Words of the Odyssey 1732 Studios

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Words of the Odyssey · 302 headwords

Each word with its meanings, its forms, and the lines it stands in.

ʼὀδυσσεύς

Odysseus; of Odysseus 8 times

Ὀδυσσεύς, Ὀδυσῆα, Ὀδυσῆος, Ὀδυσσῆος, Ὀδυσσεὺς

nominative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

epic accusative Ὀδυσῆα, contracted form of the hero's name.

ὄγκιον

chest once

ὄγκιον

ὄγκιον, a rare word for a storage chest, found almost only here in Homer.

ὄγχνη

pear trees; pear; a pear tree 7 times

ὄγχναι, ὄγχνη, ὄγχνῃ, ὄγχνην, ὄγχνας

nominative plural feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun

ὄγχνη ἐπ᾽ ὄγχνῃ, 'pear upon pear': polyptoton (the noun repeated in different cases) marking continuous ripening, not to be confused with 'ring composition,' a larger-scale Homeric narrative-structuring device.

ὄζω

smelled; rose twice

ὀδώδει

pluperfect ὀδώδει used with present force in Homer: 'was smelling/wafted'

ὄις

sheep; of sheep; ewes 32 times

οἰῶν, ὄιν, ὄις, ὀίων, ὄϊς, ὄιες, ὀΐων, οἰὸς and 7 more

genitive plural masculine noun; accusative plural masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

ὄλβιος

prosperous; blessed; blessings 14 times

ὄλβια, ὄλβιος, ὄλβιοι, ὄλβιε, ὄλβιον, ὀλβίου

accusative plural neuter adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective

ὄλβιος, 'blessed/wealthy' — Odysseus disguised as beggar recalling his own lost fortune

ὄλβος

prosperity; happiness; fortune, prosperity 8 times

ὄλβον, ὄλβος, ὄλβῳ

accusative singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

ὄλεθρος

destruction; death; ruin 49 times

ὄλεθρον, ὀλέθρῳ, ὄλεθρος, ὀλέθρου

accusative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun

λυγρὸν ὄλεθρον, 'grievous death' — foreshadows the Agamemnon story as a warning to Telemachus.

ὄλλυμι

perished; having lost; destroyed 77 times

ὄλοντο, ὀλέσθαι, ὤλετο, ὄληται, ὤλεσε, ὀλέσας, ὀλέσαντες, ὤλεσαν and 29 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist middle infinitive

ὄλοισθε is an aorist optative of wish/potential — Telemachus voices a curse-like hope for the suitors' ruin.

Ὄλυμπος

Olympus; of Olympus 16 times

Ὄλυμπον, Οὐλύμποιο, Ὀλύμπῳ, Οὐλύμπῳ, Ὀλύμπου

accusative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

μὲν...δ᾽ (l308) is a classic Homeric balance: Hermes goes one way, Odysseus another.

ὄμνυμι

swear; swore; to swear 16 times

ὀμόσσαι, ὄμοσάν, ὄμοσέν, ὀμόσσατε, ὄμοσον, ὤμοσα, ὤμοσε, ὀμόσας and 2 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active infinitive; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb

ὄμοσέν τε...τελεύτησέν τε: correlative τε...τε pairs the two verbs

ὄμφαξ

unripe grapes once

ὄμφακές

ὄμφαξ names grapes still green/sour — the garden shows every stage of ripening at once.

ὄναρ

a dream twice

ὄναρ

nominative singular neuter noun; accusative singular neuter noun

ὄναρ vs ὕπαρ: Homer's key distinction between a mere dream and a true waking vision

ὄνειαρ

good things; good things, food; help 15 times

ὀνείαθ, ὄνειαρ, ὀνείατα

accusative plural neuter noun; accusative singular neuter noun; nominative plural neuter noun

ὄνειαρ "thing of profit/food" — poetic word for provisions, root sense "benefit."

ὄνειρος

a dream; the dream; dream 15 times

ὄνειρον, ὀνείρῳ, ὄνειρος, ὀνείρων, ὄνειροι, ὀνείρατ

accusative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun

Simile equating the departing soul with a dream, a core Homeric afterlife image.

ὄνομα

name; a name; the name 20 times

ὄνομ, ὄνομα, οὔνομα

nominative singular neuter noun; accusative singular neuter noun

nominative subject of the passive verb λίπηται, 'might be left' — no idiom involved

ὄνομαι

will scorn/make light; would belittle; do you resent 4 times

ὀνόσσεσθαι, ὄνοιτο, ὄνοσαι, ὄνονται

future middle infinitive; present medio-passive optative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb

optative ὄνοιτο in a ὡς ἄν purpose clause modifying νείκεσεν: 'so that no mortal would belittle your excellence' — not an independent potential optative

ὄπις

divine wrath; of vengeance; watching eye 4 times

ὄπιδα, ὄπιδος, ὄπιν

accusative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun

ὄπις, dread of the gods' watchful anger — a key moral concept the suitors lack.

ὄπισθεν

behind; hereafter; left behind 20 times

ὄπισθεν, ὄπιθεν, ὄπισθε

ὄπιθεν, 'behind, afterward' — capturing the suitors' two-faced speech vs. hidden intent

ὄργυια

a fathom's length; a fathom twice

ὄργυιαν

ὄργυια, the span of outstretched arms — a rough natural unit of measure

ὄρνις

birds; bird; a bird 14 times

ὄρνις, ὄρνιθες, ὄρνιθας, ὄρνιθι, ὄρνιθάς, ὀρνίθεσσι

nominative singular masculine noun; accusative plural masculine noun; nominative plural masculine noun

ὄρνιθες: masculine plural noun used generically for 'birds' regardless of species gender

ὄρνυμι

rose; rose up; roused 67 times

ὦρσε, ὦρτο, ὀρώρει, ὤρνυτ, ὦρσεν, ὄρσας, ὄρηται, ὤρνυντο and 16 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb

ὄρνυται (middle 'is stirred/moved') describes the bard's inspiration as something arising within, not chosen.

ὄρομαι

attended; watch over; should arise 3 times

ὄροντο, ὄρονται, ὄροιτο

imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; present medio-passive optative, 3rd singular verb

ὄρομαι 'watch over, attend to'; here the young men serve as cupbearers.

ὄρος

mountains; mountain; of a mountain 31 times

ὄρος, ὀρέων, ὄρεος, ὄρεα, ὄρεσσιν, οὔρεα, οὔρεϊ, ὄρεσσι

accusative singular neuter noun; genitive plural neuter noun; genitive singular neuter noun

ὄρος here means the promontory/height of Cape Malea, a notorious sailing hazard

ὄρχαμος

leader 19 times

ὄρχαμος, ὄρχαμε, ὄρχαμον

nominative singular masculine noun; vocative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

ὄρχαμος ἀνδρῶν 'leader of men' — formulaic epic epithet marking heroic status

ὄρχατος

orchard; of the orchard 5 times

ὄρχατον, ὄρχατος, ὀρχάτου

accusative singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun

marks the transition to Alkinoos's famous magical garden, the next set-piece after the palace's metalwork description.

ὄρχος

row (of vines); rows of vines twice

ὄρχον, ὄρχους

accusative singular masculine noun; accusative plural masculine noun

ὄρχος, a planted row — the vegetable beds border the vineyard's final row of vines.

ὄσσα

eyes; a rumor; his (two) eyes 10 times

ὄσσε, ὄσσαν

accusative dual neuter noun; nominative dual neuter noun; accusative singular feminine noun

ὄσσα, 'rumor/voice,' personified elsewhere as a divine messenger — here simply 'report' from Zeus.

Ὄσσα

Ossa; Rumor 3 times

Ὄσσαν, Ὄσσῃ, Ὄσσα

accusative singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun

Ὄσσα personified, 'Rumor/Report', a divine-like messenger figure

ὄσσομαι

foreboded; imagining; keeping in view 5 times

ὄσσετο, ὀσσόμενος, ὄσσοντο, ὀσσομένη

imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb

ὄσσοντο, 'their eyes portended,' a vivid verb of ominous gazing

ὄχα

by far 9 times

ὄχ

ὄχα 'by far, greatly' — an intensifying adverb used with a superlative (ὄχ' ἄριστα 'by far the best'), not a superlative itself; 'most' beside 'best' reads as a double superlative and misstates the word's sense

ὄχος

chariots; holds twice

ὄχεσφιν, ὄχοι

dative plural neuter noun; nominative plural masculine noun

ὄχεσφι: archaic instrumental/dative plural ending -φι, a relic epic case form

ὄψις

with a glance once

ὄψει

Instrumental dative ὄψει 'with her look/gaze,' set up against the ἄλλοτε...ἄλλοτε 'now...now' contrast in these two lines.

ὀ͂νοψ

wine-dark once

οἴνοπα

οἴνοψ, 'wine-faced' — the famous Homeric color epithet for the sea.

ὀαριστής

confidant once

ὀαριστής

ὀαριστής, 'close companion/confidant' — Minos's special intimacy with Zeus.

ὀβελός

spits; on spits; on the spits 8 times

ὀβελοῖσιν, ὀβελοὺς, ὀβελοῖσι

dative plural masculine noun; accusative plural masculine noun

-οισιν is the Homeric dative plural ending, longer than Attic -οις.

ὀβριμοπάτρη

daughter of a mighty father; mighty-fathered twice

ὀβριμοπάτρη, ὀβριμοπάτρης

nominative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun

ὀβριμοπάτρη is a compound epithet unique to Athena, 'she of the mighty father,' typical of Homeric formulaic language.

ὀδούς

of teeth; tusk 9 times

ὀδόντων, ὀδόντι

genitive plural masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

ἕρκος ὀδόντων 'fence of teeth' is a famous Homeric formula for words escaping the mouth unchecked.

ὀδύνη

pains; pain, sorrows; sorrows 7 times

ὀδύνας, ὀδυνάων, ὀδύνῃσι, ὀδύνῃσιν

dative plural feminine noun; accusative plural feminine noun; genitive plural feminine noun

ὀδύρομαι

grieving; mourning; lamenting 39 times

ὀδυρόμενος, ὀδύρομαι, ὀδυρομένη, ὀδύρεται, ὀδυρομένην, ὀδυρόμενοι, ὀδύρετο, ὀδυρομένοισιν and 7 more

present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine; present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb; present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine

ὀδύρομαι participle: circumstantial, describing the guest's state while he waits.

ὀδύσσομαι

were angry; has raged; rages, is angry 5 times

ὠδύσαο, ὠδύσατ, ὀδώδυσται, ὀδύσαντο, ὀδυσσάμενος

aorist indicative, 2nd singular verb; aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb

ὠδύσαο, aorist of ὀδύσσομαι 'to be angry with,' is the very verb the hero's name Ὀδυσσεύς plays on — Athena's word choice is a pointed pun on 'Odysseus.'

Ὀδυσσεύς

Odysseus; of Odysseus; for Odysseus 590 times

Ὀδυσσεύς, Ὀδυσσεὺς, Ὀδυσσῆος, Ὀδυσῆος, Ὀδυσεὺς, Ὀδυσῆα, Ὀδυσσεῦ, Ὀδυσῆϊ and 12 more

nominative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

genitive Ὀδυσῆος depends on δεύῃ 'you lack/need' — 'you greatly need the absent Odysseus', genitive of the thing needed.

ὀδών

teeth; with tusk; tusk 7 times

ὀδόντι, ὀδόντας, ὀδόντες

dative singular masculine noun; accusative plural masculine noun; nominative plural masculine noun

dative of instrument, no preposition — classic Homeric dative-of-means construction.

ὀιζύς

misery; of misery; from misery 14 times

ὀιζύος, ὀϊζύν, ὀιζὺν, ὀιζύν, ὀιζυῖ, ὀϊζὺν, ὀϊζύος

accusative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun

ὀιζύω

having suffered; suffering grief twice

ὀιζύσας, ὀϊζύσας

Aorist participle paired with ἐμόγησεν for emphasis — 'suffering, he toiled.'

ὀιζυρός

wretched; to sorrow; to misery 10 times

ὀιζυρὸν, ὀϊζυραὶ, ὀιζυροῖσι, ὀιζυρώτατον, ὀιζυροῖο, ὀιζυραὶ, ὀϊζυρὸς

accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative plural feminine adjective; dative plural masculine adjective

ὀιζυρώτατος, superlative — sets up the pathos of Odysseus's plight before he is even named.

ὀιστεύω

shooting; as he shot 3 times

ὀιστεύσας, ὀϊστεύοντα

aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; present active participle, accusative singular masculine

aorist participle of ὀιστεύω 'shoot an arrow', from ὀιστός 'arrow'

ὀιστός

arrows; arrow; of arrows 15 times

ὀϊστοί, ὀϊστόν, ὀϊστῶν, ὀϊστοὺς, ὀιστῷ, ὀιστόν, ὀϊστοῦ, ὀϊστὸν

accusative singular masculine noun; nominative plural masculine noun; genitive plural masculine noun

A tricolon list (wars, javelins, arrows) closing the raider's self-portrait — classic epic asyndetic/polysyndetic catalog style.

ὀλίγος

small; a little; little 14 times

ὀλίγον, ὀλίγη, ὀλίγος, ὀλίγοισι, ὀλίγου, ὀλίγῃ, ὀλίγην

accusative singular neuter adjective; nominative singular feminine adjective; nominative singular neuter adjective

τε...τε pairs link the two predicate adjectives "small" and "welcome"

ὀλιγηπελέων

faint, weak; being feeble twice

ὀλιγηπελέων, ὀλιγηπελέουσά

present active participle, nominative singular masculine; present active participle, nominative singular feminine

Rare epic compound ὀλιγηπελέων 'having little strength,' vivid picture of near-collapse.

ὀλολύζω

raised the ritual cry; to cry out; cry aloud 4 times

ὀλόλυξαν, ὀλόλυξε, ὀλολύξαι, ὀλόλυζε

aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active infinitive

ὀλολύζω: the women's ololyge, a ritual shriek of women marking the moment of sacrificial death

ὀλοός

deadly; ruinous; deadly, destructive 17 times

ὀλοὴ, ὀλοοῖς, ὀλοὴν, ὀλοῆς, ὀλοώτατος, ὀλοὰς, ὀλοοῖο, ὀλοώτερος and 2 more

nominative singular feminine adjective; dative plural masculine adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective

ὀλοός 'destructive' is a stock epithet for monstrous perils like Charybdis.

ὀλοόφρων

baleful-minded; malign-minded 3 times

ὀλοόφρονος

genitive singular masculine adjective; genitive singular masculine noun

ὀλοόφρων ('destructive-minded') colors Atlas as a grim cosmic figure — the epithet does real characterizing work, unlike purely ornamental ones.

ὀλοφύρομαι

lamenting; wailing; weeping 21 times

ὀλοφυρομένη, ὀλοφυρόμενος, ὀλοφύρατο, ὀλοφυρόμεναι, ὀλοφυρομένους, ὀλοφυρόμενοι, ὀλοφύραο, ὀλοφυρομένην and 1 more

present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine; present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb

κε + aorist indicative ὀλοφύραο forms an unreal past conditional, 'you would have grieved'

ὀλοφώιος

deadly tricks; baneful/deadly wiles; deadly 4 times

ὀλοφώια, ὀλοφώϊα

ὀλοφώια, 'baneful wiles,' describes Proteus's shape-shifting deceptions

Ὀλύμπια

Olympian once

Ὀλύμπια

Ὀλύμπια δώματα, a formulaic phrase for the gods' halls on Olympus.

Ὀλύμπιος

Olympian; the Olympian; Olympian one 11 times

Ὀλύμπιος, Ὀλυμπίου, Ὀλύμπια, Ὀλύμπιε

nominative singular masculine adjective; genitive singular masculine adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective

Ὀλύμπιος epithet of Zeus, 'of Olympus', placed for emphasis after the verb.

ὀμόργνυμι

wiping away; kept wiping away 3 times

ὀμορξάμενος, ὠμόργνυντο, ὀμορξάμενον

aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist middle participle, accusative singular masculine

accusative participle agreeing with κεῖνον (Neoptolemus), continuing the negation from l528: 'I never once saw him ... wiping away a tear' — same subject throughout, not a different one

ὀμφαλόεις

bossed, studded once

ὀμφαλοέσσας

ὀμφαλόεις 'having a boss (navel)' describes the raised center of a shield

ὀμφαλός

navel once

ὀμφαλός

ὀμφαλός θαλάσσης ('navel of the sea') is a striking one-off image describing Ogygia — not a recurring Homeric formula, just a vivid unique metaphor for a mid-ocean world-center.

Ὀνητορίδης

son of Onetor once

Ὀνητορίδην

Patronymic in -ίδης, epic naming convention identifying father Onetor.

ὀνίνημι

blessed, favored; rewarded; will profit 5 times

ὀνήμενος, ὤνησεν, ὀνησόμεθ, ὄνησο, ὀνήσει

aorist participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; future middle indicative, 1st plural verb

ὀνήμενος from ὀνίνημι, 'benefit/profit' — perfect/aorist middle participle, 'one who has been blessed.'

ὀνομάζω

named him; called by name; named/addressed 29 times

ὀνόμαζεν, ὀνόμαζε, ὀνόμαζες, ὀνομάζειν, ὠνόμασας

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 2nd singular verb; present active imperative, 2nd singular verb

ἔπος...ἔφατ᾽ ἔκ τ᾽ ὀνόμαζεν, a formulaic full-line tag introducing direct speech throughout Homer.

ὀνομαίνω

name; name, list; you named 5 times

ὀνομήνω, ὀνομήνῃς, ὀνόμηνας

aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verb; aorist active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb

aorist subjunctive with οὐκ ἄν expressing a modest denial ('I could not name them all')

ὀνομακλήδην

by name once

ὀνομακλήδην

ὀνομακλήδην, a rare adverb 'calling out each by name', unique to this vivid scene.

ὀξύς

sharp; sharply/keenly 41 times

ὀξὺ, ὀξέι, ὀξέϊ, ὀξὺν, ὀξέα, ὀξύ, ὀξέες, ὀξείῃ and 1 more

accusative singular neuter adjective; dative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

ὀπάζω

grant! (imperative); presented; to grant 25 times

ὄπασσεν, ὀπάσσαι, ὀπάσειαν, ὀπάσσω, ὀπάσσας, ὤπασαν, ὀπάζει, ὀπάζειν and 9 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active infinitive; aorist active optative, 3rd plural verb

present imperative ὄπαζε, a prayer-command form addressed to a god

ὀπαδέω

attends; attends, accompanies; accompanied 5 times

ὀπηδεῖ, ὀπήδει

present active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb

Zeus Ἱκέσιος, protector of suppliants — the theological reason a suppliant like Odysseus must be honored.

ὀπίσω

hereafter; afterward; backward 25 times

ὀπίσσω, ὀπίσω

ἔς περ ὀπίσσω 'even hereafter/in future' — περ adds emphasis to the following adverb.

ὀπτάω

roasted; to roast; were roasting 12 times

ὤπτησαν, ὤπτων, ὤπτησάν, ὀπτήσας, ὀπτῆσαί, ὀπτῆσαι, ὀπτηθῆναι, ὀπτήσαντες

aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active infinitive

ὀπυίω

marries her; to marry; would marry 6 times

ὀπυίοι, ὀπυιέμεν, ὄπυιε, ὀπυίοντες, ὀπυίῃ

present active optative, 3rd singular verb; present active infinitive; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb

ὀπυιέμεν, epic infinitive (-έμεν ending) of ὀπυίω 'to marry/wed a woman' — used specifically of the husband's act.

ὀπώρα

harvest-time; autumn 3 times

ὀπώρη, ὀπώρῃ, ὀπώρην

nominative singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun

ὀπώρα, the late-summer harvest season — traditional Homeric time-marker

ὀρέγω

stretching out; to grant; stretching, reaching out 8 times

ὀρέγων, ὀρέξαι, ὀρέξασθαι, ὀρέγοντας, ὀρέξῃ, ὀρέξειαν, ὀρεξαμένη

present active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active infinitive; aorist middle infinitive

optative ὀρέξειαν in a hypothetical protasis with εἰ, 'if all were to give' — a potential (should/would) condition, not a past contrary-to-fact one

Ὀρέστης

Orestes 6 times

Ὀρέστης, Ὀρέσταο

nominative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun

The Orestes exemplum: Athena holds up Orestes' revenge on Aegisthus as the model Telemachus should follow against the suitors.

ὀρεσιτρόφος

mountain-bred twice

ὀρεσίτροφος

ὀρεσίτροφος, a compound epithet 'reared in the mountains,' typical Homeric lion-simile language

ὀρεσκῷος

mountain-roaming once

ὀρεσκῴους

ὀρεσκῷος, rare compound 'dwelling in the mountains'

ὀρθός

upright 6 times

ὀρθὸν, ὀρθὸς, ὀρθῶν

accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; genitive plural masculine adjective

ὀρίνω

stirred; was stirred; stir 15 times

ὄρινε, ὠρίνετο, ὄρινας, ὄρινα, ὤρινεν, ὤρινάς, ὀρίνετον, ὀρινθέντες and 2 more

aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb

ὀρίνω 'stirred/roused,' 2nd singular aorist addressed to Eumaeus.

Ὀρμενίδης

son of Ormenus once

Ὀρμενίδης

patronymic in -ίδης, epic naming convention 'son of Ormenus'

ὀρσοθύρη

postern; the side door 3 times

ὀρσοθύρην, ὀρσοθύρη

accusative singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun

ὀρσοθύρη, a rare word for the small postern door used earlier in the suitor-slaying scene.

Ὀρτυγία

Ortygia; of Ortygia twice

Ὀρτυγίῃ, Ὀρτυγίης

dative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun

a mythical location associated with sun-turnings, likely tied to solstice lore

ὀρύσσω

to dig up; dig; I dug 4 times

ὀρύσσειν, ὀρύξαι, ὄρυξ, ὀρύξας

present active infinitive; aorist active infinitive; aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb

ὄρυξ᾽ (ὄρυξα): first-person aorist, Odysseus himself performing the necromantic rite — his voice takes over the narration here.

ὀρυμαγδός

by the uproar; a din; din 3 times

ὀρυμαγδῷ, ὀρυμαγδὸν, ὀρυμαγδὸς

dative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun

ὀρχέομαι

to dance; they two danced; dance 3 times

ὀρχήσασθαι, ὠρχείσθην

aorist middle infinitive; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd dual verb; aorist medio-passive infinitive

Dual number ὠρχείσθην—Greek's special form for exactly two subjects, here Halius and Laodamas dancing together.

ὀρχηθμός

in dancing; dance; of dancing 4 times

ὀρχηθμοῖο

a false wedding-feast as cover story, staged to fool the neighbors after the suitors' slaughter

ὀρχηστύς

dancing; in dancing 5 times

ὀρχηστύν, ὀρχηστυῖ, ὀρχηστύς

accusative singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun

ὀστέον

bones; the bones; of bones 16 times

ὀστέα, ὀστέ, ὀστεόφιν, ὀστεόφι, ὀστέον

accusative plural neuter noun; nominative plural neuter noun; dative plural neuter noun

'white bones rotting in rain' is a grim Homeric formula for an unburied corpse — vivid and formulaic pathos.

ὀτρηρός

busy; ready, brisk; ready 5 times

ὀτρηρὸς, ὀτρηροὶ, ὀτρηροὺς, ὀτρηρῶς

nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective; accusative plural masculine adjective

ὀτρηρός, "quick, diligent" — a formulaic epithet for attendants performing service.

ὀτρύνω

urged on; urging; urges 47 times

ὤτρυνον, ὀτρυνέουσα, ὤτρυνεν, ὤτρυνε, ὀτρύνει, ὀτρύνομεν, ὀτρύνοντος, ὤτρυν and 21 more

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; future active participle, nominative singular feminine; present active indicative, 3rd singular verb

Future ὀτρύνω 'urge on' governs both subjects that follow, epic word order delays the subject.

ὀφέλλω

would add; is owed; you should have 12 times

ὤφελλ, ὀφέλλειεν, ὀφέλλεται, ὤφελλες, ὄφελλον, ὀφέλλει, ὀφέλλεις, ὀφέλλετο and 3 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb

optative + κεν = potential mood, 'he would add'

ὀφείλω

wish; you should have; would that I 8 times

ὄφελον, ὤφελες, ὄφελες

aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb; aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb

ὄφελον + infinitive is the idiomatic Greek 'would that' construction expressing an unfulfilled wish, lit. 'I ought.'

ὀφθαλμός

eyes; eye; with his eyes 59 times

ὀφθαλμοῖσιν, ὀφθαλμοῖσι, ὀφθαλμοῦ, ὀφθαλμῶν, ὀφθαλμῷ, ὀφθαλμοῖς, ὀφθαλμοῖιν, ὀφθαλμοὺς and 6 more

dative plural masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun; genitive plural masculine noun

ὀφθαλμοῖιν is a dual form ('both eyes'), an archaic number Homer still uses for natural pairs.

ὀφρύς

his brows; brows; with my brows 9 times

ὀφρύσι, ὀφρύας

dative plural feminine noun; accusative plural feminine noun

A silent order: Odysseus signals with raised eyebrows so the Cyclops on the shore won't hear grief.

ὀχέω

bearing; to cling to; rode 5 times

ὀχέειν, ὀχήσατο, ὀχέοντας, ὀχέεσκον, ὀχέων

present active infinitive; aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active participle, accusative plural masculine

ὀχέω middle, 'was borne/carried,' describing Hermes riding the wave-crests.

ὀχλίζω

could pry up once

ὀχλίσσειαν

aorist optative + ἂν above forms a past unreal condition: not even 22 wagons could have moved the stone.

ὀψίγονος

of later generations; of those yet unborn twice

ὀψιγόνων

ὀψιγόνων 'later-born,' pointing to future fame — the same concern for posthumous κλέος driving the whole speech.

ὁ

him; they; he 2464 times

τὸν, οἱ, ὁ, τὴν, ἡ, τὰ, τοῦ, ὅ and 38 more

accusative singular masculine pronoun; nominative plural masculine pronoun; nominative singular masculine pronoun

τῷ (relative/demonstrative dative) picks up the year just named: 'in that (year).'

ὅδε

this; these; these things 284 times

τόδε, τάδε, τόδ, ὅδ, ἥδε, ὅδε, οἵδε, τάδ and 25 more

accusative singular neuter pronoun; accusative plural neuter pronoun; nominative singular masculine pronoun

τοίσδεσσιν, epic dative plural of ὅδε with extended -εσσι ending — a Homeric formation, 'these men here.'

ὅμιλος

crowd; the throng; throng 14 times

ὅμιλον, ὁμίλῳ, ὅμιλος

accusative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun

ὅμοιος

like; equal/like; equal 10 times

ὁμοῖος, ὁμοῖα, ὁμοῖοι, ὁμοίη, ὁμοῖον

nominative singular masculine adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective

accusatives φυὴν and εἶδος are accusatives of respect specifying in what way she resembles the gods

ὅπλον

gear; tackle; the tackle 13 times

ὅπλα, ὅπλ, ὅπλων, ὅπλῳ, ὅπλον

accusative plural neuter noun; genitive plural neuter noun; nominative plural neuter noun

ὅπλα here means ship's gear/rigging, not weapons

ὅρκος

oath; an oath; by oath 20 times

ὅρκον, ὅρκῳ, ὅρκος

accusative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun

τελευτάω τὸν ὅρκον, 'complete the oath' — a formulaic pairing of swearing and completing an oath ritual.

ὅς

who; which; whom 843 times

ὅς, οἵ, ὃς, ἥ, οἳ, ὅ, ὅν, ὃν and 31 more

nominative singular masculine pronoun; nominative plural masculine pronoun; nominative singular feminine pronoun

Possessive ᾧ (dative of ὅς) used like a possessive adjective 'his own' — an old Homeric use of the relative/possessive pronoun.

ὅσιος

holy once

ὁσίη

predicate adjective with an understood ἐστί, a common Homeric ellipsis

ὅσος

as many as; as much as; all that 129 times

ὅσσα, ὅσα, ὅσσοι, ὅσσον, ὅσον, ὅσσ, ὅσοι, ὅσ and 6 more

accusative plural neuter adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective

ὅσοι launches a relative clause modifying the whole class of survivors, not a single antecedent.

ὅστις

whatever; whoever; what 44 times

ὅττι, ὅτις, ὅττεό, ἅσσ, ἅσσα, ὅτινα, ὅτευ, ὅτι and 4 more

nominative singular masculine pronoun; accusative singular neuter pronoun; genitive singular neuter pronoun

ἅσσ(α), epic contracted form of ὅστις-neuter, 'whatever things' — antecedent picked up by the following relative clause.

ὅτε

when; whenever; since 173 times

ὅτε, ὅτ, ὅθ, ὅτʼ

conjunction; adverb

ὡς ὅτε τις + optative introduces an epic simile, a recurring formulaic pattern.

ὅτι

when; that; because 54 times

ὅτ, ὅτι, ὅττι, ὅ, ὅθ, τ

conjunction; adverb

ὅ τ(ε) here functions together as the conjunction 'that', splitting ὅτι across the meter.

ὁδίτης

traveler; wayfarer; of travelers 5 times

ὁδίτης, ὁδιτάων, ὁδῖται

nominative singular masculine noun; genitive plural masculine noun; nominative plural masculine noun

ὁδός

journey; road; the way 60 times

ὁδὸν, ὁδοῖο, ὁδὸς, ὁδόν, ὁδός, ὁδοῦ, ὁδῷ

accusative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun

Genitive with ἦρχε, 'led/began of the road' — Greek verbs of leading/ruling often take a genitive object.

ὁμαδέω

made an uproar; broke into uproar; cried out, clamored 5 times

ὁμάδησαν

ὁμαδέω, 'raise a din', a rare verb used for a crowd's collective noise breaking out at once.

ὁμαρτέω

keep pace; together twice

ὁμαρτήσειεν, ὁμαρτήσαντες

aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine

aorist optative with κεν (previous line) expresses unreal potential, 'could not even keep pace'

ὁμῆλιξ

age-mates; your peers; age-mate 4 times

ὁμήλικές, ὁμήλικας, ὁμήλικα, ὁμήλικες

nominative plural masculine noun; accusative plural masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

ὁμῆλιξ 'of the same age' — a compound of ὁμός + ἧλιξ.

ὁμηγερής

assembled together; gathered together 3 times

ὁμηγερέες

ὁμηγερής, 'gathered as one', reinforcing ἤγερθεν with near-synonymous predicate.

ὁμηλικία

his generation; same age; of an age 5 times

ὁμηλικίη, ὁμηλικίην

nominative singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun

ὁμηλικίη predicate noun, 'of the same age-group as' Telemachus

ὁμιλέω

mingle with; might come among; kept company with 12 times

ὁμίλει, ὁμιλήσειεν, ὁμιλήσαντες, ὁμιλεῖν, ὁμιλεῖς, ὁμιλέομεν, ὁμίλεον

aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active imperative, 2nd singular verb

Optative of wish ('may he come'), no ἄν/κε needed with this idiom expressing a strong hope.

ὁμοίιος

common; of leveling; leveling, equal 3 times

ὁμοιΐου, ὁμοίιον

genitive singular masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

ὁμοίιον 'common/shared (to all)' — death as the great equalizer, a key Homeric theme.

ὁμοῖος

like twice

ὁμοίας

Homeric simile: hair compared to the hyacinth flower's color/curl, a famous Odyssey image.

ὁμοιόω

to be matched once

ὁμοιωθήμεναι

aorist passive infinitive 'to be made equal', governed by the following ἤθελ' 'wished'

ὁμοκλέω

were shouting; shouting at; rebuked 6 times

ὁμόκλεον, ὁμοκλήσας, ὁμόκλησαν, ὁμοκλέομεν

imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb

aorist participle ὁμοκλήσας, 'having shouted/rebuked', the standard verb for driving off dogs with a cry

ὁμοφρονέω

being like-minded; you shared my mind twice

ὁμοφρονέοντε, ὁμοφρονέοις

present active participle, nominative dual masculine; present active optative, 2nd singular verb

dual participle ὁμοφρονέοντε — rare dual form describing exactly two people, husband and wife.

ὁμοφροσύνη

like-mindedness; into like-mindedness twice

ὁμοφροσύνην, ὁμοφροσύνῃσιν

accusative singular feminine noun; dative plural feminine noun

ὁμοφροσύνη 'oneness of mind' — the poem's ideal of marital harmony, elaborated in next lines.

ὁμῶς

alike; likewise; equally with, like 12 times

ὁμῶς

adverb; preposition

ὁμῶς + dative Ἀΐδαο πύλῃσι: 'as much as the gates of Hades' — the hated man is as loathsome to him as death itself.

ὁπλέω

made ready once

ὥπλεον

epic verb ὁπλέω 'equip, fit out', root of hoplite gear vocabulary

ὁπλίζω

made ready; made; prepare! 14 times

ὡπλίσσατο, ὁπλισάμεσθ, ὅπλισσόν, ὁπλισόμεσθα, ὡπλίζετο, ὡπλίζοντο, ὁπλίζονται, ὅπλισθεν and 1 more

aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist middle indicative, 1st plural verb; aorist indicative, 3rd singular verb

aorist imperative, sigmatic doubling ὅπλισσον is epic/Aeolic-style spelling

ὁπλότατος

youngest 4 times

ὁπλοτάτη, ὁπλοτάτην

nominative singular feminine adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective

ὁπλοτάτην, superlative 'youngest', marking birth order among the queen's children

ὁπότερος

whichever twice

ὁπποτέρη, ὁππότερος

nominative singular feminine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

Epic form of ὁπότερος 'which of two'—doubled π is a metrical lengthening.

ὁποῖος

what kind of; whatever kind; whatever sort 5 times

ὁπποίης, ὁποῖος, ὁπποῖ

genitive singular feminine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective

τοίῳ...ὁποῖος: correlative pair, 'such...as whatever'—epic indirect construction.

ὁράω

looking; to see; I see 50 times

ὁρόω, ὁρόων, ὁρᾷ, ὁρώμενος, ὁρόωντες, ὄψεται, ὁράασθαι, ὄπωπας and 20 more

present active indicative, 1st singular verb; future middle infinitive; present medio-passive infinitive

perfect ὄπωπας (from ὁράω): 'you have the sight still with you,' not just a past glimpse

ὁρμάω

stirred up; setting out; stirred, urged on 6 times

ὁρμηθέντε, ὁρμηθέντος, ὁρμηθεὶς, ὡρμήθησαν, ὁρμηθῆναι, ὁρμήσειε

aorist passive participle, accusative dual masculine; aorist passive participle, genitive singular masculine; aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculine

genitive absolute, 'him having set out'—she never even heard of his departure

ὁρμαθός

from the cluster once

ὁρμαθοῦ

ὁρμαθός: a hanging string/cluster (of bats on rock), vivid concrete image for the simile.

ὁρμαίνω

pondered; pondering; brooding 16 times

ὥρμαινε, ὁρμαίνοντες, ὥρμαιν, ὥρμηναν, ὁρμαίνοντας, ὁρμαίνοντα, ὁρμαίνουσ, ὁρμαίνουσαν and 1 more

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active participle, nominative plural masculine; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb

ὁρμαίνω, 'turned over in mind' — verb of inward deliberation over an omen

ὁρμή

setting out; rush, surge; my effort 3 times

ὁρμήν, ὁρμῆς, ὁρμή

accusative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun

ὁρμή 'rush/effort/impulse' here means his attempt to land — 'my attempt will be in vain.'

ὁσία

holy once

ὁσίη

οὐδ᾽ ὁσίη 'nor is it holy'—a general maxim: it is wrong for people to plot harm against one another, not a claim specifically about kinship.

οβριμοπάτρη

mighty-fathered once

ὀβριμοπάτρης

rare epithet 'daughter of a mighty father,' underscoring Athena's divine parentage

οἴγω

opened; she opened; they opened 8 times

ὤιξε, ὤιξεν, ὤϊξεν, ὤϊξαν, ὤϊξάν

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb

ὤιξε from οἴγω (aorist), epic form for 'opened.'

οἴκαδε

homeward; home 52 times

οἴκαδ, οἴκαδε, οἴκαδέ, οἴκαδʼ

οἴκαδε is an adverb of direction ('to home'), functioning almost like an object of the verb of motion

οἴκτιστος

most pitiful; most piteously; most wretched 6 times

οἰκτίστῳ, οἴκτιστον, οἴκτιστα

dative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

οἴμη

lay; paths of song; songs 3 times

οἴμας, οἴμης

accusative plural feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun

οἴμη 'song-path', a rare word for the epic singer's route through a tale

οἴομαι

I think; suspecting; suspected 74 times

ὀΐω, ὀΐομαι, ὀίω, ὀίομαι, ὀισάμενος, ὀίσατο, ὀίεαι, οἴοιτο and 14 more

present active indicative, 1st singular verb; present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb; aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine

οἴομαι 'I think/suppose' governs the infinitive clause παύσεσθαι...ἕπεσθαι — indirect statement.

οἴχομαι

went off; being gone; is gone 52 times

οἰχομένοιο, ᾤχετο, οἴχεται, ᾤχετ, ᾤχοντ, ᾤχεο, οἴχετ, οἴχοιτο and 10 more

imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive participle, genitive singular masculine; present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb

Imperfect used with pluperfect force: Odysseus had already gone there earlier.

οἶδα

knowing; I know; knows 172 times

εἰδώς, οἶδα, οἶδ, ἴσασι, ἴδμεν, ᾔδη, οἶδεν, εἰδῶ and 34 more

perfect active indicative, 1st singular verb; perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine; perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb

εἰδὼς, perfect active participle of οἶδα used with present sense ('knowing'), a classic Greek perfect-as-present verb.

οἶκόνδε

homeward 20 times

οἶκόνδε, οἶκόνδ

οἶκόνδε 'to home' shows the directional -δε suffix Homer uses instead of a preposition.

οἶκος

house; the house; home 126 times

οἶκον, οἴκῳ, οἴκου, οἶκος, οἴκους, οἴκοιο, οἶκόν, οἴκων

accusative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun

Telemachus claims κράτος 'mastery' over the house, asserting new authority

οἶνος

wine; of wine; with wine 89 times

οἶνον, οἴνῳ, οἶνος, οἴνοιο, οἴνου, οἴνοιό, οἶνός

accusative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun

μελιηδέος οἴνου 'honey-sweet wine', a common Homeric formula for wine's pleasing taste.

οἶνοψ

wine-dark 11 times

οἴνοπι, οἴνοπα, οἴνοπε

dative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine adjective

οἶνοψ 'wine-faced' is a famous Homeric color epithet for the sea — not literally purple, but a formulaic marker of the epic sea.

οἶνωψ

wine-dark once

οἴνοπα

οἶνωψ 'wine-faced/wine-dark', the famous Homeric color epithet for the sea.

οἶος

alone; only; in running alone 76 times

οἶος, οἶον, οἴη, οἴῳ, οἴην, οἶοι, οἴους, οἴοισιν and 4 more

nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular feminine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

οἶος 'alone' placed for emphasis — Telemachus generalizes his father's loss to console his mother, a rhetorical move.

οἰκέω

we dwell; he dwelt; were living 3 times

οἰκέομεν, ᾤκει, ᾤκεον

present active indicative, 1st plural verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb

οἰκεύς

servants; a slave, servant; servant 5 times

οἰκήων, οἰκῆι, οἰκῆϊ, οἰκῆες

dative singular masculine noun; genitive plural masculine noun; nominative plural masculine noun

οἰκῆες, house-slaves; from οἶκος 'house', the household staff

οἰκτρός

piteously; more pitiful; most piteous 6 times

οἴκτρ, οἰκτρότερ, οἰκτροτάτην

accusative plural neuter adjective; accusative plural neuter comparative adjective; accusative singular feminine superlative adjective

οἰκωφελία

household management once

οἰκωφελίη

οἰκωφελίη, 'household-benefiting,' rare abstract noun for domestic stewardship — contrasted with the warrior's ἔργον.

οἰμώζω

groaning; cried out; he groaned 6 times

οἰμώξας, ᾤμωξεν, ᾤμωξέν

aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb

οἰμώζω, aorist participle 'having groaned', paints his grief before he speaks.

οἰνόπεδος

wine-bearing; wine-producing twice

οἰνοπέδοιο

οἰνόπεδος 'wine-ground, vine-planted' is a compound of οἶνος 'wine' + πέδον 'ground' — concretely names the vineyard's produce.

οἰνοβαρείων

heavy with wine; drunk with wine 3 times

οἰνοβαρείων

οἰνοβαρείων, a vivid compound ('wine-heavy') painting Elpenor as drunk before his fatal fall.

οἰνοποτάζω

drinks wine; drinking wine twice

οἰνοποτάζει, οἰνοποτάζων

present active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active participle, nominative singular masculine

οἰνοποτάζω, rare compound 'wine-drink' — vivid domestic scene

οἰνοχόος

wine-pourer; the cup-bearer; wine-pourer, cupbearer 4 times

οἰνοχόος, οἰνοχόον

nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

οἰνοχοέω

to pour wine; poured wine; pouring 5 times

οἰνοχοῆσαι, οἰνοχοεῦντες, οἰνοχόει, ἐῳνοχόει

aorist active infinitive; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active participle, nominative plural masculine

οἰνοχοέω 'pour wine', root of the noun οἰνοχόος 'wine-pourer/cupbearer'.

οἰνοχοεύω

pouring wine; pours wine twice

οἰνοχοεύων, οἰνοχοεύει

present active participle, nominative singular masculine; present active indicative, 3rd singular verb

οἰνοχοεύων, a Homeric compound ('pouring wine'), is the technical term for the cupbearer's duty at a feast, recurring across both epics.

οἰοχίτων

tunic-only once

οἰοχίτων

οἰοχίτων, a rare compound noun used predicatively (accusative, agreeing with the implied subject of ἔμεναι), 'clad in tunic alone,' stressing his lack of a cloak.

οἰωνός

birds; of birds; for birds 10 times

οἰωνοὶ, οἰωνῶν, οἰωνοῖσιν, οἰωνὸν, οἰωνοί

nominative plural masculine noun; genitive plural masculine noun; dative plural masculine noun

οἰωνός, an omen-bird sign — a key device in Homeric prophecy; Theoklymenos is a seer interpreting one.

οἷος

such as; what sort; such things as 98 times

οἷον, οἷος, οἷά, οἷα, οἷ, οἷόν, οἵη, οἷός and 5 more

accusative plural neuter adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective

οἷα introduces a relative clause of quality describing the ambrosial oil

οὔλω

welcome once

οὖλέ

rare imperative οὖλέ, an archaic greeting formula, 'be well/hail'

οὖδας

ground; the ground; to the ground 9 times

οὖδας, οὔδεος, οὔδεϊ, οὖδάσδε

accusative singular neuter noun; genitive singular neuter noun; dative singular neuter noun

οὖδάσδε: directional -δε suffix on οὖδας 'ground.'

οὖλος

curling; whole; thick wool 10 times

οὔλας, οὖλον, οὔλην, οὔλῳ

accusative plural feminine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective

οὖλος 'thick/woolly', describing the fine cloaks given to guests

οὖρος

wind; a wind; a fair wind 23 times

οὖρον, οὖρος, οὔρῳ, οὖροι

accusative singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

οὖρος, a favoring wind sent by Zeus — ships 'rejoice' in divine fair weather, a common seafaring image.

Οὖτις

Noman; Nobody 6 times

Οὖτις, Οὖτιν, Οὖτίς

nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

Οὖτις 'No-man' - Odysseus's famous pun, later heard as οὔτις 'no one' when he cries for help

οὐδείς

nothing; to no one; no, nothing 13 times

οὐδὲν, οὐδέν, οὐδενὶ

accusative singular neuter adjective; nominative singular neuter adjective; dative singular adjective

οὐδέν negates ἔπος: 'no word' — reinforced by οὐδ᾽ ...ἐπικεύσω later in the line.

οὐδός

threshold; the threshold; nor 40 times

οὐδὸν, οὐδοῦ, οὐδόν, οὐδῷ, οὐδ, οὐδοῖο, οὐδὸς

accusative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

Formulaic epic scene-setting: guests pause at the οὐδός before being welcomed in.

οὐλή

scar; the scar 8 times

οὐλὴν, οὐλήν, οὐλῆς

accusative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun

οὐλή 'scar' — the famous boar-hunt scar on his thigh, the physical proof of identity that triggers recognition.

οὐλόμενος

accursed; cursed; baneful 10 times

οὐλομένης, οὐλόμενον, οὐλομένῃ, οὐλομένων, οὐλομένην, οὐλόμεν

genitive singular feminine adjective; nominative singular neuter adjective; dative singular feminine adjective

οὐλόμενος, syncopated aorist middle participle of ὄλλυμαι 'accursed, destructive' — a formulaic epithet for deadly things.

οὐλοκάρηνος

curly-haired once

οὐλοκάρηνος

A vivid physical-description formula: three predicate adjectives stacked with no linking verb, common in Homeric portraits.

Οὐρανίωνες

of Heaven; heavenly ones 3 times

Οὐρανίωνες

nominative plural masculine noun; nominative plural masculine adjective

Οὐρανίωνες, 'sons of Ouranos (Heaven)' — a periphrastic epithet for the Olympian gods.

οὐρανός

heaven; the sky; sky 37 times

οὐρανὸν, οὐρανὸς, οὐρανοῦ, οὐρανόν

accusative singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun

hyperbolic epic image, 'reaches the iron heaven', for extreme excess

οὐτάζω

wounded once

οὐτασμένος

οὐτάζω = wound with a weapon in melee, distinct from βάλλω 'struck (at range)'

οὐτάω

wounded; to stab; to wound 7 times

οὐτάμεναι, οὖτα, οὐτάμενοι, οὔτησε, οὔταε

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active infinitive; aorist middle participle, nominative plural masculine

aorist infinitive of οὐτάω, 'to wound/stab,' completing the purpose begun with βούλευσα in l299

οὕνεκα

because; that; for which reason 31 times

οὕνεκα, οὕνεκά, οὕνεκ, οὕνεχ

οὕνεκα introduces the causal clause explaining Alkinoos's earlier statement.

οὗ

[relative: which time] once

οὗ

ἐξ οὗ = "ever since," a fixed temporal phrase.

οὗτος

this; these things; this man 191 times

ταῦτα, τοῦτο, οὗτος, τοῦτον, τοῦτ, ταῦτά, ταῦτ, τοῦτό and 14 more

accusative plural neuter adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

genitive after ἐκ 'from'; οὗτος agrees with an implied neuter noun

Seen once or twice

ὄγδοος

eighth once

ὄζος

the branches once

Ὄλυμπόνδε

to Olympus once

ὄνησις

of profit, benefit once

ὄνυξ

with talons; in its talons twice

ὄχθη

banks; the shores twice

ὄψε

late once

ὄψον

dainties; relishes twice

ὄψος

foods once

Ὀδύσσειος

of Odysseus' once

ὀθόνη

linen once

ὀκριάομαι

they raged once

ὀκριόεις

jagged once

ὀκτώ

eight twice

ὀλέκω

were destroying; destroy twice

ὀλιγηπελία

weakness once

ὀλοφυδνός

mournful once

ὀμφή

voice twice

ὀνείδειος

insulting once

ὀνείρειος

of dreams once

ὀνειδίζω

taunting once

ὀξυόεις

sharp-pointed; sharp twice

ὀπίζομαι

stand in awe of; feared, revered twice

ὀπίσσω

hereafter once

ὀπιπτεύω

will you ogle once

ὀπταλέος

roasted twice

ὀπτήρ

scouts; lookouts/scouts twice

ὀπωρινός

autumnal once

ὀρέστερος

mountain-bred once

ὀρθόκραιρος

straight-horned once

ὀρός

with whey; whey twice

ὀροθύνω

roused; stirs up twice

ὀρούω

rushed once

ὀροφή

roof once

Ὀρσίλοχος

Orsilochus once

ὀρφανός

orphaned once

ὀρφναῖος

murky once

Ὀρχομενός

Orchomenus; Orchomenos twice

ὀτραλέος

briskly once

ὀχεύς

bolts; the bolts twice

ὅ

who; whatever twice

ὅμαδος

the din once

ὅμως

still, nonetheless once

ὅπου

where twice

ὅστε

when; which twice

ὁδαῖος

of wares; of cargo twice

ὁδοιπόριον

provisions for the road once

ὁμαλός

smooth/even once

ὁμηγυρίζομαι

gathers once

ὁμηρέω

met me once

ὁμόθεν

one stock once

ὁμός

same; the same twice

ὁμοκλή

rebukes, scoldings once

ὁπλότερος

younger twice

ὁπόσε

wherever once

ὁπόσος

how many; as many as twice

ὁρμέω

springing forward once

ὁσάκις

as often as once

Οϊκλῆς

Oicleus twice

οἴη

of sheep once

Οἴνοψ

of Oenops once

οἶκτος

pity twice

οἶστρος

gadfly once

οἰδέω

was swollen once

Οἰδιπόδης

of Oedipus once

οἰμάω

swooped, darted once

οἰμωγή

wailing once

οἰνόω

made drunk; sodden with wine twice

οἰνοπληθής

abounding in wine once

οἰνοποτήρ

wine-drinkers once

οἰοπόλος

lonely once

οἰσύινος

of willow once

Οἰχαλία

of Oechalia once

οἰχνέω

come back once

οὔπω

not yet once

οὔτι

neither, not; nor twice

οὖθαρ

udders once

οὖρον

the range once

οὐλαί

barley grains once

οὐρά

tails; with tail twice

οὐρανομήκης

sky-tall once

The particulars

The words
Every word of the text, parsed: its headword, its form and its meaning in the line. Source text: public domain (Homer, ancient; Greek per the Murray/Allen text via the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 3.0).
Translation
Public-domain Greek (Homer, ancient; text via the Perseus Digital Library). English translation © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC.
Data
JSON · A guide for agents
Two whoopie pies and a pine. An inside joke.