Words of the Odyssey 1732 Studios

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Words of the Odyssey · 669 headwords

Each word with its meanings, its forms, and the lines it stands in.

πάλλω

we shook once

πάλλομεν

πάλλω 'shake/toss' the lots in a helmet — the standard Homeric method of drawing lots by chance.

πάνορμος

all-sheltering once

πάνορμοι

πάνορμος 'good for every mooring', a landscape epithet for safe harbors

πάππας

papa once

πάππα

πάππα, an affectionate childlike vocative for 'father' — rare intimate register in epic

πάρειμι

being present; of what was at hand; passing by 30 times

παρεόντων, παρεῖναι, παρείη, πάρεστι, πάρεστιν, παρῆσθα, παριών, παρέμμεναι and 11 more

present active participle, genitive plural neuter; present active infinitive; present active indicative, 3rd plural verb

optative of πάρειμι in the 'if' clause, matching ἀμυναίμην for a contrary-to-fact wish.

πάρημαι

sitting beside; sitting there; sitting 8 times

παρήμενος, παρήμενον, παρήμενοι, παρημένω

present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine; present medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine; present active participle, nominative dual masculine

παρημένω, dual participle matching γῦπε

πάρος

before; before, formerly; before now 49 times

πάρος

adverb; conjunction

πάρος here functions as 'until' governing the infinitive ἱκέσθαι, a common epic construction.

πάσσαλος

on a peg; a peg; the peg 4 times

πασσαλόφι, πασσάλῳ, πασσάλου

dative plural masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun

πασσαλόφι, an old instrumental/locative case-form in -φι, archaic even for Homer.

πάσσων

broader; sturdier; stouter 5 times

πάσσονα

accusative singular masculine comparative adjective; accusative singular feminine comparative adjective

πάσσονα, comparative of παχύς, 'stouter/fuller' — divine enhancement of Penelope's stature.

πάσχω

suffering; having suffered; suffered 81 times

πάσχων, πάσχοντες, πάθον, πάσχειν, πάσχετε, παθὼν, πάθεν, πάσχομεν and 34 more

present active participle, nominative singular masculine; present active participle, nominative plural masculine; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine

subjunctive after μή in a negative purpose/fear clause: 'lest they suffer.'

Πάτροκλος

Patroklos; Patroclus; of Patroklos 4 times

Πάτροκλος, Πατροκλῆος, Πατρόκλοιο, Πάτροκλόν

genitive singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

Πάφος

Paphos once

Πάφον

Aphrodite's famed cult site on Cyprus

πᾶς

all; to all; of all 537 times

πάντα, πάντες, πάντας, πάντων, πᾶσιν, πᾶσι, πάντ, πάντεσσι and 15 more

accusative plural neuter adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective; dative plural masculine adjective

πᾶσα agrees w/ ship, 'she wholly reeled' — the whole vessel shaken

παγχάλκεος

all-bronze; all bronze 4 times

παγχάλκεον, πάγχαλκος, πάγχαλκον

accusative singular neuter adjective; nominative singular feminine adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective

παίζω

began to play; play; playing 5 times

ἔπαιζον, παίζουσι, παιζούσας, παίσατε, παιζόντων

imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active participle, accusative plural feminine

παίζω imperative — command to begin the dance display for the guest

παῖς

son; sons; children 128 times

πάϊς, παιδὸς, παιδὶ, παῖδα, παῖδες, παῖδ, παῖς, παίδων and 13 more

nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

παιδός genitive after ἐπί 'go with/attend upon' a daughter, i.e. bridal gifts accompanying her.

Παιήων

Paeon once

Παιήονός

Paeon, the healing god later merged with Apollo; genitive marks descent

παιπαλόεις

rugged; rugged, craggy 9 times

παιπαλόεσσαν, παιπαλοέσσης

accusative singular feminine adjective; genitive singular feminine adjective

παιπαλόεις, 'craggy, rugged' — vivid epithet for a rocky island's terrain

παλάμη

hands; in her hand; in his hand 7 times

παλάμῃσι, παλάμῃ, παλάμηφιν, παλαμάων

dative plural feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun; genitive plural feminine noun

παλάμηφιν: archaic -φι(ν) case ending (dative/locative/instrumental in force) attached to παλάμη "hand, palm" — a relic epic case form, here functioning as the fixed dative

παλάσσω

to draw lots; will spatter; caked 5 times

πεπαλαγμένον, πεπαλάσθαι, παλαξέμεν, πεπάλακτο

perfect medio-passive infinitive; future active infinitive; perfect medio-passive participle, accusative singular neuter

perfect middle infinitive πεπαλάσθαι, 'to have shaken/drawn lots' — used of casting lots in a helmet

παλαίφατος

long-foretold; of old fame 3 times

παλαίφατα, παλαιφάτου

nominative plural neuter adjective; genitive singular feminine adjective

epithet formed from πάλαι 'long ago' + φημί 'spoken', modifying θέσφατα

παλαιός

old; old things; of the women of old 12 times

παλαιά, παλαιοῦ, παλαιοί, παλαιαί, παλαιῶν, παλαιή

accusative plural neuter adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective; nominative plural feminine adjective

παλαιῶν implied 'women' from context — genitive of comparison/source, 'among the ancients.'

παλίντιτος

of requital; requital twice

παλίντιτα

παλίντιτα, 'paid back in turn' — a compound built on 'again' + 'pay', naming exact retributive justice.

παλίντονος

back-bent twice

παλίντονον

nominative singular neuter adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective

παλίντονος 'bent back', epic epithet for the recurved hunting bow

παλιμπετής

back again, foiled once

παλιμπετὲς

παλιμπετές, adverbial 'back the way they came' — captures the suitors' failed ambush

παλιμπλάζομαι

driven astray once

παλιμπλαγχθέντα

aorist passive participle of παλιμπλάζομαι, 'made to wander back off course' - echoes Odysseus's whole journey.

παλιρρόθιος

backwash; backward-rushing twice

παλιρρόθιον

παλιρρόθιον, 'the backward-rushing wave/undertow', vivid nautical term

Παλλάς

Pallas 25 times

Παλλὰς, Παλλάδ

nominative singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun

Παλλὰς Ἀθήνη, standard double-name formula for the goddess.

παλλάς

Pallas once

Παλλὰς

Epic epithet-name pair Παλλὰς Ἀθήνη forms a fixed formula filling the verse-end.

παλύνω

sprinkle; I sprinkled; sprinkled 4 times

παλύνειν, πάλυνον, πάλυνεν, παλύνας

present active infinitive; imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb

παμμέλας

all-black; all black 3 times

παμμέλαν, παμμέλανας

accusative singular masculine adjective; accusative plural masculine adjective

παμμέλας, an intensified compound ('all'+'black') suiting an offering to chthonic powers.

παμποίκιλος

richly embroidered once

παμποίκιλοι

παμποίκιλοι, superlative-force compound 'all-varied/richly patterned' describing Helen's woven robes.

παμφανόων

gleaming; all-blazing; shining 4 times

παμφανόωντα

present active participle, accusative plural neuter; present active participle, accusative singular masculine

epic compound epithet (πᾶν + φαίνω) with metrically lengthened -όωντα, formulaic of the sun.

Παναχαιοί

the Achaeans; Achaeans; all the Achaeans 3 times

Παναχαιοί

Παναχαιοί, 'all the Achaeans together', an epic compound emphasizing collective mourning.

πανδαμάτωρ

all-conquering once

πανδαμάτωρ

epic epithet of sleep, 'tamer of all' — formulaic personification.

πανδήμιος

common/public once

πανδήμιος

'of the whole people'—describes a beggar known to everyone in town; not a recurring Homeric formula (this exact phrase appears only here).

πανημέριος

all day long 5 times

πανημέριοι, πανημερίη, πανημερίης

nominative plural masculine adjective; nominative singular feminine adjective; genitive singular feminine adjective

πανημέριος 'the whole day' — a formulaic epic adverb marking sustained travel.

παννύχιος

all night long 4 times

παννύχιος, παννυχίη

nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular feminine adjective

Adjective used adverbially, agreeing with the (feminine) ship.

παντοῖος

of every kind; every kind of; of all kinds 20 times

παντοίην, παντοίων, παντοίοισι, παντοίῃς, παντοῖαι, παντοίοις, παντοίη, παντοῖοι and 1 more

accusative singular feminine adjective; dative plural masculine adjective; genitive plural neuter adjective

παπταίνω

glaring; peering; glancing about 9 times

παπταίνων, πάπτηνεν, παπταίνοντι, παπτήνας, παπτήνασα, παπταίνοντες, παπταίνοντε

present active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active participle, dative singular masculine

vivid participle παπτήνας, 'looking around searchingly', typical epic vividness

παρά

beside; from; along 207 times

παρὰ, πὰρ, παρ, πάρα, παραὶ, πάρ, παρά

preposition; adverb

πάρα stands for πάρεστι, 'is available'—the verb εἰμί is understood (ellipsis), with anastrophe shifting the accent onto the preposition. Not elision (which is vowel-dropping, e.g. ἀλλ᾽).

παράκειμαι

lay ready; lay; lies open 3 times

παρεκέσκετ, παρέκειτο, παράκειται

imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb

παράκειμαι 'lie beside/ready', iterative imperfect (-σκ-) marks a habitual spare cloak.

παράκοιτις

wife; bedmate, wife; the wife 9 times

παράκοιτιν, παράκοιτις, παρακοίτι

accusative singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun

παράκοιτις, "bedfellow, wife" — Polydamna, wife of the Egyptian Thon, source of Helen's exotic drug lore.

παράφημι

beguiling; win over; put off 3 times

παρφάσθαι, παρφάμενος

present middle infinitive; present participle, nominative singular masculine

παράφημι 'speak amiss/beside the point,' i.e. mislead with words — accuses the seer of manipulating Telemachus.

παραδαρθάνω

lay beside once

παρέδραθεν

παραδαρθάνω 'lie down beside' — a dream-figure lying near the sleeper, a stock epic way of describing dream visitation.

παραδράω

serve once

παραδρώωσι

epic verb παραδράω, 'wait upon/serve alongside'

παρακλιδόν

evasively; aslant, evasively twice

παρακλιδόν, παρακλιδὸν

Rare adverb παρακλιδόν, 'aslant, evasively'—echoes παρὲξ, doubling the idea of speaking around the truth.

παραμείβω

passing by once

παραμειψάμενος

aorist middle participle παραμείβω, 'having passed beside'

παρανήχομαι

I swim along once

παρανήξομαι

παρανήξομαι: subjunctive with short vowel, epic aorist subjunctive spelled like a future — 'if I swim on further.'

παραπείθω

having persuaded, beguiled; persuade, win over; persuading 3 times

παρπεπιθὼν, παραιπεπίθῃσιν, παρπεπιθόντες

aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb; aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine

παρα- prefix nuance: 'led astray by persuasion,' not honest persuasion

παραπλάζω

forced astray; blowing off course; warped 3 times

παρέπλαγξεν, παραπλάγξασα

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine

παρέπλαγξεν, aorist of παραπλάζω 'make go astray', here of minds: 'unhinged'.

παραπνέω

leak out once

παραπνεύσῃ

Subjunctive of purpose; vivid physical image of wind escaping the bag.

παρασταδόν

standing beside 3 times

παρασταδὸν

preposition; adverb

παρασταδόν, 'standing near,' a vivid formulaic detail of Odysseus moving man to man as he rouses each one.

παρατεκταίνομαι

would frame up once

παρατεκτήναιο

παρατεκτήναιο, aorist middle optative — 'fabricate/invent,' a rare compound verb built on τέκτων 'craftsman.'

παρατίθημι

set beside; set before; set before them 25 times

παρέθηκε, παρέθηκεν, παρθέμενοι, παραθεῖτο, παραθείμην, παρτιθεῖ, πάρθεσαν, παρέθηχ and 1 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist participle, nominative plural masculine; aorist middle optative, 1st singular verb

παρθέμενοι, aorist middle participle of παρατίθημι 'set beside/risk', vivid metaphor of staking one's own life.

παρατροπέω

turning aside/evading once

παρατροπέων

παρατροπέω 'turn (someone) aside/mislead' — accuses Proteus of deflecting with a rhetorical question

παραυδάω

console; addressing kindly; speaking fair 4 times

παραύδα, παραυδήσας, παραυδῶν

present active imperative, 2nd singular verb; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; present active participle, nominative singular masculine

παραύδα, present imperative 'do not keep consoling' — Achilles rejects Odysseus's comfort.

παραφεύγω

to have fled past once

παρφυγέειν

παρφυγέειν, epic aorist infinitive of παραφεύγω — 'boast to have escaped', completing εὐχετόωνται.

παρέζομαι

sitting beside twice

παρεζόμενος

Middle participle παρεζόμενος: 'seating himself beside' — the middle voice stresses his own posture/action.

παρέλκω

she drew out; delay, put off twice

παρέλκετο, παρέλκετε

imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active imperative, 2nd plural verb

παρέλκετο 'drew along/out' = strung suitors along for gifts, epic irony of Penelope's ruse

παρέξ

past; aside; alongside, outside 14 times

παρὲξ, παρὲκ, παρέξ

preposition; adverb

παρέξ + μεμνώμεθα, 'let us remember other things beside [this]' — a gentle deflection from painful talk

παρέρχομαι

passed by; might pass; pass by 5 times

παρῆλθε, παρέλθῃ, παρέρχεται, παρέλθοι, παρερχομένην

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb

Aorist optative expressing potential: 'could slip past you', i.e. deceive you.

παρέχω

they furnish; to provide; will provide 11 times

παρέξω, παρέχουσιν, παρασχεῖν, παρεῖχον, παράσχῃ, παρέχει, παρέχωσι, παρέχοιμι and 2 more

future active indicative, 1st singular verb; present active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active infinitive

subjunctive in a general temporal clause, 'as long as gods provide'

παρειά

cheeks; her cheeks; his cheeks 14 times

παρειάων, παρειῶν, παρειὰς, παρειάς, παρειαί

genitive plural feminine noun; accusative plural feminine noun; nominative plural feminine noun

closes the simile: her cheeks 'waste' just as Odysseus wept - the tenor returns next line

παρεξέρχομαι

to slip past; to evade; passing by 3 times

παρεξελθεῖν, παρεξελθοῦσα

aorist active infinitive; aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine

παρεξέρχομαι 'go past/beside,' i.e. evade — a vivid compound for outwitting Zeus's plan.

παρευνάζομαι

you lay with once

παρευνάζεσθε

παρευνάζεσθε, 'you bedded' — middle voice, forceful accusation.

παρίστημι

standing beside; stood beside; stand beside 41 times

παρισταμένη, παρέστη, παραστὰς, παρίστατο, παραστάς, παρεστάμεναι, παρίσταται, παριστάμενος and 9 more

aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb

Root aorist παρέστη (παρίστημι) — an intransitive 'stood' form, common formulaic verb for a servant's arrival.

Παρνασός

to Parnassus; Parnassus 6 times

Παρνησόνδ, Παρνησοῦ, Παρνησῷ

adverb; genitive singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

directional -δε suffix on the place name, functioning as 'to/toward Parnassus' without a preposition.

πατέομαι

having tasted; we tasted; to taste 8 times

πάσαντο, ἐπασσάμεθ, πασσάμενος, πασσαμένω, πάσασθαι, πάσσασθαι

aorist middle indicative, 1st plural verb; aorist middle infinitive; aorist participle, nominative singular masculine

πασσάμενος, 'having partaken of,' reflects the Homeric convention that guests eat before speaking of their business.

πατήρ

father; father's; of father 196 times

πατρὸς, πατὴρ, πατέρ, πατρὶ, πατρός, πάτερ, πατέρα, πατρί and 5 more

genitive singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

Vocative πάτερ addressing Zeus — Athena's formal opening address in the divine council speech.

πατρίς

native; homeland; fatherland 94 times

πατρίδα, πατρίδος, πατρίδ, πατρίδι, πατρὶς

accusative singular feminine adjective; accusative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun

πατροκασίγνητος

father's brother twice

πατροκασίγνητον, πατροκασιγνήτῳ

accusative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

πατροκασίγνητον refers to Poseidon, brother of Athena's father Zeus.

πατροφονεύς

his father's slayer; his father's killer; his father's murderer 3 times

πατροφονῆα

πατροφονεύς, a compound noun 'father-killer' coined for exactly this situation — Aegisthus as murderer of Agamemnon.

πατρώιος

ancestral; his father's; ancestral, hereditary 16 times

πατρώϊα, πατρώιός, πατρώια, πατρωΐῃ, πατρώιοι, πατρώιόν, πατρώιος, πατρώιοί and 2 more

accusative plural neuter adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective

πατρώιος ξεῖνος, 'guest-friend of the father,' names the institution of xenia inherited across generations — key to why Athena-as-Mentes is welcomed.

παύω

stopped; ceased; to stop 39 times

παύσασθαι, ἐπαύσατο, παῦσαν, παύσεσθαι, παύσειε, παῦσεν, παύσαντο, παῦσαι and 17 more

aorist middle infinitive; aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; future middle infinitive

optative παύσειε after ἧος expresses purpose in secondary sequence — 'so that it might stop.'

παῦρος

few; fewer; little 8 times

παῦροι, παύρους, παυρότεροι, παῦρα, παύροισι

nominative plural masculine adjective; accusative plural masculine adjective; nominative plural masculine comparative adjective

παχύς

stout; thick; strong 9 times

παχείῃ, παχέος, παχὺν, παχὺς

dative singular feminine adjective; genitive singular masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

παχύς literally 'thick/stout', used of a strong hand

πέλαγος

the sea; the deep; sea 6 times

πέλαγος, πελάγει, πελάγεσσι

accusative singular neuter noun; dative singular neuter noun; dative plural neuter noun

πέλεκυς

axes; axe; an axe 10 times

πέλεκυν, πελέκεων, πελέκεας, πέλεκυς, πελέκεάς

accusative singular masculine noun; accusative plural feminine noun; genitive plural feminine noun

πελέκεας — the famous axe-contest of Odyssey 19, the trial only Odysseus can pass with his bow.

πέλω

is; are; was 48 times

ἔπλετο, πέλονται, πέλει, πέλεν, πέλεται, πέλοντο, ἔπλετ, πέλοιτο

imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἔπλετο, here parsed as imperfect medio-passive of πέλω ('be, come to be'), is a favorite Homeric verb rare outside epic.

πέλωρ

monster twice

πέλωρ

πέλωρ 'monstrous thing' — predicate noun paired with κακόν, a stock Homeric horror-tag.

πέλωρον

monster; monsters 3 times

πελώρου, πέλωρα

genitive singular neuter noun; accusative plural neuter noun

πέλωρα, the men's own fear-driven perception of the wolves/lions as 'monsters' despite their tameness.

πέλωρος

monstrous; huge, monstrous twice

πέλωρον

accusative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective

πέλωρον 'monstrous, huge' underscores the Cyclops's terrifying, unnatural size.

πέμπτος

fifth; fifth day 3 times

πέμπτῳ, πέμπτος, πέμπτον

dative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular neuter adjective

πέμπω

sent; I will send; send 62 times

πέμψω, πέμπε, πέμποιεν, πέμψαι, πέμψει, πέμψον, πέμπωμεν, πέμψουσιν and 23 more

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; future active indicative, 1st singular verb; present active infinitive

optative of remote possibility — 'who could send him,' condition unfulfilled

πένομαι

busied themselves; to prepare; to be prepared 12 times

πένεσθαι, πένοντο, πενώμεθα

present medio-passive infinitive; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; present medio-passive subjunctive, 1st plural verb

πένεσθαι 'to busy oneself with/prepare' — epic verb for domestic labor

πέπλος

robes; a robe; robe 5 times

πέπλοι, πέπλον, πέπλους

nominative plural masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; accusative plural masculine noun

πέπνυμαι

wise; thoughtful; prudent 68 times

πεπνυμένος, πεπνυμένα, πεπνυμένον, πεπνυμένῳ, πεπνυμένω, πέπνυσο

perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine; perfect medio-passive participle, accusative plural neuter; perfect medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine

Perfect participle of πέπνυμαι ('be wise/prudent'); this fixed epithet formula for Telemachus recurs verbatim across the poem.

πέπων

friend; dear, gentle 3 times

πέπον

vocative singular neuter adjective; vocative singular masculine adjective

πέπον — an affectionate epithet, poignant since Polyphemus tenderly addresses the ram hiding his enemy

πέρθω

having sacked; he sacked; sacked 4 times

πέρσαντες, ἔπερσεν, ἔπραθον

aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine; aorist active indicative, third singular; aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb

πέτομαι

flew; to fly; were flying 13 times

ἔπτατο, πετέσθην, ἐπέτοντο, ἔπτατ, πέτεσθαι, πέτετο

aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd dual verb; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb

dual verb πετέσθην 'the two flew' — dual subject, dual verb ending -σθην.

πέτρα

rock; rocks; the rock 42 times

πέτρη, πέτρης, πέτρας, πέτρην, πέτρῃ, πετράων, πέτρῃσι, πέτραι and 2 more

nominative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun; dative plural feminine noun

genitive of separation, 'free from rocks' with λεῖος

πεδάω

shackles; binds/fetters; bound fast 7 times

πεδάᾳ, πέδησε, ἐπέδησ, ἐπέδησε, πεδάασκον

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb

πεδάω 'fetter', vivid metaphor of sleep as chains

πεδίον

plain; the plain; of a plain 14 times

πεδίον, πεδίῳ, πεδίοιο, πεδίου

dative singular neuter noun; accusative singular neuter noun; genitive singular neuter noun

Ἠλύσιον πεδίον, earliest literary mention of the Elysian afterlife-paradise

πεδίονδε

to the plain; toward the plain twice

πεδίονδ, πεδίονδε

πεδίονδε: directional -δε suffix 'to/toward the plain' attached right onto the noun.

πεδόθεν

from the depths once

πεδόθεν

πεδόθεν, 'from the foundation/depths', vivid Homeric adverb meaning 'deep-rooted'.

πεζός

on foot; foot soldiers; footmen 12 times

πεζὸν, πεζῶν, πεζός, πεζοὶ, πεζὸς, πεζοί

accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective

πεζός, 'on foot/by land,' a predicate adjective describing how Telemachus would travel, contrasted with going by ship.

πείθω

obeyed; trusting; persuaded 63 times

ἐπίθοντο, ἔπειθεν, πίθοντο, πειθώμεθα, πεποίθεα, πεποιθότες, ἔπειθον, πέποιθα and 34 more

aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; perfect active indicative, 1st singular verb

κλύον...ἐπίθοντο pairs 'heard' and 'obeyed', a common formulaic doublet for instant compliance.

Πείραιος

Peiraeus; Peiraeus (voc.); Piraeus 8 times

Πείραιον, Πείραιος, Πείραιε, Πείραι

accusative singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun; vocative singular masculine noun

πείρινς

the wicker basket once

πείρινθα

πείρινς, a rare epic word for a wagon's storage basket—used only in travel scenes.

πείρω

pierced; passing through; cut through 13 times

ἔπειραν, πείρων, πειρώμεσθα, πεῖρε, ἔπειρον, πείροντες, ἔπειρεν, πεῖράν

aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active participle, nominative singular masculine; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἔπειρον from πείρω 'pierce/skewer', vivid detail of spitting meat on skewers over the fire.

Πείσανδρος

Peisander 3 times

Πεισάνδροιο, Πείσανδρός, Πείσανδρον

genitive singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

πεῖραρ

rope-ends; the cords; gear, means 11 times

πείρατ, πείρατα, πεῖραρ, πείρασι, πείραθ

accusative plural neuter noun; nominative plural neuter noun; accusative singular neuter noun

πεῖραρ literally 'ends/bounds'; here idiomatically 'the means/gear' of a craft

πεῖσμα

cables; of a mooring-rope; cables, hawsers 7 times

πεῖσμα, πείσματα, πείσματός, πείσματ

accusative plural neuter noun; accusative singular neuter noun; genitive singular neuter noun

πειράζω

to test; testing 3 times

πειράζειν, πειράζων

present active infinitive; present active participle, nominative singular masculine

πειράζων marks this as a deliberate trap, not innocent curiosity

πειράω

I will try; will make trial; tested 35 times

πειρήσομαι, πειρήσαιτο, πειρήσεται, πειρήσαντο, πείρησαι, πειρήσεσθαι, πειρήσω, πεπείρημαι and 19 more

aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb; future middle indicative, 1st singular verb; aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb

πειράω + genitive, 'make trial of' a person—the games test Odysseus.

πειρητίζω

testing; made trial of; she kept testing 7 times

πειρητίζων, πειρήτιζεν, πειρήτιζε

present active participle, nominative singular masculine; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb

πειρητίζων: Odysseus is craftily testing Eumaeus, typical of his disguised probing.

Πειρίθοος

Peirithous; of Peirithous 3 times

Πειριθόοιο, Πειρίθοόν

genitive singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

Πεισηνορίδης

son of Peisenor; of Pisenor's line 3 times

Πεισηνορίδαο

patronymic in -ίδης attached to her father Ops, giving a full genealogical epithet typical of epic introductions.

Πεισίστρατος

Peisistratus; Peisistratos; Pisistratus 10 times

Πεισίστρατος, Πεισίστρατον, Πεισίστρατε

nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; vocative singular masculine noun

πελάζω

brought near; store, stow; let us store, bring near 15 times

πέλασσε, πέλασαν, ἐπέλασσε, πέλασσεν, πελάσσατε, πελάσσομεν, πελάσσαι, πελάσῃς and 5 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active infinitive

πελάζω 'bring near/to land' — describes Odysseus washing up on Calypso's island.

πελώριος

monstrous; monstrous, huge 5 times

πελώριον, πελώρια, πελώριος

accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative plural neuter adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

πελώριος, recurring epithet for the Cyclops, marking his terrifying, superhuman size.

πεμπάζω

numbers by fives once

πεμπάσσεται

πεμπάζω, 'count by fives,' reflects counting on fingers — a vivid folk detail

πεμπταῖος

on the fifth day once

πεμπταῖοι

πεμπταῖος, an ordinal-adjective used adverbially of time — 'being in one's fifth day' rather than a plain adverb.

πεμπώβολον

five-pronged forks once

πεμπώβολα

πεμπώβολα, a compound noun (five + spit) naming the ritual tool used to handle sacrificial meat.

πενθέω

to grieve; to mourn twice

πενθήμεναι

Epic infinitive ending -μεναι (πενθήμεναι) instead of -ειν, a common Homeric infinitive variant.

πενταέτηρος

five years old; five-year-old twice

πενταέτηρον

πενταέτηρος 'five-year-old' — a compound numeral adjective marking the prime sacrificial age for cattle.

πενταετής

five years once

πεντάετές

compound numeral adjective πεντα-ετής 'of five years', used adverbially like an accusative of duration

περάω

cross; I crossed; pierced through 15 times

περόωσι, περάασκε, περάαν, περόωσιν, ἐπέρησα, περήσῃς, περῆσαι, περάσειε and 4 more

present active indicative, 3rd plural verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb

iterative-imperfect form περάασκε 'used to pierce', epic -σκε suffix marks repeated past action

περί

around; beyond; about 151 times

περὶ, πέρι, περί

preposition; adverb

the repeated περὶ μὲν ... περὶ δ᾽ ('beyond in this ... beyond in that') is a balanced Homeric μέν/δέ contrast praising Odysseus in two respects: mind and piety.

περίδρομος

with room around it once

περίδρομος

περίδρομος, a compound epithet ('running-around'), Homeric formula for an open enclosure.

περίμετρος

vast in size; vast; oversized 3 times

περίμετρον

accusative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective

περίμετρος 'of great compass' — the huge, endless web that lets her stall the suitors

περίοιδα

he knew well once

περιῄδη

pluperfect of οἶδα used as simple past 'knew, was skilled at'

περίρρυτος

sea-girt once

περίρρυτος

περίρρυτος 'flowed-around'; a compound adjective describing Crete as surrounded by sea.

περίσκεπτος

open to view; with a view all around; far-seen 4 times

περισκέπτῳ

περίσκεπτος 'visible all around' — Circe's palace is set in a clearing, conspicuous, unlike a hidden lair.

περίφρων

wise; prudent; wise, prudent 55 times

περίφρων, περίφρονι, περίφρον

nominative singular feminine adjective; nominative singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun

περίφρων is Penelope's standing epithet, 'circumspect/very wise', used almost every time she is introduced by name.

περιβάλλω

surpasses, outdoes; putting on themselves; flung around 3 times

περιβάλλει, περιβαλλομένους, περίβαλλε

present active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive participle, accusative plural masculine; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb

περιβάλλει, 'throws around/outdoes' — vivid verb for outbidding rivals with gifts.

περιγίγνομαι

we surpass twice

περιγιγνόμεθ

περιγίγνομαι + genitive, 'excel/surpass others' — object clause after ἐνίσπῃ.

περιγνάμπτω

rounding once

περιγνάμπτοντα

περιγνάμπτω, rare compound 'bend around,' vivid for navigating the treacherous cape.

περιέχω

we protected once

περισχόμεθ

περιέχω 'hold around' — i.e. shielded Maron's family when the Greeks sacked Ismaros, explaining his gratitude.

περιίστημι

stood around; stood arched 3 times

περιστάθη, περίστησάν, περισταῖεν

aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active optative, 3rd plural verb

περιστάθη, aorist passive of περιίστημι, 'was made to stand around' — the sea itself forms a concealing wall.

περικαλλής

very beautiful; lovely; very lovely 34 times

περικαλλέα, περικαλλέ, περικαλλέας, περικαλλέος, περικαλλὲς, περικαλλές

accusative plural neuter adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective; accusative plural masculine adjective

περικαλλής, 'exceedingly beautiful' (περί- intensifying prefix + καλός), a common Homeric superlative-by-compounding for prized objects.

περικήδομαι

cared for twice

περικήδετο

περικήδομαι 'be greatly concerned about', intensive περι- prefix stresses depth of loyalty.

περικλυτός

far-famed; famous; glorious 12 times

περικλυτός, περικλυτόν, περικλυτὸς, περικλυτοῦ

nominative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective; genitive singular masculine adjective

περικλυτός is a stock epic epithet for craftsmen/singers, here for the bard Phemius.

περιμαιμάω

groping about once

περιμαιμώωσα

περιμαιμώωσα, a rare lengthened epic participle form of περιμαιμάω 'grope around greedily'.

περιμήκης

very long; long; towering 7 times

περιμήκεα, περιμήκεϊ, περιμήκεες, περίμηκες

dative singular feminine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative plural feminine adjective

περι- 'around/exceedingly' + μήκης 'long/tall', an epic compound for vastness

περιμηχανάομαι

are devising; began contriving twice

περιμηχανόωνται, περιμηχανόωντο

present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb

περιμηχανόωνται: uncontracted epic middle form of -άομαι, 'contrive/scheme around'.

περιναιετάω

dwell around; lie round about; dwell nearby 4 times

περιναιετάουσι, περιναιετάουσιν

περιναιετάω, compound of ναίω 'dwell' with περι- 'around', describing outlying settlers near the city.

περιπέλομαι

as they wheeled round; coming round twice

περιπλομένων, περιπλομένου

present participle, genitive plural masculine; present participle, genitive singular masculine

περιπλομένων ἐνιαυτῶν is a genitive absolute: 'as the years/seasons revolved,' idiomatic for time passing.

περιπλέκω

clinging around; embraced twice

περιπλεχθεὶς, περιπλέχθη

aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb

aorist passive participle, lit. 'having been wrapped around' the mast

περιρρηδής

sprawling once

περιρρηδὴς

περιρρηδής 'falling headlong around' — rare, vivid adjective for his collapse over the table.

περισαίνω

fawning; fawned around; fawn around 3 times

περισσαίνοντες, περίσσαινον, περισσαίνουσι

present active participle, nominative plural masculine; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active indicative, 3rd plural verb

περισαίνω 'wag around/fawn' — describes wolves/lions acting like tame dogs, an uncanny image.

περισθενέω

in great strength once

περισθενέων

περισθενέων, a rare epic participle: 'being overpowering in strength.'

περιστέλλω

wrapping once

περιστείλασα

περιστέλλω 'wrap/lay out' the corpse — the ritual act of preparing a body for burial.

περιστέφω

is crowning once

περιστέφει

περιστέφει 'wreathes around' — vivid image of Zeus ringing the sky with storm clouds.

περιστεναχίζομαι

resounded around once

περιστεναχίζετο

περι- prefix 'all around' + στεναχίζομαι 'groan/resound' — the house reverberates with dancing feet.

περιστεναχίζω

echoes once

περιστεναχίζεται

Compound περιστεναχίζεται 'groans/resounds all around' evokes the noise of feasting.

περιτέλλομαι

as it came round; turning round, revolving twice

περιτελλομένου

aorist middle participle, genitive singular neuter; aorist participle, genitive singular neuter

genitive absolute construction: 'the year having come round' — ἔτεος περιτελλομένου.

περιτέμνω

cutting off twice

περιταμνόμενον, περιταμνομένους

present medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine; present medio-passive participle, accusative plural masculine

circumstantial participle describing Agamemnon as raider, 'while cutting off cattle'

περιτίθημι

might place around once

περιθεῖεν

optative of wish (περιθεῖεν), 'might clothe me in'

περιτρέφομαι

crusted over once

περιτρέφετο

περιτρέφετο: 'was formed/thickened around,' describing ice literally caking the shield-rims.

περιτροπέω

turning about once

περιτροπέοντες

περιτροπέοντες: they circle the sheep round repeatedly, herding them zigzag to the ship.

περιφράζομαι

let us take counsel once

περιφραζώμεθα

Subjunctive hortatory 1st plural περιφραζώμεθα, 'let us all plan together' — a formal deliberative proposal among gods.

περιφύομαι

embracing; clinging; embrace 4 times

περιφύς, περιφῦσ, περιφῦναι, περιφὺς

aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine; aorist active infinitive

περιφύς, literally 'having grown around' — a physically intense verb for clinging embrace.

περιχέω

overlays; having gilded, overlaid; pour over 7 times

περίχευεν, περιχεύεται, περιχεύας, περιχεύῃ, περίχευε

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine

περιχεύας 'pouring around' aorist participle, describing gold poured over the horns.

περόνη

brooch; brooches 3 times

περόναι, περόνη, περόνην

nominative plural feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun

Περσεφόνεια

Persephone; of Persephone; to Persephone 11 times

Περσεφόνεια, Περσεφονείης, Περσεφονείῃ

nominative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun

Genitive singular epithet-name marking the goddess of the underworld who owns these groves.

πεσσεύω

they hurried; has hurled twice

ἐπεσσεύοντο, ἐπέσσευεν

imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb

ἐπέσσευεν from ἐπισεύω 'drive/hurl upon', not related to πεσσεύω (board-game) despite similar lemma spelling

πεσσός

with draughts once

πεσσοῖσι

πεσσοῖσι, 'gaming pieces/draughts,' shows the suitors idling at board games before Odysseus's house.

πετάννυμι

spreading; spread out; spreading out 12 times

πετάσσας, πέτασσαν, πέτασ, πέπταται, πέτασαν, πετάσειε, πετάσθησαν

aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb

πετάσσας (aorist participle of πετάννυμι) pictures the action as completed just before the seating — a vivid Homeric touch of household ceremony for a guest.

πετρήεις

rocky once

πετρήεσσα

πετρήεσσα, 'rocky/craggy' — a common landscape epithet in epic geography

πεύθομαι

had overheard; would hear; we have learned 12 times

πευθοίαθ, ἐπεύθετο, πεύθεσθαι, πευθόμεθ, πεύθομαι, πευθέσθω, πεύθετο, πευθόμενος

present medio-passive optative, 3rd plural verb; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive infinitive

the optative after ἵνα μὴ expresses purpose in secondary sequence — 'so that they might not hear.'

πήγνυμι

fasten; fix; having planted 6 times

πῆξαι, πῆξαί, πήξας, πήξαμεν, πῆξε, πήξαντ

aorist middle imperative, 2nd singular verb; aorist active infinitive; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine

πήξας 'having fixed/planted' — the ritual act that ends Odysseus's wandering with the oar.

πήρα

pouch; wallet; wallet, beggar's bag 6 times

πήρην, πήρης

accusative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun

πήρην, Odysseus' beggar's pouch, filling as he collects alms

πῆμα

hardships; harm; calamity 31 times

πῆμα, πήματα, πήματ, πῆμ, πήματος

accusative singular neuter noun; accusative plural neuter noun; nominative singular neuter noun

πῆμα ('woe') here forms the phrase 'depth of misery' with δύης, a vivid epic pairing.

πῆχυς

arms; the bow-bridge; her two arms 4 times

πήχεε, πήχει

accusative dual masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

πήχεε, dual number for a natural pair (forearms) — Homeric Greek keeps the dual for body parts.

πηγός

heaving/surging; swollen twice

πηγῷ

πηγός here 'strong/heaving' describing the swelling sea that tosses Odysseus for two days and nights.

πηδάλιον

steering-oar; a steering-oar; with the steering-oar 5 times

πηδάλιον, πηδαλίῳ, πηδάλι

accusative singular neuter noun; dative singular neuter noun; nominative plural neuter noun

πηδάλιον, object of the verb in the next line (προέηκε), a run-on across lines typical of Homer.

Πηλείων

son of Peleus 3 times

Πηλεΐωνα, Πηλεΐωνος

accusative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun

patronymic Πηλείων for Achilles, echoing l467's Πηληϊάδεω

Πηλεύς

of Peleus; Peleus; son of Peleus 5 times

Πηλῆος, Πηλεΐωνι, Πηλέος

genitive singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

Patronymic epithet for Achilles, dative after περί 'around'.

Πηληιάδης

son of Peleus once

Πηληϊάδεω

Patronymic Πηληϊάδεω, in apposition/parallel with Ἀχιλῆος - doubled naming typical of epic solemnity.

πημαίνω

to be harmed; came to harm twice

πημανθῆναι, πημάνθη

aorist passive infinitive; aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb

aorist passive infinitive of πημαίνω, 'harm/hurt'

πημί

you suppose once

φάσθε

φάσθε, 2nd plural of φημί, opens Odysseus's warning speech — he corrects their false assumption of heading straight home.

Πηνελόπεια

Penelope; to Penelope; for Penelope 83 times

Πηνελόπεια, Πηνελοπείῃ, Πηνελόπειαν, Πηνελοπείης

nominative singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun

Dative of comparison after ὁμοῖα: 'thoughts like Penelope's.'

πηός

kinsman; kinsmen 3 times

πηὸς, πηῷ, πηούς

nominative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun; accusative plural masculine noun

πηός: 'in-law/kinsman by marriage,' Eurylochus was Odysseus's brother-in-law.

πίμπλημι

was filled; having filled; were filled 16 times

πλῆτο, πλῆσθεν, πίμπλαντο, πλησάμενος, πίμπλαντ, πλήσασα, πλῆντο, πλησάμενοι and 2 more

aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural verb

πλήσασα governs the genitive ἀμβροσίης — 'filling (the table) with ambrosia,' a genitive of material.

πίνω

drinking; to drink; drank 66 times

πῖνε, πίνων, πίεν, ἔπιόν, πινέμεν, ἔπιον, πίνειν, πῖνέ and 27 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active infinitive

3rd person imperative πινόντων ('let them drink') — Greek can command a third party directly, no 'let' verb needed.

πίπτω

fell; falling; falls 46 times

πέσε, πέσεν, πέσον, ἔπιπτεν, ἔπεσον, ἔπεσ, ἔπιπτον, πέσῃσιν and 15 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb

ἔπιπτεν: imperfect 'was falling'; negated by οὐδέ earlier in the clause, giving 'did not fall'

πίσυνος

trusting once

πίσυνος

πίσυνος + dative, 'relying on' - explains the reckless deeds of the previous line

πίτνημι

stretching once

πιτνὰς

πιτνάς, 'stretching out (hands),' a gesture of yearning to embrace — poignant since ghosts cannot be touched.

πίων

fat; rich; rich, fat 28 times

πίονα, πίονας, πίονι, πίειραν

accusative plural neuter adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; accusative plural masculine noun

πιέζω

pressed shut; press, squeeze; pressed 6 times

πιέζειν, πίεζον, πίεζεν, πιεσθεὶς

present active infinitive; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculine

ἐπὶ...πίεζεν is a tmesis: preposition separated from its verb, split across the line by μάστακα χερσὶ.

πικρός

bitter 5 times

πικρὸν, πικρήν, πικρὴν

accusative singular neuter adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

πινυτή

good sense twice

πινυτήν, πινυτὴ

accusative singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun

πινυτή 'prudence, sound mind' personified as reaching the mind

πινυτός

prudent; sensible; of sense 6 times

πινυτή, πινυτός, πινυτούς, πινυτῇ

nominative singular feminine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; accusative plural masculine adjective

πινυτή 'prudent, sound-minded' — the key word praising Penelope's character.

πιστός

trustworthy; trusty, faithful; faithful 3 times

πιστὰ, πιστὸν

nominative plural neuter adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective

predicate adjective with implied verb 'are' - Agamemnon's bitter generalization about women after Clytemnestra

πιστόω

to be pledged; be convinced twice

πιστωθῆναι, πιστωθῆτόν

aorist passive infinitive; aorist passive subjunctive, 2nd dual verb

Passive infinitive πιστωθῆναι: 'to be given assurance,' i.e. she asks them to swear to her.

πιφαύσκω

declaring; means to declare; do I declare 11 times

πιφαύσκομαι, πιφαυσκόμενος, πιφαύσκων, πιφαύσκεται, πιφαυσκέμεν, πίφαυσκον

present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb; present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine; present active participle, nominative singular masculine

πιφαύσκω, 'make known/proclaim' — reduplicated present stem, an epic-flavored verb of announcing.

πλάζω

wandering; was driven wandering; drives astray 16 times

πλαζομένου, πλάζετ, πλάγχθη, πλάζει, πλάζε, πλαζόμενοι, πλάζετο, πλαγχθέντα and 6 more

present medio-passive participle, genitive singular masculine; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist passive indicative, third singular

πλάζει, 'makes wander/buffets' — root of Odysseus's whole wandering plot, echoing the poem's opening πλάγχθη.

Πλαγκταί

Wandering Rocks; Wandering twice

Πλαγκτὰς

Πλαγκταί, the mythic Symplegades-like hazard Circe warns against as an alternative route.

πλαγκτοσύνη

vagrancy once

πλαγκτοσύνης

πλαγκτοσύνη, an abstract noun for wandering/homelessness, rare and pointed word

πλέκω

plaiting once

πλεξάμενος

πλεξάμενος, aorist middle participle 'having plaited for himself'—precedes συνέδησα, the main verb.

πλέω

we sailed; sailing; do you sail 23 times

πλέομεν, πλέων, πλεῖθ, πλέον, ἔπλεον, πλώοιεν, πλέεν, πλεύσεσθ and 4 more

imperfect active indicative, 1st plural verb; present active participle, nominative singular masculine; present active indicative, 2nd plural verb

Present participle 'sailing' frames the whole journey as background to the main verb 'came' (κατήλυθον) — a classic circumstantial use.

πλέως

full; fuller; full of 6 times

πλείη, πλεῖος, πλειοτέρῃ, πλεῖοι, πλεῖον

nominative singular feminine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; dative singular feminine comparative adjective

πλείων

more; more numerous; with more 19 times

πλεόνεσσι, πλέονες, πλέονας, πλεῖον, πλέονάς, πλείονα, πλείοσί, πλέονές and 2 more

dative plural comparative adjective; nominative plural masculine comparative adjective; accusative plural masculine comparative adjective

comparative πλείων used as predicate: 'though being more' concessive.

πλεῖστος

most; most, abundantly; greatest 8 times

πλεῖστα, πλεῖστον, πλεῖστοι

accusative plural neuter adjective; nominative plural neuter adjective; nominative singular neuter adjective

πλεῖστοι 'most/very many' implicitly refers to the Trojans, supplied from context (elided head).

πλεκτός

braided; woven 3 times

πλεκτὴν, πλεκτοῖς

accusative singular feminine adjective; dative plural masculine adjective

This whole line repeats verbatim at l192 — a formulaic Homeric line-block reused in the narrated fulfillment.

πλήθω

are laden; laden, full; run full 3 times

πλήθωσι, πληθούσας, πλήθουσι

present active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb; present active participle, accusative plural feminine; present active indicative, 3rd plural verb

πλήθω 'to be full of' + genitive of the stuff (σίτου, κρειῶν) in the next line.

πλήσσω

struck; having struck; striking 15 times

πεπληγυῖα, πληγεῖσα, πλήξας, πλῆξεν, πέπληγον, πλῆξα, πλῆξε, πεπλήγετο and 3 more

perfect active participle, nominative singular feminine; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist passive participle, nominative singular feminine

πέπληγον, reduplicated aorist of πλήσσω 'strike', a vivid Homeric form for a single blow

πληγή

with blows; blows; of blows 4 times

πληγῇσιν, πληγέων, πληγῇσι

dative plural feminine noun; genitive plural feminine noun

genitive of blows/missiles governed by ἀδαήμων 'unversed in'; a beggar's grim boast of experience.

πλησίος

nearby; near; close together 13 times

πλησίον, πλησίαι, πλησίω

accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative plural feminine adjective; nominative dual masculine adjective

dual adjective πλησίω agrees with the pair of eagles, 'near (to each other)'

πλύνω

to wash; washed; as she washed 5 times

πλυνέουσαι, πλυνέουσα, πλῦνάν, πλυνούσῃ, πλύνασ

future active participle, nominative plural feminine; future active participle, nominative singular feminine; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb

future participle expressing purpose, 'in order to wash'

πλυνός

the washing-places; washing-basins twice

πλυνοί, πλυνοὶ

πλυνός, 'washing place/trough' — a rare, concrete Homeric noun tied to this scene.

πλωτός

floating once

πλωτῇ

πλωτός 'floating island' is a marvel detail unique to Aeolus's home.

πνέω

blowing; smelling; blows 8 times

πνείοντες, πνείουσαν, πνείοντος, πνέει, πνείουσα, πεπνῦσθαι, πνείει

present active participle, nominative plural masculine; present active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active participle, accusative singular feminine

πνοή

breath; breaths; the gusts 7 times

πνοιῇς, πνοιὴ, πνοιῇ, πνοιὰς, πνοιὴν

dative plural feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun

πόα

of the grass; the meadow grass; grass 4 times

ποίης, ποίῃ, ποίη

genitive singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun

πόλεμόνδε

to war twice

πόλεμόνδε

πόλεμόνδε, directional -δε suffix meaning 'to/toward war.'

πόλεμος

war; wars; the war 27 times

πόλεμον, πολέμῳ, πολέμοιο, πόλεμόν, πτολέμους, πτολέμου, πολέμου, πόλεμοι

accusative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

πτολέμους, epic form with inserted τ (metrical lengthening) of πόλεμος

πόλινδε

to the city; to town; to the town 11 times

πόλινδε, πόλινδ

-δε suffix on πόλιν means 'to/toward the city', an adverbial motion ending common in Homer.

πόλις

city; the city; cities 92 times

πόλιν, πόλις, πόληος, πτόλιν, πόλει, πόλιος, πτόλιος, πόλιας and 8 more

accusative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun

Epic form πτόλιν (with extra π) for πόλιν, common metrical variant.

Πόλυβος

of Polybus; Polybus 12 times

Πολύβου, Πολύβοιο, Πόλυβος, Πόλυβός, Πόλυβον

genitive singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

πόλυτλας

much-enduring twice

πολύτλας

nominative singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine adjective

πολύτλας δῖος Ὀδυσσεύς is a recurring Homeric formula-epithet pair for Odysseus.

πόνος

toil; trouble; toils 12 times

πόνον, πόνου, πόνος, πόνων, πόνοισι, πόνοις

accusative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun

πόντονδε

into the sea; seaward twice

πόντονδε

πόντονδε: directional -δε suffix, 'toward the sea', built onto the noun like a case ending.

πόντος

sea; the sea; on the sea 98 times

πόντον, πόντῳ, πόντος, πόντου, πόντοιο, ποντόφιν

accusative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun

ποντόφιν, archaic -φιν instrumental/ablatival ending on πόντος, a Homeric case relic

πόρω

gave; offers; granted 35 times

πόρε, πόρεν, πόροι, πόρον, πόρῃσιν, πόροις, ἔπορον, πορόντες and 3 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb

πόρον, root aorist of defective πόρω 'give/grant' — has no present stem, only used in aorist.

πόσις

husband; of drink; drink 67 times

πόσιν, πόσιος, πόσις, πόσει, πόσιός

accusative singular masculine noun; genitive singular feminine noun; genitive singular masculine noun

πόσις 'husband' — Odysseus formally addresses Arete before Alcinous, an unusual suppliant strategy (appeal to the queen first).

πότνια

honored; queenly; lady 20 times

πότνια, πότνι

nominative singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine adjective

πότνια: fixed honorific epithet for goddesses, formulaic epic diction

ποδάνιπτρον

foot-washings; foot-water twice

ποδάνιπτρα

nominative plural neuter noun; accusative plural neuter noun

ποδάνιπτρα, a concrete compound noun ('foot-washing water/rite') built from πούς + νίπτω.

ποδώκης

swift-footed twice

ποδώκεος

standard epithet of Achilles, ποδώκης

ποθέω

longing for; I long for; misses me 12 times

ποθέοντες, ποθέσαι, ποθέουσα, ποθέω, ποθέεις, ποθέων, ποθήμεναι, πόθει

present active participle, nominative plural masculine; aorist active infinitive; present active participle, nominative singular feminine

ποθήμεναι, epic infinitive of ποθέω 'to miss/lose' — completes the comparison begun by φέρτερον in the previous line.

ποθή

longing; lack; lack, want 5 times

ποθὴ, ποθὴν, ποθή

nominative singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun

ποθή, 'longing/need,' rare noun giving the idiom 'may lack of this sword never come to you.'

ποῖος

what sort of; what kind of; what a thing 12 times

ποῖόν, ποῖον, ποίης, ποίῃ, ποῖοί

nominative singular neuter adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective; genitive singular feminine adjective

ποιέω

made; to make; would have made 40 times

ποίησε, ἐποίησαν, ποιῆσαι, ποίει, ποίησαν, ποιήσαντες, ποιήσατ, ποιήσασθαι and 13 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb

ποιῆσαι τελευτήν, 'make an end' — an idiom for bringing a marriage decision to actual conclusion.

ποιητός

well-built 8 times

ποιητοῖο, ποιητοῖσι

genitive singular neuter adjective; genitive singular masculine adjective; dative plural masculine adjective

πύκα ποιητοῖο 'closely/well built' — a formulaic pairing describing sturdy Homeric architecture.

ποικίλος

inlaid, ornate; inlaid; intricate 7 times

ποικίλον, ποικίλ

accusative singular masculine adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective

ποικίλος 'richly decorated, inlaid' — describes a finely worked chariot, a mark of status.

ποικιλομήτης

of many wiles; cunning-minded; schemer 6 times

ποικιλομήτην, ποικιλομῆτα

accusative singular masculine adjective; vocative singular masculine noun

ποικιλομήτης, epithet unique to Odysseus, 'of many-colored/crafty wits'

ποιμήν

shepherd; herdsman; to the shepherd 15 times

ποιμένι, ποιμένα, ποιμὴν

dative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun

ποιμένι λαῶν, classic Homeric epithet 'shepherd of the people' for kings

ποιπνύω

bustled about; tidying up twice

ἐποίπνυον, ποιπνύσασαι

imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active participle, nominative plural feminine

ποιπνύω, a vivid reduplicated epic verb for eager, busy activity

Πολίτης

Polites once

Πολίτης

A named companion of Odysseus who speaks up here, urging the men to approach Circe's house.

πολιός

gray; grey; gray-haired 20 times

πολιὴν, πολιῆς, πολιόν, πολιοῖο, πολιοί

accusative singular feminine adjective; genitive singular feminine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

πολιός 'gray/hoary' — the standard Homeric epithet for the sea, evoking foam and old age together.

πολύαινος

much-praised once

πολύαιν

πολύαινος 'much-praised' is an epithet unique to Odysseus in the epics, flattering him by name-fame.

πολύβουλος

of many counsels once

πολύβουλος

πολύβουλος: epithet of Athena, 'of many counsels/plans'

πολύδενδρος

many-treed; with many trees; well-wooded 3 times

πολυδένδρεον

πολυδένδρεον is a compound epithet, 'rich in trees' — typical Homeric descriptive compound.

πολύιδρις

full of cunning; shrewd twice

πολύϊδρις, πολύϊδριν

nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular feminine noun

πολύϊδρις, a striking compound epithet 'much-knowing', marking the Phoenician trader as wily.

πολύκμητος

well-wrought; much-wrought 3 times

πολυκμήτου, πολύκμητόν, πολύκμητός

genitive singular masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

πολύκμητος 'worked with much toil', epic compound adjective for iron

Πολύκτωρ

Polyctor once

Πολύκτωρ

three eponymous founder-figures named for local landmarks; local aetiology inserted mid-narrative.

πολύλλιστος

much-prayed-to once

πολύλλιστον

πολύλλιστον, rare compound epithet, 'much invoked in prayer'

πολύμητις

resourceful; of many wiles; of many counsels 65 times

πολύμητις, πολυμήτις

nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine noun

epithet 'of many wiles/counsels' (πολύ + μῆτις) — Odysseus's signature Homeric formula.

πολύμυθος

full of words once

πολύμυθον

πολύμυθος 'full of speeches' — a compound epithet, here used dismissively of Telemachus's talkativeness.

Πολύνηος

of Polyneos once

Πολυνήου

Genitive of parentage stacked twice (Polyneos son of Tekton) — a common Homeric patronymic chain.

πολύπλαγκτος

far-roaming; much-traveled; much-wandering 3 times

πολυπλάγκτοισιν, πολυπλάγκτῳ, πολυπλάγκτους

dative plural masculine adjective; dative singular masculine adjective; accusative plural masculine adjective

πολυπλάγκτῳ is the dative complement of ἔοικε ('he seems like a much-wandering man') — describing the stranger himself, not Odysseus by name.

πολύπους

octopus once

πουλύποδος

πουλύποδος, epic form of πολύπους 'octopus'; opens a long Homeric simile

πολύπυρος

rich in wheat 4 times

πολύπυρον, πολύπυρος, πολυπύρου

accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular feminine adjective; genitive singular neuter adjective

a stacked run of compound epic adjectives describing an idealized island, formulaic praise-style

πολύρρηνος

rich in flocks once

πολύρρηνος

epithet describing Pelias' wealth, in apposition to the subject

πολύς

many; much; by far 402 times

πολλὰ, πολὺ, πόλλ, πολλοὶ, πολλὸν, πολλά, πολὺν, πολλὴν and 36 more

accusative plural neuter adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective

Epic form πολέας for πολλούς, common metrical variant.

πολύστονος

full of grief once

πολύστονος

πολύστονος 'much-groaning' — a compound epithet of sorrow, predicate of εἰμί

πολύτλας

much-enduring 30 times

πολύτλας

nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine noun

πολύτλας is Odysseus's standing epithet, 'much-enduring' — a fixed epic formula.

πολύτλητος

toil-worn once

πολύτλητοί

triple τε...τε...τε links three classes of dead in one rolling catalogue line, a common epic listing device

πολύτρητος

porous; full of holes 3 times

πολυτρήτοισι

πολυτρήτοισι, 'many-holed,' a vivid compound adjective for sponges, showing Homeric love of precise compound epithets even for mundane objects.

πολύτροπος

of many turns twice

πολύτροπον, πολύτροπος

accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

The adjective shares ἄνδρα's accusative singular masculine form, tying Odysseus' identity to the object of the invocation.

Πολύφημος

Polyphemus 4 times

Πολύφημος, Πολύφημον, Πολύφημ

nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; vocative singular masculine noun

formulaic epithet-name pairing κρατερὸς Πολύφημος fills the verse end, classic Homeric line-shape

πολύφημος

loud-voiced; renowned twice

πολύφημον, πολύφημος

accusative singular feminine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

πολύφημος 'famed among many' modifies the bard, an ironic touch given the singer's spared life.

πολύφλοισβος

loud-roaring twice

πολυφλοίσβοιο

πολυφλοίσβοιο θαλάσσης 'loud-roaring sea' is a stock Homeric epithet for the sea's sound

πολύφρων

wise; cunning; of many wits 8 times

πολύφρονα, πολύφρονος, πολύφρονά

accusative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine adjective; genitive singular masculine noun

πολύφρων, 'much-thinking/resourceful' — a recurring epithet marking Odysseus's cunning intelligence.

πολύχαλκος

bronze/brazen; rich in bronze twice

πολύχαλκον, πολυχάλκου

accusative singular masculine adjective; genitive singular feminine adjective

πολύχαλκος, a formulaic epithet marking Sidon's famed metalwork.

πολύχρυσος

rich in gold once

πολυχρύσοιο

πολύχρυσος, standard epithet of Mycenae reflecting its legendary wealth.

πολυάρητος

much-prayed-for; much prayed-for twice

πολυάρητος

πολυάρητος, 'long prayed for', imagines Odysseus as a god sent in answer to Nausicaa's prayers.

πολυβενθής

deep 4 times

πολυβενθέος

genitive singular masculine adjective; genitive singular feminine adjective

πολυβενθής: compound epithet 'very deep,' typical of Homer's stock descriptive adjectives for harbors

πολυβότειρα

bountiful once

πουλυβότειραν

πολυβότειρα 'much-nourishing' — stock Homeric epithet for the earth.

πολυδαίδαλος

richly wrought 3 times

πολυδαίδαλον, πολυδαίδαλος

accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

πολυδαίδαλος 'of much skilled craft', from δαίδαλα - the same root behind Daedalus, praising intricate workmanship.

πολυήρατος

much-longed-for; lovely; much-desired 4 times

πολυήρατον, πολυηράτῳ, πολυηράτου

accusative singular feminine adjective; dative singular feminine adjective; genitive singular masculine adjective

ironic epithet given the horrors just described in this city

Πολυθερσείδης

son of Polytherses once

Πολυθερσεΐδη

Patronymic vocative -είδης 'son of'; addressed mockingly before the killing blow.

πολυιδρεία

shrewdness; in the shrewdness twice

πολυϊδρείῃσιν, πολυϊδρείῃσι

dative of manner/means, 'with the many-wiled cunning of her mind' — a formulaic praise-phrase for Eurycleia.

Πολυκάστη

Polycaste once

Πολυκάστη

Polycaste, Nestor's youngest daughter, performs the guest-bath, a standard Homeric hospitality scene.

πολυκέρδεια

with great cunning once

πολυκερδείῃσιν

dative of manner: 'in his shrewd craftiness'

πολυκερδής

full of cunning once

πολυκερδέα

πολυκερδής, a compound epithet ('much-gainful') marking Odysseus' craftiness.

πολυκηδής

grievous; grief-laden twice

πολυκηδέ, πολυκηδέα

πολυκηδής, compound epithet ‘full of many cares,’ describing his hard-won return.

πολυκλήις

many-benched; many-oared 4 times

πολυκλήιδι, πολυκληῗδι, πολυκλήϊσι, πολυκλήϊδι

dative singular feminine noun; dative plural feminine noun

πολυκλήιδι, 'many-oarlocked,' a stock epithet for a well-manned ship.

πολυμήχανος

resourceful; of many devices; resourceful, of many wiles 16 times

πολυμήχαν, πολυμήχανός

vocative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

πολυμήχανος 'of many devices' is a signature epithet of Odysseus (cf. πολύτροπος, πολύμητις) — his defining trait of cunning ingenuity.

πολυμηχανία

cunning wiles once

πολυμηχανίην

πολυμηχανία 'much-deviceness,' an abstract noun echoing Odysseus's own epithet πολυμήχανος.

πολυμνήστη

much-wooed; much-courted 3 times

πολυμνήστην, πολυμνήστη

nominative singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine adjective

epithet playing on μνηστήρ 'suitor' — 'the much-suited-for' queen

πολυπαίπαλος

crafty once

πολυπαίπαλοι

πολυπαίπαλος 'much-wily', reinforcing the stereotype of scheming Phoenician traders

πολυπενθής

grief-laden once

πολυπενθέα

πολυπενθής, compound adjective 'full of much grief', modifying θυμὸν

Πολυπημονίδης

son of Polypemon once

Πολυπημονίδαο

A patronymic chain (son of Apheidas, son of Polypemon) — invented genealogy strengthens the fictitious identity.

πολυτλήμων

very enduring once

πολυτλήμων

πολυτλήμων used as predicate noun/adjective — Odysseus boasts of his own epithet-quality.

πολυφάρμακος

rich in drugs once

πολυφαρμάκου

πολυφάρμακος 'of many drugs' — recurring epithet marking Circe as sorceress

πομπεύς

escorts; as escorts, guides; with escort 6 times

πομπῆες, πομπῇ, πομπῆας

nominative plural masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun; accusative plural masculine noun

πομπεύς, 'one who conducts/escorts'—here of favorable winds personified as guides for ships.

πομπή

escort; an escort; safe passage 24 times

πομπῆς, πομπήν, πομπὴν, πομπὴ, πομπῇ, πομπή

accusative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun

πομπή 'safe conduct/escort' — the Phaeacians' magical ships that carry guests home, a central plot device in this book.

πομπός

escorts; as escort; escort 4 times

πομποὶ, πομπὸν, πομπὸς

nominative plural masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun

πονέω

having worked at; having worked at, finished; finishing (his labor) 11 times

πονησάμενος, πονέοντο, πονησάμενοι, πονεῖτο, ἐπονεῖτο, πονήσομαι

aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist middle participle, nominative plural masculine

middle participle stresses his own laborious effort on his own tasks.

Ποντόνοος

Pontonous; set 5 times

Ποντόνοος, Ποντόνοε

nominative singular masculine noun; vocative singular masculine noun

Vocative addressing the herald by name — a formulaic direct-address opening to a command speech.

ποντοπόρος

seafaring; sea-faring 5 times

ποντοπόρος, ποντοπόροιο

nominative singular feminine adjective; genitive singular feminine adjective

ποντοπόρος, compound epithet 'sea-crossing,' typical Homeric noun-epithet for ships

ποντοπορεύω

to sail; voyaging; sea-faring 3 times

ποντοπορεύων, ποντοπορευέμεναι

present active participle, nominative singular masculine; present active infinitive

ποντοπορεύω: 'travel over the sea', compound built from πόντος + πόρος

πορθέω

began to ravage; began ravaging twice

πόρθεον

πόρθεον picks up across the line-break from ἀγροὺς in l432: 'they began sacking...fields.'

πορφύρεος

purple; dark; dark-purple 13 times

πορφυρέην, πορφύρεον, πορφύρε, πορφύρεα, πορφυρέους

accusative singular feminine adjective; nominative singular neuter adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective

πορφυρέην 'purple' marks costly, high-status dye — gives us English 'porphyry.'

πορφύρω

churned darkly; darkened, brooded; darkened, seethed 3 times

πόρφυρε

πορφύρω 'to surge, seethe' (of the sea before a storm, and by extension of the heart) — the color-word πορφύρα 'purple dye' likely derives from this verb, not the other way around; a vivid metaphor for inner turmoil.

Ποσειδεών

Poseidon; to Poseidon; with Poseidon 38 times

Ποσειδάων, Ποσειδάωνι, Ποσειδάωνος, Ποσειδάωνα

nominative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun

Epic form Ποσειδάων(ι) for Attic Ποσειδῶν — dative object of the explicit infinitive μάχεσθαι ('to fight') later in the line, not an implied one.

Ποσιδήιος

Poseidon's temple once

Ποσιδήιον

Ποσιδήιον, a temenos of Poseidon; sea-god fittingly honored by this seafaring people.

ποτάομαι

flutters away; flit, fly about twice

πεπότηται, ποτέονται

perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb

Perfect tense marks the soul's departure as a completed, lasting state.

ποταμός

river; of the river; of rivers 33 times

ποταμοῖο, ποταμοῦ, ποταμῷ, ποταμῶν, ποταμὸν, ποταμοὶ, ποταμόν

genitive singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

ποτέ

ever; once; someday 105 times

ποτ, ποτε, ποτέ, ποτὲ, ποθ

οὐδέ ποτ᾽ 'and never' — negative frames the whole following image of unceasing weeping

ποτιδόρπιος

for supper twice

ποτιδόρπιον

ποτιδόρπιον 'for a relish with supper' is a rare compound tied to the shepherd's evening meal.

ποτιπτύσσω

I would press my plea; shall I greet; he pressed 6 times

προσπτύξομαι, ποτιπτυσσοίμεθα, προσπτύξατο, προσπτύξεται

future middle indicative, 1st singular verb; present medio-passive optative, 1st plural verb; aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb

optative of ποτιπτύσσω, lit. 'approach/entreat,' vivid image of pleading door to door.

ποτός

drink; with drink; once 8 times

ποτοῖο, ποτὸν, ποτόν, ποτέ

genitive singular masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective

πού

perhaps; somewhere; I suppose 94 times

που, πού, που—

πού here is the enclitic modal particle 'I suppose/perhaps' (not the accented locative 'somewhere'), matching the translation's parenthetical 'I think'.

πούς

feet; with feet; of feet 95 times

πόδας, ποσὶν, ποσσὶ, ποδῶν, πόδες, πόδεσσι, πόδεσσιν, ποσσὶν and 8 more

dative plural masculine noun; accusative plural masculine noun; genitive plural masculine noun

ποσίν dative of means/instrument: swimming 'with his feet' toward setting foot on land.

πουλυβότειρα

bountiful; bountiful, life-giving twice

πουλυβοτείρῃ

πουλυβότειρα 'much-nourishing', an epic epithet for the earth.

Πράμνειος

Pramnian once

Πραμνείῳ

Πράμνειος: a famed strong wine, named for Pramnos — a realistic culinary detail in the spell.

πράσσω

to accomplish; we may press on; having accomplished 10 times

πρῆξαι, πρήσσωμεν, πρήξαντα, πρήσσῃσιν, πρήσσεσκον, πρήσσοντες, πρήσσουσι, πρήξει

aorist active infinitive; present active subjunctive, 1st plural verb; aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine

aorist participle πρήξαντα, 'having done/accomplished (our business)' — modifies both Telemachus and 'me'

πρᾶξις

business, errand; business; good/profit 5 times

πρῆξις, πρῆξιν

nominative singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun

πρᾶξις 'accomplishment, result' — here 'no good came of it', a proverbial-sounding Homeric turn of phrase.

πρακτήρ

traders once

πρηκτῆρες

πρηκτῆρες, 'men of business/traders' — Euryalos frames Odysseus as a mere merchant, an insult to a hero's status.

πρηνής

face-forward; face-down twice

πρηνὴς, πρηνής

πρηνής predicate adjective describing how he fell — vivid physical detail typical of Homeric battle death scenes.

πρίαμαι

bought 4 times

πρίατο

imperfect indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect middle indicative, 3rd singular verb

πρίατο is an athematic aorist middle of πρίαμαι — root aorist with no thematic vowel.

πριστός

sawn twice

πριστοῦ

πριστοῦ ἐλέφαντος, 'sawn ivory,' a vivid simile-like image for polished whiteness.

πρόθυρον

the forecourt; forecourt; the doorway 18 times

προθύροιο, προθύροισι, πρόθυρον, προθύρου, προθύροις, πρόθυρόν

genitive singular neuter noun; dative plural neuter noun; accusative singular neuter noun

πρός

to; toward; against 182 times

πρὸς, ποτὶ, προτὶ, ποτ, πρός

preposition; adverb

πρὸς μῦθον ἔειπεν 'spoke a word to', a standing Homeric formula introducing direct speech

πρόσφημι

spoke to; said; spoke 115 times

προσέφη, προσέφης, προσέφην, προσφάσθαι

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 2nd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb

προσέφη is an old athematic form of φημί, common in Homer's speech-introductions but rare later.

πρόσωπον

face; faces; her face 6 times

πρόσωπα, προσώπατα, πρόσωπά

accusative plural neuter noun; nominative plural neuter noun

Neuter plural πρόσωπα used for a single face, a common epic idiom.

πρότερος

first; the elder; the foremost 30 times

πρῶτον, πρότερος, προτέρη, πρότερός, προτέρῃ, προτέροισι, προτέρῳ, πρώτοισιν and 8 more

nominative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective; nominative singular feminine adjective

πρώτην (fem. acc.) 'first' agrees with an implied 'you', i.e. 'to you first'.

πρόφρασσα

goodwill; wholeheartedly twice

πρόφρασσ

πρόφρασσα 'with willing/favorable spirit'; feminine adjective used adverbially describing Athena's manner of helping.

πρόφρων

kindly; willingly; kindly, gracious 14 times

πρόφρων, πρόφρασσα, πρόφρονι

nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular feminine adjective; dative singular adjective

πρόφρων 'eager/willing,' adverbial predicate describing his readiness

πρόχοος

pitcher; from a pitcher; jug 7 times

προχόῳ, πρόχοος

dative singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun

πρόχοος: the wine-jug he was holding, knocked from his hand by the blow.

προβάλλω

scattered forward; would fling, toss twice

προβάλοντο, προβάλεσκε

aorist indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb

προβάλοντο, the ritual casting of grain toward/onto the victim before the killing blow

προβλώσκω

come forth; coming forward; had gone out 6 times

προβλώσκειν, προμολὼν, πρόμολον, προβλωσκέμεν, προμολοῦσα

present active infinitive; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb

προβλώσκω survives in epic almost only in this aorist participle προμολών, 'having come forward'.

προγενής

older; elder, senior; eldest 6 times

προγενέστερος, προγενέστεροί, προγενέστεροι

nominative singular masculine comparative adjective; nominative plural masculine comparative adjective

comparative προγενέστερος, "more advanced in years" — praising Telemachus as speaking wisely beyond his age.

προδαῆναι

learning beforehand once

προδαεὶς

προδαεὶς: participle of προδάω, 'having learned in advance'

προέχω

jutting; held out; jut out, stand forth 6 times

προύχοντο, προὐχούσας, προύχουσιν, πρόεχ, προὔχοντι, προὐχούσῃ

imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active participle, accusative plural feminine; present active indicative, 3rd plural verb

προεῖδον

seeing beforehand; looking ahead; catch sight of 3 times

προϊδὼν, προϊδών, προΐδωνται

aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd plural verb

προϊδών, 'having seen before/ahead' — the moment Odysseus first spots land after two days adrift.

προερύω

rowed forward once

προέρυσσαν

προερύω 'hauled/rowed forward,' a nautical term for pulling the ship in.

προήκης

tapered once

προήκεα

προήκης 'sharp-pointed, tapered' — a technical epithet for the oar blades

προθέω

were setting out; he ran ahead twice

πρότιθεν, προθέεσκε

imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb

iterative -σκ- suffix (προθέεσκε) marks habitual/repeated past action, a Homeric feature

προίημι

sent forth; sent; sending out 27 times

προέηκε, προέηκεν, πρόεσαν, προΐειν, προΐει, προϊεῖσα, προέμεν, προΐησι and 1 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb

προϊεῖσα: present participle of προΐημι, vivid picture of Penelope dispatching private word to each suitor.

προίξ

without return; as a gift twice

προικὸς

προικός, 'freely given,' underscoring Odysseus expects charity without payment

προιάλλω

kept sending; she sent twice

προΐαλλε

προΐαλλε, imperfect 'sent forth repeatedly' — Eumaeus's recurring obligation to supply the suitors.

προλείπω

leaving behind; has failed; to abandon 5 times

προλιπὼν, προλέλοιπεν, προλιπεῖν

aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active infinitive

Nom. participle agrees with the 'you' of ἀλάλησο (wander) two lines back—epic sentences run long across lines.

προμνηστῖνοι

one by one twice

προμνηστῖναι, προμνηστῖνοι

nominative plural feminine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective

προμνηστῖναι, 'one after another, in succession' — an adverbial word for an orderly procession (no notion of social rank), not a chaotic crowd.

προπάροιθε

before; in front of; in front 16 times

προπάροιθε, προπάροιθεν, προπάροιθ

preposition; adverb

τοτὲ μὲν...τοτὲ δὲ 'at one time...at another' correlative pattern describing the god's shifting appearances.

προπέμπω

sent ahead; sent forth; I sent ahead 3 times

προὔπεμψα, προὔπεμψε, προὔπεμψ

aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb

The προ- prefix marks sending onward/ahead. προὔπεμψε contracts the prefix vowel with the augment (προ + ἔπεμψε); that is ordinary contraction within a compound verb, not crasis (which joins two separate words, e.g. καὶ ἐγώ → κἀγώ).

προπροκυλίνδομαι

tumbling forward once

προπροκυλινδόμενος

προπροκυλινδόμενος, a rare reduplicated compound, mimics the beggar's exaggerated groveling in its very form.

προρέω

streaming forth; flow forth twice

προρέοντα, προρέουσι

present active participle, accusative singular masculine; present active indicative, 3rd plural verb

προρέοντα, participle describing the river 'flowing out (to sea)'

προσαίσσω

rushing at; rushing toward 3 times

προσαΐξας

προσαΐξας: aorist participle of προσαίσσω, vivid 'darting toward' — the bard's desperate lunge to supplicate.

προσαυδάω

addressed; spoke to; spoke 88 times

προσηύδα, προσηύδων, προσαυδάτω

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb

Imperfect προσηύδα, the standard formulaic verb introducing direct speech in Homer.

προσβάλλω

was striking once

προσέβαλλεν

προσβάλλω 'strike upon' of sunlight hitting the fields — a common Homeric image for dawn.

προσβαίνω

went up; climbed; stepped onto 4 times

προσεβήσετο, προσέβη, προσέβαν

aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb

προσβαίνω 'go toward/up'; aorist marks the completed climb from the shore.

προσδέχομαι

expecting; awaiting; waiting 9 times

ποτιδέγμενοι, ποτιδέγμενος, ποτιδεγμένω

aorist medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine; aorist medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist medio-passive participle, nominative dual masculine

sarcastic jab: the seer is accused of angling for a bribe/gift, not offering honest prophecy.

προσεῖπον

answered; addressed; spoke to 114 times

προσέειπε, προσέειπεν, προσέειπον

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb

Formulaic Homeric speech-introduction verb (προσέειπε), opening the standard 'spoke to him/her' line.

προσκλίνω

leans close; leaned; he leaned 3 times

προσέκλινε, ποτικέκλιται

perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb

perfect προσκλίνω, 'is placed/leaning near' — describes fixed furniture

προσπίπτω

crouching toward once

ποτιπεπτηυῖαι

ποτιπεπτηυῖαι, perfect participle 'crouching down' — vivid image of cliffs leaning protectively over the harbor

προσφυής

attached once

προσφυέ

προσφυές = 'grown onto' — a vivid compound describing joinery, treated as one solid piece.

προσφωνέω

addressed; spoke to; spoke to him 24 times

προσεφώνεε, προσεφώνεεν, προσεφώνεον

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb

προτέμνω

I could cut; cutting off twice

προταμοίμην, προταμὼν

aorist middle optative, 1st singular verb; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine

προταμοίμην, middle aorist optative of προτέμνω, 'cut a furrow ahead of myself' — vivid boast of plowing skill.

προτιόσσομαι

foresaw; look at 4 times

προτιόσσεο, προτιόσσετ, προτιόσσετο

imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb

προτιόσσετο, 'looked ahead to' — vivid compound suggesting the heart 'seeing' doom before it arrives.

προτρέπω

turns; turned twice

προτράπηται, προτραποίμην

aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb; aorist middle optative, 1st singular verb

προτράπηται: aorist subjunctive passive, 'turns himself' — describes the sun's westward descent back toward earth.

προφαίνω

showed itself; shine; kept showing 5 times

προυφαίνετ, προύφαινε, προύφαινον, προὐφαίνετο, προφανέντ

imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb

Impersonal-like use: 'nothing appeared beforehand to be seen' — darkness so total nothing was visible.

προφέρω

vying; offers; carrying 3 times

προφέρουσαι, προφέρηται, προφέρουσα

present active participle, nominative plural feminine; present medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb; present active participle, nominative singular feminine

προφέρω 'bring forth/put forward' idiomatic with ἔριδα = 'competing with each other,' a playful image of girls racing to wash fastest.

προφερής

foremost; superior; mightier 3 times

προφερέστατος, προφερέστερον, προφερέστεροί

nominative singular masculine superlative adjective; accusative singular masculine comparative adjective; nominative plural masculine comparative adjective

comparative προφερέστερον 'more preeminent' — Odysseus ranks himself above all living men, just below the heroic dead

προφεύγω

escaping; you shall escape twice

προφυγὼν, προφύγοισθα

aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active optative, 2nd singular verb

Optative + ἄν in a future-vivid sense, Homeric idiom for 'you will not escape'.

πρυμνήσιος

stern-cables; stern cables 11 times

πρυμνήσια, πρυμνήσι

τε...τε pairs the two infinitives (ἀμβαίνειν, λῦσαι) as parallel commands.

πρυμνός

stern; of the stern; lowest part of 6 times

πρυμνῇ, πρυμνῆς, πρυμνότατον, πρυμνὸν

dative singular feminine adjective; genitive singular feminine adjective; accusative singular masculine superlative adjective

πρώτιστος

first of all; first; very first 13 times

πρώτιστα, πρώτιστον, πρώτισθ, πρώτιστος

accusative plural neuter adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

adverbial neuter plural used as adverb, epic idiom for 'firstly'

πρῷρα

of the prow once

πρῴρης

πρῴρης genitive modifying ἴκρια from the line above — enjambment across lines

πρῶτος

first; outer, front; first, at first 93 times

πρῶτον, πρῶτα, πρῶτος, πρῶτ, πρώτην, πρώτῃσι, πρώτοισιν, πρῶτόν and 8 more

accusative plural neuter adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

πολὺ πρώτη 'by far first' — adverbial accusative πολύ intensifying an ordinal, common epic idiom.

πρωθήβης

in first youth; in first bloom of youth twice

πρωθήβην, πρωθῆβαι

accusative singular feminine adjective; nominative plural masculine noun

πρωθήβης, compound epithet 'first-youth', vivid Homeric coinage

πταίρω

sneezed once

ἔπταρεν

ἔπταρεν, a sneeze at this moment is taken as a divine omen confirming her words

πτερόεις

winged 63 times

πτερόεντα, πτερόεντ

ἔπεα πτερόεντα, 'winged words,' a famous Homeric formula introducing direct speech.

πτερόν

wings; a wing; feathers 6 times

πτερὰ, πτερὸν

accusative plural neuter noun; nominative plural neuter noun; nominative singular neuter noun

ὡς εἰ + noun, a Homeric simile formula 'as if a wing,' comparing ship speed to flight and thought.

πτοέω

were terrified once

ἐπτοίηθεν

φρένες ἐπτοίηθεν 'their hearts/wits were panicked' — the aegis causes psychological rout, not physical harm.

πτολίπορθος

sacker of cities 6 times

πτολίπορθος, πτολίπορθον, πτολιπόρθῳ

nominative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; dative singular masculine adjective

πτολίπορθος, Odysseus's recurring epithet from his role at Troy.

πτολιπόρθιος

sacker of cities twice

πτολιπόρθιον

formulaic epithet πτολιπόρθιος: Odysseus proudly names himself in full heroic terms as he taunts the Cyclops.

πτύσσω

having folded; folding 4 times

πτύξασα, πτύξασά, πτύξασ

πτύξασ(α): feminine participle agreeing with Penelope, describing how she prepared the garments

πτώσσω

cringing, cowering; to skulk, cringe; cowering 3 times

πτώσσων, πτώσσειν, πτώσσουσαι

present active participle, nominative singular masculine; present active infinitive; present active participle, nominative plural feminine

πτώσσειν implies cowering/begging, contrasted sharply with honest ἔργον — the taunt's core insult.

πτωχεύω

to go begging; may beg; to beg 5 times

πτωχεύσων, πτωχεύῃ, πτωχεύειν, πτωχεύεσκ, πτωχεύω

future active participle, nominative singular masculine; present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb; present active infinitive

future participle expressing purpose, 'in order to beg'

πτωχός

beggar; beggars; a beggar 21 times

πτωχῷ, πτωχὸς, πτωχῶν, πτωχοί, πτωχὸν, πτωχοὶ, πτωχοὺς

dative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective

dative of comparison-like resemblance governed by ἐναλίγκιον, 'like a beggar'

πύθω

are rotting; rotting twice

πύθεται, πυθομένων

present passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; present passive participle, genitive plural masculine

πυθομένων, 'decaying/rotting' — grim image reinforcing the Sirens' meadow of death.

πύκα

firmly, closely; closely, tightly; stoutly 7 times

πύκα

πύκα 'closely, snugly' modifies ποιητοῖο, describing tightly-built construction.

πύλη

gates 4 times

πύλῃσιν, πύλῃσι, πύλαι, πύλας

dative plural feminine noun; nominative plural feminine noun; accusative plural feminine noun

'gates of dreams' — a Homeric image for the threshold between sleep and waking.

Πύλιος

of Pylos; to the Pylians; of Pylians 4 times

Πυλίων, Πυλίοισιν, Πυλίοισι

genitive plural masculine adjective; dative plural masculine noun

Πύλιος, 'man of Pylos' — ethnic adjective used as noun, dative plural in -οισιν (epic ending)

Πύλος

Pylos; of Pylos; in Pylos 26 times

Πύλον, Πύλου, Πύλῳ

accusative singular feminine noun; genitive singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

Pylos, Nestor's kingdom, one of the two possible refuges named for Telemachus/Odysseus.

πύματος

last; final; for the last 6 times

πύματον, πύματα, πυμάτῳ, πύματόν

accusative singular neuter adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective; dative singular masculine adjective

grim 'reward' promised for the trick name: Noman eaten last, a hollow favor

πύργος

a wall; tower (of strength) twice

πύργος

πύργος + περί, 'a tower/wall (runs) around'; postponed preposition (anastrophe) typical of Homeric verse.

πῦρ

fire; of fire; the fire 55 times

πῦρ, πυρὶ, πυρὸς, πυρί, πυρός

accusative singular neuter noun; dative singular neuter noun; genitive singular neuter noun

πυρὸς genitive after comparative adverb ἀσσοτέρω, 'closer of/to the fire'

πυγούσιος

a cubit twice

πυγούσιον

πυγούσιον, a rare measure-word (about 1.5 feet) giving the pit's precise ritual size.

Πυθώ

in Pytho once

Πυθοῖ

Πυθοῖ, locative dative naming Delphi's older cult-name, site of Apollo's oracle.

Πυθώδε

to Pytho once

Πυθώδ

Πυθώδε, directional -δε suffix 'to/toward Pytho'

πυκάζω

thicken; should huddle; wrapped 3 times

πυκάσαι, πυκάζοιεν, πεπυκασμένος

aorist active infinitive; present active optative, 3rd plural verb; perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine

the two infinitives ἀνθῆσαι/πυκάσαι depend on the same 'before' clause, describing the beard that never got to grow.

πυκιμηδής

wise, shrewd once

πυκιμηδέος

πυκιμηδής 'shrewd-minded' echoes the same πυκ- root as πύκα in l436, both praising careful, competent craftsmanship/thought.

πυκινός

dense; strong-built; well-built 9 times

πυκινὸν, πυκινοῖσι, πυκινοῖσιν, πυκινῶς, πυκινοῦ

accusative singular neuter adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; dative plural masculine adjective

πυκνός

thick; dense; tightly, firmly 41 times

πυκινῶς, πυκνὰ, πυκινὰ, πυκιναὶ, πυκινὸν, πυκνά, πυκινοῖσιν, πυκνοὶ and 10 more

adverb; accusative plural neuter adjective; nominative plural feminine adjective

πυκινῶς 'closely, shrewdly' (from πυκνός 'dense') — Homer's stock word for wise counsel, echoed in πυκινὴ βουλή elsewhere.

πυλάρτης

gate-fastener once

πυλάρταο

epithet for Hades as 'holder/closer of gates,' the underworld gatekeeper

πυλόνδε

to Pylos once

Πύλονδε

Πύλονδε: directional -δε suffix on a place name, 'to/toward Pylos' — no preposition needed.

πυνθάνομαι

to learn; to inquire; learned of it 37 times

πυθέσθαι, πευσόμενος, πυθόμην, πευσόμενον, πυθοίμην, πέπυσται, πύθηαι, πύθηται and 8 more

aorist middle infinitive; future middle participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist middle indicative, 1st singular verb

Future participle of πυνθάνομαι expressing purpose ('go in order to learn') — a common Homeric use of the future participle.

πυρακτέω

hardened in fire once

ἐπυράκτεον

πυρακτέω, 'to harden by fire' — a technical craft term, describing fire-hardening the stake's tip

πυρηφόρος

wheat-bearing once

πυρηφόρον

πυρηφόρος 'wheat-bearing' — a stock epithet for fertile farmland.

Πυριφλεγέθων

Pyriphlegethon once

Πυριφλεγέθων

Underworld river name meaning 'blazing with fire' — one of Homer's mythic river-names.

πυρός

wheat 6 times

πυρὸν, πυροί, πυροὶ, πυροὺς

accusative singular masculine noun; nominative plural masculine noun; accusative plural masculine noun

πυρπολέω

tending fires once

πυρπολέοντας

πυρπολέω 'fire-tend': a compound verb turned into a participle noun, men glimpsed by their fires.

πῶυ

flocks; among flocks; flock 6 times

πώεα, πώεσι, πῶυ

accusative plural neuter noun; dative plural neuter noun; nominative plural neuter noun

πωλέομαι

frequenting, haunting; frequents; you used to visit 7 times

πωλεύμενοι, πωλεῖταί, πωλέ, πωλεῖτ, πωλέσκετο, πωλεύμην

present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb

πωλεύμενοι, 'coming and going repeatedly' — iterative-feeling middle participle showing the suitors' constant, unwelcome presence.

Seen once or twice

Π́ερση

Perse once

π͂ας

all once

πα~ς

all once

πάγος

crags twice

πάλη

wrestling once

Πάνδαρος

of Pandareus twice

πάννυχος

all night long; all night twice

πάντως

utterly; altogether twice

πάρδαλις

a leopard once

πάροιθεϝ

before once

πάσσω

tasted once

πάτος

track once

πάχετος

thicker; thick twice

πάχνη

hoarfrost once

πάχος

thickness once

παίς

children once

παιδνός

a boy; being a child twice

παλαίω

wrestled twice

παλαιγενής

aged once

παλαισμοσύνη

in wrestling; of wrestling twice

παλαιστής

wrestlers once

παλλακίς

concubine once

πανάπαλος

delicate once

πανάργυρος

all silver; all-silver twice

πανῆμαρ

all day long once

πανθυμαδόν

with all their spirit once

Πανοπεύς

Panopeus once

πανύστατος

very last once

πανυπέρτατος

highest up once

παραγίγνομαι

attended, was present once

παραείδω

to sing before once

παρακλίνω

tilting aside once

παραλέγω

lay with her once

παραμίμνω

lingered; staying on twice

παρανηνέω

heaped up twice

παραπέμπω

sent past once

παραπλέω

sailed past once

παραπλήξ

shelving; shelving, sloping twice

παρελαύνω

passed by; rowed past twice

παρεξελαύνω

drive past once

παρήιον

cheeks twice

παρήμαι

sitting beside once

παρθένιος

maiden once

παρθενική

maidens once

παρθενικός

a young girl once

παρίζω

sat beside once

πατηρ

father once

Πατροκλῆς

Patroclus once

πέδονδε

down to the plain once

πέκω

comb once

πέλας

close; near twice

πέλεθρον

acres, plethra once

πέντε

five twice

πέσσω

ripens once

πέταλον

the leaves once

πεῖνα

famine once

πεῖσα

obedience once

πεινάω

to hunger once

πειραίνω

fastening twice

Πεισήνωρ

Pisenor once

Πελασγός

Pelasgians once

πελεκάω

trimmed once

πελεμίζω

made quiver once

Πελίης

Pelias twice

πενθερός

father-in-law once

πενία

to poverty once

πενιχρός

poor once

πεντακόσιοι

five hundred once

περ

although / even once

περάτη

its setting once

περαιόω

having crossed over once

Περίβοια

Periboia once

περίειμι

you surpass; I surpass twice

περίκειμαι

lay around once

περίκηλος

well-seasoned twice

περιδίδομαι

will stake once

Περικλύμενος

Periclymenus once

περικτίονες

neighboring; neighbors twice

Περιμήδης

Perimedes twice

περιμήκετος

towering once

περιξεστός

polished once

περιπληθής

very crowded once

περιρρέω

ran round once

περιστείχω

you circled once

περιστρέφω

whirling round once

περιτρομέω

trembled all over once

περιφαίνομαι

open clearing once

περιφραδής

skillfully; carefully twice

περιώσιος

excessively once

περιωπή

lookout point once

Περσεύς

Perseus twice

πετεινός

of winged things; fledged twice

πετραῖος

of the rock once

πήληξ

a helmet once

Πήλιον

Pelion once

πηγή

springs once

πηγυλίς

freezing once

πηδόν

with the oar-blade; with oar-blade twice

πηκτός

jointed, fitted once

Πηλείδης

son of Peleus twice

Πηρώ

Pero once

πίειρα

rich once

πίθος

jars; of jars twice

πίτυς

pines once

πῖαρ

rich soil once

πῖσος

meadows once

Πιερία

Pieria once

πλαγκτός

you fool once

πλέος

full once

Πλειάδες

the Pleiades once

πλευρά

ribs once

πλήν

except once

πληθύς

throng; by numbers twice

πλημυρίς

flood-tide once

πλησίον

near once

πλησίστιος

sail-filling twice

πλίσσομαι

stepped out once

πλόος

voyage once

πλοῦτος

wealth twice

πνοιή

breaths once

πόρις

calves once

πόρος

paths once

πόσε

where to; where twice

πόστος

how many once

πότε

when once

ποίκιλμα

in embroidery once

ποίμνη

by flocks once

Ποιάντιος

son of Poias once

ποιμαίνω

shepherded once

ποινή

penalty once

πολεμήιος

warlike once

πολεμιστής

warriors once

πολεύω

go about, walk once

πολίτης

townspeople; townsfolk twice

Πολύδαμνα

Polydamna once

πολύδωρος

richly-dowered once

πολύκαρπος

fruitful twice

πολύκληρος

of much property once

πολύπικρος

very bitter once

πολυάιξ

furious once

πολυανθής

richly blooming once

Πολυδεύκης

Polydeuces once

πολυηχής

many-toned once

πολυθαρσής

bold once

Πολυκτορίδης

son of Polyctor twice

πολυμενθης

of many sorrows once

πολυσπερής

widely scattered once

Πολυφείδης

Polypheides twice

πολυωπός

fine-meshed once

πομπεύω

escorted once

Ποντεύς

Ponteus once

ποντόπορος

seafaring once

ποντοπορέω

crossing the sea once

πορθμεύς

ferrymen once

πορθμός

the strait; strait twice

πορσύνω

prepared twice

Ποσειδάων

Poseidon twice

Ποσειδῶν

Poseidon twice

ποταμόνδε

riverward once

ποτή

in flight once

ποτητός

flying things once

πραπίδες

wits/skill; understanding twice

πρασιά

garden beds; garden bed twice

πρέπω

stands out; was known for twice

πρέσβα

eldest once

πρέσβυς

the eldest once

πρήθω

filled once

πρόβασις

livestock once

πρόβολος

a headland once

πρόγονος

firstborn once

πρόειμι

sent forth once

Πρόκρις

Procris once

πρόμαχος

front fighters; front-fighters twice

πρόμος

champion once

πρόξ

deer once

πρόσειμι

approaching once

πρόχνυ

utterly once

προβιβάω

his feet; striding forward twice

προερέσσω

we rowed forward; rowed twice

προίκτης

who begs; beggar twice

προκαλέω

challenge! once

προκαλίζομαι

challenged; challenge twice

προνοέω

to plan ahead once

προπάροιθεν

ahead twice

προπίπτω

bending forward; falling to it twice

προπρηνής

bent forward once

προσάγω

brought once

προσαλείφω

anointed once

προσδέρκομαι

gazes at; kept watching twice

προσθέω

answered once

προσκηδής

heartfelt once

προσλέγω

reclined beside once

προσμυθέομαι

to speak to once

προσπελάζω

driving near once

προσπίλναμαι

drew near once

προσπλάζω

lapped against once

προσστείχω

was climbing once

προστίθημι

had set, placed once

προσφύω

clinging fast once

προσφωνήεις

able to speak once

προτύπτω

surged once

Πρυμνεύς

Prymneus once

πρῶτον

first once

πρωί

early, too soon once

Πρωρεύς

Proreus once

Πρωτεύς

of Proteus; Proteus twice

πρωτόπλοος

newly launched once

πτέρυξ

wings once

πτήσσω

they cowered once

πτόρθος

branch once

πτύξ

folds/glens once

πύλος

Pylos; to Pylos twice

πυγμάχος

boxers once

πυέλος

the trough once

Πυλόθεν

from Pylos once

πυράγρα

tongs once

πυργόω

walled once

πυριηκής

fire-pointed once

πῶλος

colts once

The particulars

The words
Every word of the text, parsed: its headword, its form and its meaning in the line. Source text: public domain (Homer, ancient; Greek per the Murray/Allen text via the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 3.0).
Translation
Public-domain Greek (Homer, ancient; text via the Perseus Digital Library). English translation © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC.
Data
JSON · A guide for agents
Two whoopie pies and a pine. An inside joke.