμι

going; to go; went 233 times

ἰὼν, ἴμεν, ἰέναι, ἰών, ἴομεν, ἴσαν, ἰόντι, ἴμεναι and 35 more

present active infinitive; present active participle, nominative singular masculine; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb

Infinitive of purpose after βῆ ('went to go'), a common Homeric idiom for setting out.

εἶπον

tell; spoke; speaking 280 times

εἰπὼν, εἴπω, εἰπὲ, ἔειπεν, ἔειπε, ἔειπες, εἴπεσκε, εἰπέ and 33 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb

εἰπέ is the strong (root) aorist imperative of the suppletive verb 'say' (pres. λέγω/φημί, aor. εἶπον) — worth flagging as an irregular verb family.

Εἰδοθέη

Eidothea once

Εἰδοθέη

Sea-nymph daughter of Proteus; her name means 'form-goddess,' fitting her father's shape-shifting.

εἰκός

resembling; like; resembling, like 9 times

ἐικυῖα, εἰκυῖα

perfect participle of εἴκω 'be like' — Athena disguises herself as Telemachus

εἰκόσορος

twenty-oared once

ἐεικοσόροιο

compound numeral adjective εἰκόσορος, 'having twenty oars' — vivid nautical epithet

εἰκοσάβοιος

worth twenty oxen twice

ἐεικοσάβοια, ἐεικοσάβοιον

accusative plural neuter adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective

ἐεικοσάβοιος, 'worth twenty oxen,' is a compound numeral-adjective reflecting the Homeric practice of pricing goods in cattle.

εἰκοστός

twentieth 11 times

ἐεικοστῷ, εἰκοστῷ, ἐεικοστὸν

dative singular neuter adjective; dative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular neuter adjective

Homeric numerals often show epic vowel-lengthening/prothesis (ἐεικοστῷ vs Attic εἰκοστῷ); this is not 'reduplication,' which is a distinct process used to form the perfect tense of verbs.

εἰλαπινάζω

they feast; feasting; feast 3 times

εἰλαπινάζουσιν, εἰλαπινάζων

present active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active participle, nominative singular masculine

denominative verb from εἰλαπίνη 'feast' — 'to hold a feast.'

Εἰλείθυια

of Eileithyia once

Εἰλειθυίης

Eileithyia, goddess of childbirth, had a cave-shrine near Amnisos — a real Cretan cult site.

εἰλίπους

shambling 4 times

εἰλίποδας

accusative plural masculine noun; accusative plural masculine adjective

εἰλίποδας ἕλικας βοῦς, 'rolling-footed, curved-horned cattle' — a formulaic double epithet for oxen typical of oral epic diction.

εἰλύω

wrapped; was wrapped; are shrouded 4 times

εἴλυτο, εἰλυμένα, εἰλυμένοι, εἰλύαται

pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; perfect medio-passive participle, nominative plural neuter; perfect medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine

Pluperfect εἴλυτο conveys a resulting state ('lay wrapped/enveloped') — the normal stative force of a Greek pluperfect, not a present-tense sense.

εἰμί

being; is; to be 1040 times

εἶναι, ἦεν, ἐόντα, ἔμμεναι, εἴη, ἐστὶ, ἔην, ἐὼν and 108 more

present active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active infinitive; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἔμμεναι, epic infinitive of εἰμί with φασι: 'they say evils are/come.'

εἰνάλιος

of the deep; of the sea twice

εἰναλίῳ, εἰνάλιαι

dative singular neuter adjective; nominative plural feminine adjective

εἰνάλιος 'in/of the sea' — epic-lengthened form of ἐνάλιος, common metrical variant.

εἰναετής

nine years; for nine years 4 times

εἰνάετες

εἰναετής, another compound numeral-adjective used adverbially, echoing πεντάετες/ἑξάετες above

εἰνοσίφυλλος

leaf-shaking twice

εἰνοσίφυλλον

nominative singular neuter adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective

εἰνοσίφυλλος, 'shaking its foliage' — vivid compound epithet for the wooded mountain.

εἰρεσία

rowing; by rowing 3 times

εἰρεσίης, εἰρεσίῃ

genitive singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun

εἰρεσίης, genitive of cause/agent with ὑπό — 'worn out by the rowing.'

εἰσάγω

led in; leading in; brought back 8 times

εἰσαγαγοῦσα, εἰσῆγον, εἰσήγαγ, εἰσαγαγών, εἰσάγαγον

aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb

aorist participle 'having led in' — action prior to/simultaneous with εἷσε, describes Circe.

εἰσαναβαίνω

having gone up; were embarking; going up 6 times

εἰσανέβαινον, εἰσαναβᾶσα, εἰσαναβᾶσ

imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine

εἰσανέβαινον, imperfect 'were going up to/against,' vividly frames the ongoing march to Troy.

εἰσαφικάνω

reached twice

εἰσαφίκανεν

lines 99 and 112 repeat verbatim — an oral-formulaic repeated verse marking Telemachus's return.

εἰσαφικνέομαι

comes to; go to; came among 8 times

εἰσαφίκηται, εἰσαφίκοιτο, εἰσαφικέσθαι

aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb; aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb; aorist middle infinitive

Optative of εἰσαφικνέομαι continues the potential 'could' construction from the previous line.

εἰσδέρκομαι

caught sight of; looked toward twice

ἐσέδρακεν

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural verb

εἰσδέρκομαι = εἰς 'into' + δέρκομαι 'see, look' — to catch sight of, discern; not 'spy'

εἰσέρχομαι

entered; go in; enter 14 times

εἰσῆλθε, ἐσελεύσομαι, εἰσήλυθεν, εἰσῆλθον, ἐσέρχονται, ἐσέρχεται, εἴσελθε, ἔσελθε and 2 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb; future indicative, 1st singular verb

εἰσήλυθεν marks the lion's return, the pivot point where the simile turns deadly.

εἰσείδω

did we see; I saw; to catch sight (of me) 5 times

εἰσιδέειν, εἰσίδομεν, εἴσιδον, εἰσιδέτην

aorist active infinitive; aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb; imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb

picks up the subject implied by the οὔτ᾽...οὔτ᾽ negatives spanning two lines

εἰσελαύνω

driving in; rowed in twice

εἰσελάων, εἰσέλασαν

future active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb

Compound εἰσ-ελαύνω 'drive/row in' — epic aorist, augment often kept even in dialect.

εἰσερύω

having drawn in once

εἰσερύσαντες

aorist participle: the drawing-in happens before the mooring is complete

εἰσοιχνέω

entering; visit twice

εἰσοιχνεῦσαν, εἰσοιχνεῦσι

present active participle, accusative singular feminine; present active indicative, 3rd plural verb

εἰσοιχνέω, 'go into/frequent,' a compound rarely used outside epic diction.

εἰσοράω

watching; looking at; to look upon 38 times

εἰσορόωντα, εἰσοράασθαι, εἰσορόωντες, εἴσιδε, εἰσορόων, εἰσορόωσιν, εἰσορόωσι, εἴσιδεν and 13 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active participle, accusative singular masculine; present medio-passive infinitive

Epexegetic infinitive: 'taller/sturdier TO LOOK AT,' specifying in what respect.

εἰσφορέω

carried; they carried in twice

ἐσφόρεον

imperfect εἰσφορέω 'kept carrying in', frequentative sense fits an ongoing task

εἷμα

clothes; garments; clothing 69 times

εἵματα, εἵματ, εἵμαθ, εἵματά, εἵματι

accusative plural neuter noun; nominative plural neuter noun; dative singular neuter noun

object of δεύεσκον in the next line, straddling the sentence break

εἷς

one; one man; for one 30 times

ἕνα, μία, εἷς, ἕν, μίαν, ἑνὸς, μί, ἓν and 3 more

accusative singular masculine noun; nominative singular feminine adjective; nominative singular masculine noun

ἑνός 'one' picks out Odysseus by understatement, unnamed until two lines later (Ὀδυσεὺς in l107) — a deliberate Homeric suspension.

εὔδμητος

well-built 4 times

ἐυδμήτων, εὔδμητον, ἐϋδμήτους, ἐϋδμήτῳ

genitive plural masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; accusative plural masculine adjective

εὔζυγος

well-benched twice

ἐϋζύγου, ἐΰζυγοι

genitive singular feminine adjective; nominative plural feminine adjective

Epic compound epithet εὔζυγος 'well-yoked/benched' — stock formula for ships.

εὔθρονος

fair-throned; bright-throned 5 times

ἐΰθρονον, ἐύθρονος, ἐΰθρονος

accusative singular feminine adjective; nominative singular feminine adjective

ἐύθρονος, a formulaic epithet of Dawn, 'of the beautiful throne'

εὔκομος

fair-haired; lovely-haired 3 times

ἠυκόμοιο, ἠύκομος

genitive singular feminine adjective; nominative singular feminine adjective

ἠυκόμοιο is a fixed epic epithet for goddesses, 'lovely-haired' — formulaic, not situational praise.

Εὔμαιος

Eumaeus 40 times

Εὔμαιε, Εὔμαι, Εὔμαιον, Εὔμαιος

vocative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun

vocative of address; head noun elided, understood 'friend'

εὔξεστος

polished; well-polished 11 times

ἐΰξεστοι, ἐϋξέστου, ἐϋξέστῃς, ἐυξέστας, ἐυξέστῳ, ἐϋξέστῃ, ἐϋξέστας, ἐΰξεστον

accusative plural feminine adjective; dative singular feminine adjective; genitive singular masculine adjective

εὔξεστος, 'well-planed' — formulaic epic adjective for carefully worked wood.

εὔξοος

well-polished; polished; polished, well-worked 11 times

ἐΰξοον, ἐύξοον, ἐυξόου

accusative singular neuter adjective; genitive singular feminine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

εὔξοος 'well-planed/polished' is a compound epithet (εὖ + ξέω) typical of Homeric craftsman-object description.

εὔπεπλος

fair-robed twice

ἐύπεπλον, εὐπέπλων

accusative singular feminine adjective; genitive plural feminine adjective

εὔπεπλος, a decorative epithet marking Nausicaa's finery

εὔπωλος

of fine horses; fine-horsed 3 times

ἐύπωλον, εὔπωλον

accusative singular feminine adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective

εὔπωλος 'rich in horses/foals' is a traditional epithet for Troy/Ilium.

Εὔρυτος

Eurytus; nor Eurytus 3 times

Εὔρυτος, Εὐρύτῳ

nominative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

legendary archer-king of Oechalia, said to have taught Heracles archery; challenged Apollo to a contest and was killed by the god for his presumption

εὔσελμος

well-benched 15 times

ἐύσσελμοι, ἐυσσέλμους, ἐϋσσέλμου, ἐυσσέλμῳ, ἐυσσέλμοισιν, ἐυσσέλμων, ἐυσσέλμου, ἐΰσσελμοι and 3 more

nominative plural feminine adjective; genitive singular feminine adjective; dative singular feminine adjective

εὔσελμος, formulaic ship-epithet describing rowing benches

εὔσκοπος

keen-eyed, sharp-sighted; keen-sighted; keen-eyed 3 times

ἐύσκοπον, ἐυσκόπῳ, ἐύσκοπος

accusative singular masculine adjective; dative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular feminine adjective

εὔσκοπος, 'sharp-eyed,' an epithet for Hermes as watchful messenger-god.

εὔστρεπτος

well-twisted twice

ἐυστρέπτοισι, ἐϋστρέπτοισι

stock epic epithet describing ropes, formulaic sailing vocabulary

εὔχαλκος

fine bronze once

εὐχάλκων

εὔχαλκος (well-bronzed) describes prestige guest-gifts; tripods and cauldrons were standard tokens of honor in Homeric gift exchange.

εὔχομαι

praying; prayed; I claim 59 times

εὔχομαι, εὔχεται, εὐχόμενος, εὔχετο, εὔχετ, εὐχόμεθ, εὔχεο, εὔξατο and 14 more

present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb

εὔχομαι εἶναι, 'I claim/boast to be,' is the standard epic self-introduction formula — used by heroes and (here) a disguised god alike.

εὖνις

bereft, deprived once

εὖνιν

Predicate adjective agreeing with σε; governs the genitives of separation ψυχῆς and αἰῶνός in the previous line, 'having made you bereft of life and days.'

εὐαγγέλιον

reward for good news twice

εὐαγγέλιον

nominative singular neuter noun; accusative singular neuter noun

εὐαγγέλιον — reward for bearing glad tidings, a concrete social custom behind the metaphor

εὐγένειος

fine-maned once

ἠυγένειος

epic compound epithet εὐ-γένειος 'well-bearded/maned' vividly describing the lion

εὐδείελος

clear-skied; sunny; sunny/clear 7 times

εὐδείελον, ἐυδείελον, εὐδείελος, εὐδειέλου

accusative singular feminine adjective; nominative singular feminine adjective; genitive singular feminine adjective

εὐδείελος, standing epithet of Ithaca, 'seen clearly from afar'

εὐεργής

well-built; for good deeds; well-wrought 15 times

ἐυεργέα, εὐεργέα, ἐυεργέων, ἐυεργέος, ἐυεργὴς, εὐεργής, εὐεργέων, εὐεργέος

accusative singular feminine adjective; genitive plural neuter adjective; genitive singular masculine adjective

Leiodes's bitter maxim: no gratitude survives past the moment of the good deed itself.

εὐήνωρ

strong, manly; man-strengthening twice

ἐυήνορα, εὐήνορα

accusative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine adjective

εὐήνωρ 'man-strengthening' — stock Homeric epithet for wine, not a literal description.

εὐήρης

well-fitted; well-balanced 6 times

ἐυῆρες, ἐυήρε, εὐῆρες, εὐήρε

accusative singular neuter adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective

εὐήρης 'well-fitted' is the fixed epic epithet for oars, repeated later at l129.

εὐηγεσία

good rule once

εὐηγεσίης

εὐηγεσίη 'good leadership' — abstract noun tied to the king's justice theme (cf. l.111-112)

Εὐηνορίδης

son of Euenor twice

Εὐηνορίδης, Εὐηνορίδην

nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

-ίδης patronymic suffix marks 'son of', standard epic naming pattern.

εὐκλεής

of good repute once

ἐϋκλεῖας

predicate accusative plural agreeing with implied subject of ἔμμεναι

εὐκνήμις

well-greaved twice

ἐυκνήμιδας, ἐυκνήμιδες

accusative plural masculine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective

stock Homeric epithet for the Achaeans, describing their bronze shin-guards.

εὐνάζω

lay down to sleep; I will lay down; lay down 6 times

εὐνάζοντο, εὐνάσω, εὐνάζεσθαι, εὐνάζετο

imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; future active indicative, 1st singular verb; present medio-passive infinitive

εὐνάζω middle/passive 'go to bed, settle down' — same root as εὐνή 'bed' used earlier.

εὐνάω

to lie down; to lie; bedded down 7 times

εὐνηθῆναι, εὔνησε, εὐνηθέντες

aorist passive infinitive; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist passive participle, nominative plural masculine

εὐνάω 'lay to bed' — causative verb built on εὐνή 'bed', the goddess arranging the men.

εὐνή

bed; beds; in bed 52 times

εὐνήν, εὐνῆς, εὐνῇ, εὐνὴν, εὐνὰς, εὐνῆφι, εὐναί, εὐναὶ and 3 more

accusative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun

Rare instrumental/ablative -φιν ending on εὐνή, an old Greek case-form surviving in epic diction.

εὐνῆθεν

from bed once

εὐνῆθεν

εὐνῆθεν: adverb with the -θεν "from" suffix, "from his bed"

εὐνομία

good order once

εὐνομίην

ὕβρις vs εὐνομίη form a deliberate moral pairing: gods watch over both human wrongdoing and lawful order.

Εὐπείθης

of Eupeithes; Eupeithes 14 times

Εὐπείθεος, Εὐπείθης, Εὐπείθει, Εὐπείθεα

genitive singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

father of Antinous; his grief drives this whole assembly scene.

εὐπλόκαμος

fair-haired; lovely-haired; fair-tressed 20 times

ἐυπλόκαμος, ἐυπλοκάμοισι, ἐυπλοκάμῳ, ἐυπλοκάμοισιν, εὐπλόκαμος, ἐυπλόκαμοι, ἐϋπλόκαμος

nominative singular feminine adjective; dative plural feminine adjective; dative singular masculine adjective

Stock Homeric epithet for a nymph/goddess, εὐπλόκαμος 'lovely-tressed.'

εὐπλοκαμίς

fair-haired once

ἐυπλοκαμῖδες

Stock Homeric epithet for women, formulaic and metrically convenient.

εὐποίητος

well-made 3 times

ἐυποίητόν, εὐποίητα, εὐποιήτοισι

accusative singular feminine adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective; dative plural neuter adjective

Εὐρύκλεια

Eurycleia; Eurykleia 24 times

Εὐρύκλεια, Εὐρύκλειαν, Εὐρύκλει

nominative singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun; vocative singular feminine noun

Eurycleia's introduction with a full patronymic genealogy (daughter of Ops, son of Pisenor) is typical epic honor for a named minor character.

Εὐρύλοχος

Eurylochus; of Eurylochus; and Eurylochus 14 times

Εὐρύλοχος, Εὐρύλοχ, Εὐρύλοχός, Εὐρυλόχοιο

nominative singular masculine noun; vocative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun

vocative addressing a named companion — sets up Odysseus's reply and decision to go on alone

Εὐρύμαχος

Eurymachus; for Eurymachus 30 times

Εὐρύμαχος, Εὐρύμαχ, Εὐρυμάχῳ, Εὐρύμαχον, Εὐρυμάχου

nominative singular masculine noun; vocative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

Vocative with elided ending (Εὐρύμαχ᾽ for -ε) before a vowel, common in fast speech.

εὐρύοπα

far-seeing; far-thundering; wide-thundering 7 times

εὐρύοπα

nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine noun

εὐρύοπα, fixed epithet of Zeus, 'wide-thundering/far-seeing'

εὐρύπορος

wide-wayed twice

εὐρυπόροιο

εὐρύπορος 'with wide paths' — stock epithet for the sea's vast expanse.

εὐρύς

wide; broad; broad, spacious 72 times

εὐρὺν, εὐρὺ, εὐρέα, εὐρείῃ, εὐρέι, εὐρεῖαν, εὐρείης, εὐρέες and 6 more

accusative singular masculine adjective; dative singular feminine adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective

agrees with the storeroom noun (θάλαμον) still governing the sentence from an earlier line.

εὐρύχορος

spacious; wide-dancing 7 times

εὐρύχορον, εὐρυχόρῳ, εὐρυχόροιο

accusative singular feminine adjective; dative singular feminine adjective; dative singular masculine adjective

εὐρυχόροιο 'wide-spaced' - traditional epithet for a city, common formulaic filler

εὐρυάγυια

broad-streeted; wide-streeted 4 times

εὐρυάγυιαν, εὐρυάγυια

accusative singular feminine adjective; nominative singular feminine noun

epic compound epithet εὐρυάγυια, 'with wide streets', formulaic for cities

εὐρυμέτωπος

broad-browed 5 times

εὐρυμέτωποι, εὐρυμέτωπον, εὐρυμετώπους, εὐρυμετώπων

nominative plural feminine adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective; accusative plural feminine adjective

compound epithet εὐρυμέτωπος, standard formulaic description of cattle in Homer.

Εὐρυνόμη

Eurynome; housekeeper 10 times

Εὐρυνόμη, Εὐρυνόμην

nominative singular feminine noun; vocative singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun

vocative address to Penelope's housekeeper, opening direct speech

εὐρυόδεια

wide-wayed; wide-pathed 3 times

εὐρυοδείης

genitive singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine adjective

εὐρυόδεια 'with wide ways/roads', a stock formulaic epithet of the earth

εὐρυφυής

broad-eared once

εὐρυφυὲς

εὐρυφυές, a compound epic epithet ('wide-growing') for barley, typical of formulaic catalog-lines.

εὐρώεις

dank; dank, moldy 3 times

εὐρώεντα

accusative singular masculine adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective

εὐρώεντα 'moldy/dank' — recurring epithet for the house of Hades, evoking its gloom.

εὐσταθής

well-built 8 times

ἐϋσταθέος

genitive singular neuter adjective; genitive singular masculine adjective

ἐϋσταθής epic compound 'firmly-standing', decorative epithet for the hall

εὐστέφανος

fair-crowned 4 times

ἐυστέφανός, εὐστεφάνου, ἐυστεφάνου, ἐϋστέφανος

nominative singular feminine adjective; genitive singular feminine adjective

Ornamental epithet (εὐστέφανος) attached to Mycene, typical epic list-naming style.

εὐφραίνω

to take ease; may you gladden; gladden 3 times

εὐφραίνεσθαι, ἐϋφραίνοιτε, ἐϋφραίνοιμι

present medio-passive infinitive; present active optative, 2nd plural verb; present active optative, 1st singular verb

optative of wish, 2nd plural, continuing Odysseus's blessing on his Phaeacian hosts.

εὐφρονέων

kindly disposed; thinking kindly; with good will 3 times

ἐϋφρονέων

Epic-formulaic participle 'well-minded'—sets the tone before he speaks, a stock intro to a speech.

εὐφροσύνη

good cheer; with gladness; merriment 5 times

ἐυφροσύνῃσιν, ἐυφροσύνη, εὐφροσύνῃ, εὐφροσύνην, ἐϋφροσύνης

dative plural feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun

Instrumental dative plural: 'warmed by/with joys' at seeing her.

εὐχετάομαι

I would pray; claimed; did they claim 10 times

εὐχετόωντο, εὐχετόωνται, εὐχετοῴμην, εὐχετάασθαι

imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; present medio-passive optative, 1st singular verb

εὐχετόωντο shows the epic diectasis ('stretched') form of εὔχομαι, a metrical lengthening typical of Homeric verbs in -άομαι.

εὕδω

to sleep; sleeping; slept 30 times

εὕδειν, εὗδε, εὗδον, εὕδοντ, εὕδῃ, εὕδουσιν, εὕδεις, εὕδοιμι and 8 more

present active infinitive; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb

Infinitive of purpose with ὤρνυντο: 'roused themselves to go sleep'.

εὕω

singed; singeing 4 times

εὕοντας, εὗσεν, εὗσέ, εὗσαν

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active participle, accusative plural masculine; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb

εὕω: to singe off bristles before butchering — vivid concrete detail of pig-sacrifice ritual.

εὑρίσκω

found; they found; she found 37 times

εὗρε, εὗρον, εὗρεν, εὑρέμεναι, εὕρομεν, εὑροίμην, εὕροι, εὕρητε and 7 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active infinitive

εὑρέμεναι: epic infinitive ending -μεναι for εὑρεῖν

Seen once or twice

ἔαρ

of spring once

ἔγκατα

entrails twice

ἔγρω

woke once

ἔδαφος

floor once

ἔκβασις

way out once

ἔκτοσε

out of once

Ἔλατος

Elatus once

ἔλεγχος

reproach, disgrace; a disgrace twice

ἔμπεδον

steadily once

ἔμφυλος

of my tribe once

ἔνειμι

lay within once

ἔντερον

gut-string once

ἔξεστι

to be let out once

ἔπαυλος

pens once

ἔρσα

dew twice

ἔφημαι

sitting twice

ἔχθος

hatred once

ἔχις

you keep once

ἐαρινός

spring; springtime twice

ἐγγύη

pledges once

ἐγγυάω

to pledge once

ἐγκαταπήγνυμι

thrust into once

ἐγκοσμέω

stow in order once

ἐγρήσσω

lie awake; lying awake twice

ἐγρηγορόων

wide awake once

ἐγχέω

pours; poured in twice

ἐγχείη

spears; with spears twice

ἐγώγε

I once

ἐκγελάω

laughing twice

ἐκδέω

tie shut once

ἐκλύω

I will free once

ἐκπατάσσω

struck senseless once

ἐκπροκαλέομαι

having called out once

ἐκπρολείπω

leaving once

ἐκπτύω

spat out once

ἐκτείνω

killed once

ἐκτίνω

founded once

ἐκφέρω

brought out; carried off twice

ἐκφορέω

carried out once

ἐλάτη

fir; with pine blades twice

ἐλαίνεος

olive-wood twice

ἐλεγχής

vilest once

ἐλεήμων

full of pity once

ἐλεητύς

pity twice

ἐλεός

platters once

ἐλπίς

of hope once

ἐμμαπέως

at once once

ἐμμενής

steadily; continually twice

ἐμπλήγδην

rashly once

ἐμπλήσσω

fly into once

ἐμφορέω

were borne about; were borne, tossed twice

ἐνάκις

nine times once

ἐνάλιος

of the sea once

ἐναμέλγω

he milked once

ἐναντίβιος

face to face; facing them twice

ἐναρίθμιος

to fill the number once

ἐνδέξιος

rightward once

ἐνδέω

he bound in once

ἐνερείδω

drove in once

ἐνεύναιος

bedding; of sleepers twice

ἐνηής

kindly once

ἐνθένδε

from here once

ἐνθρῴσκω

he leapt, kicked once

ἐνθύμιος

weighing on the mind once

ἐνιαύσιος

year-old once

Ἐνιπεύς

Enipeus; of Enipeus twice

ἐννεόργυιος

nine fathoms tall once

ἐννήκοντα

ninety once

ἐννύχιος

by night once

ἐνόρνυμι

rose up once

ἐνοπή

voice once

ἐνταυθοῖ

right there; here twice

ἐντεῦθεν

from there once

ἐντρέπω

is moved once

ἐνύπνιος

in sleep once

ἐνωπαδίως

face to face once

ἐξάπτω

fastening once

ἐξαγορεύω

declared once

ἐξαιρετός

chosen ones once

ἐξαπατάω

deceived; to deceive twice

ἐξαπαφίσκω

deceived; deceive twice

ἐξαποβαίνω

disembarked once

ἐξαποδύνω

stripped off once

ἐξαφαιρέω

you take away once

ἐξέλκω

being dragged out once

ἐξεσία

as an envoy once

ἐξημοιβός

changes of once

ἐξίημι

to leave once

ἐξίσχω

holds out once

ἐξονομαίνω

to name once

ἐξοπίσω

hereafter twice

ἐπάγω

won over; driving on/pressing twice

ἐπαιγίζω

blowing once

ἐπαμάω

heaped up once

ἐπαμοιβαδίς

interlaced, alternating once

ἐπαπειλέω

he had threatened once

ἐπαρήγω

helped once

ἐπαρκέω

warded off once

ἐπαρτύω

fitted on once

ἐπαρωγός

helper once

ἐπαυρέω

enjoy; you suffer twice

ἐπέλπομαι

still hoping once

ἐπεντανύω

stretching tight once

ἐπερείδω

put behind once

ἐπερύω

drew shut once

ἐπετήσιος

year-round once

ἐπηγκενίδες

gunwales once

ἐπηρεφής

overhanging twice

ἐπητής

civil/courteous; courteous twice

ἐπητύς

kindness once

ἐπίκειμαι

were shut, lay closed once

ἐπίκλησις

by name once

ἐπίκριον

a yard-arm; the yard-arm twice

ἐπίληθος

forgetting once

ἐπίσκοπος

overseer once

ἐπίστιον

a berth once

ἐπίτονος

the backstay/rope once

ἐπιβάλλω

laid on; pressed on toward twice

ἐπιβοάω

will call upon; will call on twice

ἐπιβώτωρ

herdsman once

ἐπιγουνίς

fat on the thigh; thigh twice

ἐπιδημεύω

you stay in town once

ἐπιδίφριος

onto the chariot twice

ἐπιεικτός

tolerable; unyielding twice

ἐπιζάφελος

furiously once

ἐπιήρανος

pleasing once

ἐπιθύω

rushing on once

ἐπικεράννυμι

to mix once

ἐπικλείω

praise once

ἐπικλύω

had heeded once

ἐπιλωβεύω

mocked once

ἐπιμειδάω

smiling once

ἐπιμίμνω

I remain; I attend to twice

ἐπιμίξ

indiscriminately once

ἐπινέμω

dealt out once

ἐπιπέτομαι

flew past; flew twice

ἐπιπίλναμαι

comes near once

ἐπιπρέπω

is apparent once

ἐπιρρίπτω

cast, hurled once

ἐπιρρώομαι

toiled once

ἐπισμυγερός

wretchedly; grievously twice

ἐπιστάτης

servant once

ἐπιστεφής

brimming once

ἐπιστήμων

shrewd once

ἐπιστρωφάω

roam through once

ἐπιτηδές

deliberately, on purpose once

ἐπιτιμήτωρ

avenger once

ἐπιτολμάω

let endure; he endured, dared twice

ἐπιτροχάδη

glibly once

ἐπιφρονέω

shrewdly noting once

ἐπιχειρέω

were setting; to set to twice

ἐπιωγαί

roadsteads once

ἐπόμνυμι

swore once

ἐποπτάω

roasted once

ἐπουράνιος

heavenly once

ἐραννός

lovely once

ἐρέπτομαι

feeding on twice

ἐρέφω

I roofed once

ἐρέω

I will tell once

ἐρείπω

fell once

ἐρεμνός

dark twice

ἐρευνάω

searching out; was searching twice

Ἐρεχθεύς

of Erechtheus once

ἐρινεός

wild fig tree; fig tree twice

ἐρισθενής

mighty once

Ἐριφύλη

Eriphyle once

Ἐρύμανθος

Erymanthus once

ἐρχατάομαι

were penned once

ἐτεόν

truly, really once

ἐύννητος

well-spun once

ἐύπλειος

well-filled once

ἐφετμή

of commands once

Ἐφιάλτης

Ephialtes once

ἐφόλκαιον

steering-oar once

ἐφορμή

approach once

Ἐφύρα

Ephyra twice

Ἐχένηος

Echeneus twice

Ἐχέφρων

Echephron twice

ἕβδομος

seventh twice

ἕκαθεν

far off once

ἕκτος

sixth once

ἕλος

marsh once

ἕνδεκα

eleven once

ἕπταχα

into seven once

ἕπω

dressed; dressed/prepared twice

ἑβδόματος

on the seventh twice

ἑκάστοθι

in each place once

Ἑλλήσποντος

Hellespont once

ἑλλός

fawn once

ἑξαετής

six years once

ἑορτή

a feast; feast, festival twice

ἑρκίον

wall once

Ἑρμιόνη

Hermione once

ἑρπετόν

creeping things once

ἑτέρωθι

on the other side twice

ἑτέρως

otherwise once

ἑτοιμάζω

made ready once

εἴλυμα

a wrapper, cover once

εἴσοδος

the entrance once

εἴτε

whether; or twice

εἶλαρ

a defense once

εἶρος

wool twice

εἰδάλιμος

shapely once

εἰλαπίνη

a banquet; banquet twice

εἰρήνη

peace once

εἰροπόκος

woolly once

εἰσαγείρω

gathered once

εἰσανάγω

lead up into once

εἰσεῖδον

he caught sight once

εἰσίημι

making for once

εἰσίθμη

entrance once

εἰσκαταβαίνω

going down into once

εἰσνοέω

I caught sight of twice

εἰσφέρω

carried in once

Εὔβοια

Euboea; than Euboea twice

εὔβοτος

rich in cattle once

εὔγναμπτος

well-curved once

εὔθυμος

kind-hearted once

εὔκηλος

at ease; untroubled twice

εὔκλεια

good fame once

εὔκοσμος

orderly once

εὔμαιος

Eumaeus twice

Εὔμηλος

Eumelus once

εὔμηλος

rich in sheep once

εὔορμος

good for anchoring; well-sheltered twice

εὔπηκτος

well-built once

εὔτροχος

well-wheeled once

εὔφρων

merry once

εὖγμα

boasts once

εὖρος

in breadth once

Εὐάνθης

of Euanthes once

εὐανθής

flowering once

εὐδικία

good judgments once

εὐεργεσία

kindnesses; gooddoing twice

εὐκαμπής

well-curved twice

εὐκέατος

easily-split once

εὐλείμων

rich in meadows once

εὐμενέτης

to their friends, well-wishers once

εὐπατέρεια

nobly-fathered; of noble father twice

εὐπηγής

well-built once

εὐρύκλεια

Eurycleia once

Εὐρύνομος

Eurynomus twice

εὐρύνω

widened once

Εὐρύπυλος

Eurypylus once

Εὐρυάδης

Euryades once

Εὐρυβάτης

Eurybates once

Εὐρυδάμας

for Eurydamas; Eurydamas twice

Εὐρυδίκη

Eurydice once

Εὐρυμέδουσα

Eurymedousa once

Εὐρυμέδων

of Eurymedon once

Εὐρυμίδης

son of Eurymus once

εὐρυπυλής

wide-gated once

εὐρυσθενης

mighty once

Εὐρυτίδης

son of Eurytus twice

Εὐρυτίων

Eurytion once

εὐτρεφής

well-fed twice

εὐφραδής

sensibly once

εὐχή

with prayers once

εὐχροής

of good color once

εὐχωλή

with prayers twice

εὐώδης

fragrant twice

εὐῶπις

fair-faced twice

The particulars

The words
Every word of the text, parsed: its headword, its form and its meaning in the line. Source text: public domain (Homer, ancient; Greek per the Murray/Allen text via the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 3.0).
Translation
Public-domain Greek (Homer, ancient; text via the Perseus Digital Library). English translation © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC.
Data
JSON · A guide for agents
Two whoopie pies and a pine. An inside joke.