Words of the Odyssey 1732 Studios

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Words of the Odyssey · 135 headwords

Each word with its meanings, its forms, and the lines it stands in.

ἴδιος

private twice

ἰδίη, ἴδιον

nominative singular feminine adjective; nominative singular neuter adjective

ἰδίη, contrasted with δήμιος 'public' — Telemachus signals this is personal family business, not state affairs

ἴδρις

skilled 3 times

ἴδρις, ἴδριες

nominative singular masculine noun; nominative plural masculine noun; nominative singular masculine adjective

ἴδρις 'knowing, skilled'—same root idea as ἰδυίῃσι above (οἶδα 'know'), reinforcing the theme of craft-knowledge running through this passage.

ἴκελος

like; like, resembling 7 times

ἴκελος, ἴκελοι, ἰκέλη, ἴκελον

nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective; nominative singular feminine adjective

ἴκελος + dative τῷ, 'like that beggar' — repeats the disguise motif

ἴκρια

deck; deck-planks; cross-planks 8 times

ἰκριόφιν, ἴκρια

genitive plural neuter noun; accusative plural neuter noun

ἴκρια, the ship's raised deck-planks where sailors slept

Ἴλιος

Ilium; Ilion; Ilion, Troy 16 times

Ἴλιον

accusative singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine adjective; accusative singular neuter noun

accusative of goal with a motion verb, no preposition needed in epic Greek.

ἴς

force; strength; might 16 times

ἲς, ἶν, ἶνες, ἴς

nominative singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun; nominative plural feminine noun

ἱερὴ ἲς Τηλεμάχοιο 'the sacred force of Telemachus', a periphrasis for 'Telemachus' himself.

ἴσκε

he told; supposed twice

ἴσκε, ἴσκεν

rare epic verb ἴσκε 'made (something) seem like' — used of skillful, convincing lying

ἴσκω

making like once

ἴσκουσ

ἴσκω 'to make resemble', describing Helen mimicking each wife's voice — a striking, uncanny epic detail.

Ἴσμαρος

Ismarus; Ismaros twice

Ἰσμάρῳ, Ἴσμαρον

dative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

Enjambment: Ἰσμάρῳ completes the previous line's πέλασσεν before the new sentence begins.

ἴσος

equal to; equal; equally 22 times

ἶσα, ἶσον, ἶσος, ἐῖσαι, ἴσης, ἐΐσης, ἴσην, ἶσόν

accusative plural neuter adjective; genitive singular feminine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

ἶσα + dative ὄρεσσιν 'equal to the mountains' — hyperbolic simile-like phrase for wave height.

ἴσχω

hold back; holds, detains; holding 16 times

ἴσχεο, ἴσχει, ἴσχεσθαι, ἴσχουσ, ἴσχων, ἰσχέμεναί, ἴσχεσθ, ἴσχεσθε

present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb; present active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive infinitive

ἴσχω, reduplicated present of ἔχω, 'restrain/hold in' — the pens can no longer contain the eager calves.

ἴφθιμος

mighty; strong; noble 17 times

ἰφθίμῃ, ἰφθίμῳ, ἰφθίμη, ἰφθίμοισιν, ἰφθίμου, ἴφθιμοι, ἰφθίμην, ἴφθιμον and 3 more

dative singular feminine adjective; dative plural masculine adjective; dative singular masculine adjective

ἴφθιμος, stock epithet for strength/vigor, here applied to the girl

ἴχνιον

footsteps; the footsteps; tracks 5 times

ἴχνια, ἴχνι

μετ᾽ ἴχνια βαίνειν, 'walk in the footsteps of', a formulaic phrase for following a guide.

Ἶρος

Irus; Iros; for Irus 12 times

Ἶρος, Ἶρον, Ἴρῳ, Ἴρου

nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

nickname from Iris, messenger goddess—mocking his errand-running (see l7).

ἶψ

worms once

ἶπες

ἶπες, wood-boring worms/grubs — a concrete, homely image amid epic diction

ἰάλλω

reached out; put forth; hurl 19 times

ἴαλλον, ἰήλω, ἴηλον, ἴηλεν, ἴαλλε, ἰάλλοντα, ἰάλλειν, ἴαλλεν and 1 more

imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verb

χεῖρας ἴαλλον ('cast/threw their hands') is a Homeric formula for beginning to eat, found almost verbatim at other feast scenes in both epics.

ἰάομαι

will heal; healing 3 times

ἰήσεται, ἰησάμενοι

future perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine

Rare future perfect middle form ἰήσεται — vivid emphatic future, 'will indeed heal.'

ἰάπτω

may mar; mar twice

ἰάπτῃ, ἰάπτῃς

present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb; present active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb

ἰάπτω 'damage/afflict' — vivid word for tears marring the skin

ἰάχω

hissed; shouting; hissing 6 times

ἴαχε, ἰάχοντες, ἰάχοντα, ἰάχουσα, ἰάχων

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active participle, nominative plural masculine; present active participle, accusative singular masculine

present participle 'ing along' as we charged; vivid battle-cry action alongside main verb

ἰαίνω

was warmed; is warmed; grew warm 11 times

ἰάνθη, ἰαίνετο, ἰαίνεται, ἰήνατε, ἰαίνει, ἰαίνομαι, ἰανθῇ, ἰάνθης

aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἰάνθη, metaphor of the heart 'thawing' with relief/comfort

Ἰασίδης

son of Iasus twice

Ἰασίδαο, Ἰασίδῃ

genitive singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

patronymic in -ίδης, 'son of Iasus' — standard epic naming pattern.

ἰαύω

slept; would sleep; used to sleep 8 times

ἴαυον, ἰαύεσκεν, ἰαύεσκον, ἰαῦσαι

imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active infinitive

ἰαύεσκεν has the iterative -σκ- suffix marking repeated/habitual past action, 'used to sleep'

ἰδίω

I sweated once

ἴδιον

ἴδιον from ἰδίω 'to sweat' — rare verb, not to be confused with εἶδον 'I saw'; physical reaction of strong emotion.

ἰδνόομαι

bending; doubled up twice

ἰδνωθεὶς, ἰδνωθείς

passive of ἰδνόομαι, 'bent/writhed' — vivid death spasm.

Ἰδομενεύς

Idomeneus; of Idomeneus 6 times

Ἰδομενῆα, Ἰδομενεὺς, Ἰδομενῆος, Ἰδομενῆϊ

accusative singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun

Ἰδομενεύς, king of Crete in the Trojan War — a name-drop lending false credibility

ἰδυῖα

skilled, knowing; knowing/skilled; knowing 3 times

ἰδυῖα, ἰδυίῃσι

perfect active participle, nominative singular feminine; perfect active participle, dative plural feminine

ἰδυῖα (perf. participle of οἶδα) means 'knowing' in the sense of practiced skill — Eurycleia's expertise, not mere knowledge.

Ἰήσων

Jason once

Ἰήσων

Hera's favor for Jason, from the Argonaut legend, is invoked as the reason the Argo survived.

Ἰθάκη

Ithaca; of Ithaca; in Ithaca 78 times

Ἰθάκης, Ἰθάκην, Ἰθάκῃ, Ἰθάκη

genitive singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun

genitive of separation with τῆλε 'far': 'far from Ithaca'.

Ἰθάκηνδε

to Ithaca 5 times

Ἰθάκηνδε, Ἰθάκηνδ

Ἰθάκηνδε, place-name plus directional -δε suffix ('to Ithaca'), same construction as δόμονδε above.

ἰθαγενής

with legitimate sons once

ἰθαιγενέεσσιν

ἰθαγενής 'born in wedlock' directly opposes ὠνητή/παλλακίς from the line before — the contrast is the point.

Ἰθακήσιος

men of Ithaca; of Ithaca; the Ithacans 10 times

Ἰθακήσιοι, Ἰθακήσιος

vocative plural masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective

vocative plural addressing the assembly directly.

ἰθύνω

made straight; steered; he might steer 13 times

ἴθυνεν, ἰθύνετο, ἴθυνον, ἴθυνε, ἰθύνοι, ἰθύνετε, ἴθυνα

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb

optative ἰθύνοι after ὄφρα: purpose clause, 'so he could steer'

ἰθύς

straight; straight in; venture 14 times

ἰθὺς, ἰθύν, ἰθὺν

adverb; accusative singular feminine noun; nominative singular masculine adjective

ἰθύω

would rush; she was eager twice

ἰθύσει, ἴθυσέν

aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb

aorist optative in iterative sense: repeated past action, 'every time he lunged'

Ἰκάριος

of Icarius; Icarius; to Icarius 18 times

Ἰκαρίοιο, Ἰκαρίου, Ἰκαρίῳ

genitive singular masculine adjective; genitive singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

Ἰκμάλιος

Icmalius once

Ἰκμάλιος

minor craftsman named only here for his footstool — a one-line Homeric aside.

ἰνδάλλομαι

he seems; appears/pictures twice

ἰνδάλλεται

ἰνδάλλομαι 'appear/seem like' — a vivid verb of visual impression, rare outside epic.

ἰός

arrows; arrow; of arrows 10 times

ἰὸν, ἰῶν, ἰοί, ἰοὺς, ἰὸς, ἰῷ, ἰοὶ

nominative plural masculine noun; genitive plural masculine noun; accusative plural masculine noun

ἰότης

by the will; by the will of; by the wish 8 times

ἰότητι

ἰότητι: instrumental dative, 'by the will/design (of the gods)' — poetic noun rare outside Homer.

ἰοδνεφής

violet-dark twice

ἰοδνεφὲς

ἰοδνεφής 'violet-dark' describing wool — a striking color compound rare even in Homer

ἰοδόκος

arrow-holding twice

ἰοδόκος, ἰοδόκον

nominative singular feminine adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective

ἰοδόκος 'arrow-receiving', a fixed epithet describing the quiver

ἰοειδής

violet twice

ἰοειδέος, ἰοειδέα

genitive singular masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

ἰοειδής, 'violet-colored,' a Homeric color epithet for the deep sea.

ἰονθάς

shaggy once

ἰονθάδος

rare adjective ἰονθάς 'downy/shaggy', found almost only here in Homer

ἰοχέαιρα

arrow-pouring; arrow-shooting; archer goddess 4 times

ἰοχέαιρα

nominative singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine adjective

ἰοχέαιρα 'shooter of arrows' — Artemis's standing epic epithet as huntress goddess.

ἰσόω

I would liken myself once

ἰσωσαίμην

ἰσωσαίμην: aorist optative of ἰσόω, potential optative with κεν — 'I could compare myself'.

ἰσχανάω

hold back, wait; longing; you detain 3 times

ἰσχανόωνται, ἰσχανόων, ἰσχανάᾳς

present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active participle, nominative singular masculine; present active indicative, 2nd singular verb

ἰσχανάω 'restrain oneself, wait eagerly' — the guests are too polite to eat or act before the king speaks.

Ἰφικληεῖος

mighty Iphicles; Iphicles twice

Ἰφικληείης, Ἰφικληείη

βίης Ἰφικληείης, 'might of Iphicles' — periphrasis using βία + name for 'mighty X', epic idiom.

ἰχθύς

fish; fishes; for fish 9 times

ἰχθῦς, ἰχθύσι, ἰχθύες, ἰχθύας

accusative plural masculine noun; dative plural masculine noun; nominative plural masculine noun

ἰχθυάω

were fishing; fishes twice

ἰχθυάασκον, ἰχθυάᾳ

imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active indicative, 3rd singular verb

Iterative verb ἰχθυάασκον with -ασκ- suffix denotes habitual, repeated past action.

ἰχθυόεις

fish-filled; fishy 11 times

ἰχθυόεντα, ἰχθυόεντι

accusative singular masculine adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective; dative singular masculine adjective

ἰχθυόεντα κέλευθα, a Homeric formula for the sea-lanes.

ἵζω

sat; seated; used to sit 37 times

ἷζε, εἷσε, εἷσεν, ἷζεν, ἵζεσκεν, ἕσσα, εἷσαν, εἷσον and 11 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine

ἵζεσκεν has the iterative -σκ- suffix, marking a habitual past action.

ἵημι

put away; eager; sent 76 times

ἕντο, ἧκε, ἱέμενοι, ἱέμενος, ἵει, ἧκεν, ἱέμενός, ἱέμενον and 18 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist indicative, 3rd plural verb; present middle participle, nominative plural masculine

ἐξ ἔρον ἕντο, 'they let go their desire,' is a set Homeric formula for satisfying hunger/thirst before turning to other business — signals a scene transition.

ἵκω

has come; reaches; they came 17 times

ἵκει, ἷξον, ἷξε, ἵκοι, ἵκω, ἵκοιτ

present active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb

τίνα χρειὼ...ἵκει 'what need has come upon him' — idiomatic Homeric phrasing for urgent necessity.

ἵλημι

be gracious twice

ἵληθι, ἵληθ

rare imperative ἵληθι from defective ἵλημι, a ritual prayer-verb 'be propitious'.

ἵνα

so that; where; when, so that 98 times

ἵνα, ἵν

conjunction; adverb

ἵνα + subjunctive (φθινύθω) introduces a purpose clause explaining why she wishes for death.

ἵππειος

horses' once

ἱππείῃσι

ἵππειος adjective 'of horses', modifying κάπῃσι (mangers)

ἵππος

horses; horse; the horses 42 times

ἵππους, ἵππων, ἵπποι, ἵππον, ἵπποισι, ἵππῳ, ἵππω, ἵπποισιν and 2 more

accusative plural masculine noun; genitive plural masculine noun; nominative plural masculine noun

the Trojan Horse, referred to simply as ἵππος 'horse' here.

ἵππουρις

with horsehair crest once

ἵππουριν

ἵππουρις, striking compound epithet: 'horse-tailed', vivid battle-gear detail

ἵστημι

stood; standing; she stood 150 times

στῆ, ἕστασαν, ἔσταν, στὰς, ἵστατο, ἔστη, ἔστησε, ἱστάμενος and 52 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine

ἵστατο is intransitive middle/passive here ('stood, were standing'), contrasting with the transitive active ἔστησε in l.127 — same verb, different voice and sense.

ἱδρόω

sweating once

ἱδρώοντας

ἱδρόω participle, vivid physical detail of the tired horses

ἱδρύω

seated; having seated (him) twice

ἵδρυσεν, ἱδρύσασα

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine

Aorist participle 'having seated' — Calypso's action precedes the main verb of speech.

ἱερεῖον

victims; victim 4 times

ἱερήϊα, ἱερήια, ἱερήϊον

accusative plural neuter noun; accusative singular neuter noun

ἱερήια: sacrificial animals, here the ram and ewe for the necromancy rite Circe instructed.

ἱερεύω

sacrificed; slaughtering; slaughtered 20 times

ἱερεύοντες, ἱέρευσεν, ἱερευσέμεν, ἱερεύσαντες, ἱέρευον, ἵρευον, ἱέρευσ, ἱερεύσομεν and 6 more

imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active participle, nominative plural masculine

ἱερεύω, lit. 'sacrifice/slaughter (an animal)' — here used for the suitors' wasteful feasting, not proper ritual sacrifice.

ἱερός

sacred; holy; sacrifices 42 times

ἱερὸν, ἱερὴ, ἱρὸν, ἱρὰ, ἱερὰς, ἱεροῖς, ἱερὰ, ἱρῶν and 8 more

nominative singular neuter adjective; nominative singular feminine adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective

Missing wine libation (only water, next line) signals the improvised, ill-omened nature of this sacrifice.

ἱκάνω

reached; comes upon; I come 56 times

ἱκάνει, ἱκάνω, ἵκανε, ἱκάνεις, ἵκανεν, ἱκάνεται, ἵκανον, ἱκάνομαι and 3 more

present active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active indicative, 1st singular verb

optative in a temporal clause of anticipated future time: 'whenever sleep should come'

ἱκέτης

suppliants; suppliant; a suppliant 11 times

ἱκέτης, ἱκέτην, ἱκέτῃσιν, ἱκετάων, ἱκέται, ἱκέτας

nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; dative plural masculine noun

Predicate noun after εἶναι: 'I declare myself to be a suppliant.'

ἱκετεύω

I supplicated; I made my plea; made your plea 5 times

ἱκέτευσα, ἱκέτευσ, ἱκέτευσας, ἱκέτευεν

aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb; aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb

aorist, 'I came to you as a suppliant'

ἱκετήσιος

of suppliants once

ἱκετήσιος

Ζεὺς ἱκετήσιος 'Zeus protector of suppliants' — Zeus's cult title guarding the sacred duty of hospitality

ἱκνέομαι

to reach; came; reached 178 times

ἱκέσθαι, ἵκετο, ἵκοντο, ἵκηται, ἵκετ, ἱκόμεθ, ἵκοιτο, ἵκηαι and 20 more

aorist middle infinitive; aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb

dual verb ἱκέσθην, '(the two) arrived' — dual verb form matches the dual subject τώ

ἱλάσκομαι

win favor of once

ἱλάσσομ

Future middle ἱλάσσομαι 'I shall propitiate/win over', with epic double -σσ-.

ἱμάς

with a strap; strap; of straps 6 times

ἱμάντα, ἱμάντι, ἱμάντων

accusative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun; genitive plural masculine noun

Homeric doors are secured not with a metal lock but a leather strap pulling a bolt — a glimpse of Bronze Age household technology.

ἱμάσσω

whipped/lashed; she struck twice

ἵμασεν

ἱμάσσω 'to whip' gives the vivid verb for Nausicaa driving the mule-cart onward.

ἱμείρω

longed for; yearns; longing 5 times

ἱμείρεται, ἱμειρόμενός, ἱμείρετε, ἱμείρων

aorist subjunctive, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine

ἄν + subjunctive (ὁππότ᾽ ἂν ἡβήσῃ) is a general/indefinite temporal clause — 'whenever he should come of age,' not a single past fact.

ἱμερόεις

lovely; longing to weep; full of longing 5 times

ἱμερόεσσαν, ἱμερόεντα, ἱμερόεις

accusative singular feminine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective

ἱμερόεις 'lovely, desirable' is a formulaic epithet regularly paired with ἀοιδή, 'song', in epic diction.

ἱππηλάτης

horseman twice

ἱππηλάτα

ἱππηλάτα, a masculine noun with feminine-looking -α ending — an epic formula-word for Nestor

ἱππιοχάρμης

chariot-fighter once

ἱππιοχάρμην

compound epithet ('delighting in horses/chariots') marking heroic status

ἱππόβοτος

horse-pasturing; horse-grazed 7 times

ἱπποβότοιο, ἱππόβοτον, ἱπποβότῳ

genitive singular neuter adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective; dative singular neuter adjective

ἱππόβοτος, 'horse-grazing,' a formulaic epithet for the plain of Argos.

ἱππόδαμος

tamer of horses 3 times

ἱπποδάμοιο, ἱππόδαμον

genitive singular masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

ἱππόδαμος, formulaic epithet for Nestor and other heroic charioteers.

ἱππόθεν

from the horse; out of the horse twice

ἱππόθεν

-θεν suffix = 'from', formed on ἵππος: 'from-horse-place'

ἱππότης

horseman 10 times

ἱππότα

nominative singular masculine noun; nominative dual masculine noun

ἱππότα Νέστωρ 'horseman Nestor' is his fixed epic epithet, closing the speech-introduction formula.

ἱπποδάσεια

horsehair-crested; thick with horsehair twice

ἱπποδασείας

ἱπποδάσεια, a compound epithet 'shaggy with horse(-hair)', typical Homeric ornamental armor description.

Ἱπποτάδης

son of Hippotas twice

Ἱπποτάδης, Ἱπποτάδαο

nominative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun

Patronymic epithet, standard epic way of naming a hero by his father.

ἱρός

sacred twice

ἱρήν, ἱρὴν

ἱρός = Attic ἱερός; epic dialect keeps the older uncontracted form.

ἱστός

loom; the mast; mast 39 times

ἱστὸν, ἱστόν, ἱστοὺς, ἱστοὶ, ἱστῶν, ἱστοῦ, ἱστὸς

accusative singular masculine noun; accusative plural masculine noun; nominative plural masculine noun

ἱστός 'loom-work/web' — the recurring image of Penelope's weaving trick

Seen once or twice

ʼἰασίων

Iasion once

Ἴασος

Iasian once

Ἴθακος

Ithacus once

ἴον

of violet once

ἴουλος

down (beard) once

ἴσθμιον

choker/necklace once

ἴσχιον

at the hip once

Ἴτυλος

Itylus once

ἴχνος

by scent, tracks once

Ἶλος

Ilus once

Ἰάρδανος

of Iardanus once

ἰατήρ

a healer once

ἰατρός

healer, doctor once

ἰαχή

cry once

Ἰαωλκός

Iolcus once

Ἰλιόθεν

from Ilium once

Ἰλιόθι

at Ilium once

ἰξύς

around her waist; her waist twice

ἰσοφόρος

of equal pull once

ἰσχάνω

hold, restrain once

ἰσχαλέος

dried once

ἰτέα

willows once

ἰύζω

shouting, crying out once

Ἰφθίμη

Iphthime once

Ἰφιμέδεια

Iphimedeia once

ἰωγή

the lee once

ἰωή

sound once

ἱδρώς

sweat once

ἱέραξ

hawks; hawk twice

ἱερεύς

priest once

ἱερή

sacred once

ἱζάνω

sit once

ἱκανόω

I come once

ἱλήκω

is gracious once

ἱμάσθλη

the lash; of the lash twice

ἱππεύς

charioteers once

ἱππήλατος

fit for driving horses; fit for horses twice

Ἱπποδάμεια

Hippodameia once

ἱπποσύνη

of horsemanship once

῎ἴλιος

of Ilium once

The particulars

The words
Every word of the text, parsed: its headword, its form and its meaning in the line. Source text: public domain (Homer, ancient; Greek per the Murray/Allen text via the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 3.0).
Translation
Public-domain Greek (Homer, ancient; text via the Perseus Digital Library). English translation © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC.
Data
JSON · A guide for agents
Two whoopie pies and a pine. An inside joke.