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Words of the Odyssey · 669 headwords
Each word with its meanings, its forms, and the lines it stands in.
πάγχυ
utterly; wholly; altogether 12 times
πάγχυ
μάλα πάγχυ piles up two intensifiers — heavy sarcasm as Eumaeus mocks Melanthios's coming ordeal.
πάλαι
long ago; long since 7 times
πάλαι
πάλιν
back; back/again; back, again 18 times
πάλιν
πάλλω
we shook once
πάλλομεν
πάλλω 'shake/toss' the lots in a helmet — the standard Homeric method of drawing lots by chance.
πάμπαν
at all; utterly; altogether 17 times
πάμπαν
πάμπρωτος
first of all 5 times
πάμπρωτον
πάμπρωτον: intensive prefix παν- + πρῶτος, 'first of all' — epic emphasis word.
πάνορμος
all-sheltering once
πάνορμοι
πάνορμος 'good for every mooring', a landscape epithet for safe harbors
πάντῃ
everywhere; in every way, all around; all around 9 times
πάντη, πάντῃ, πάντ
πάντοθεν
on every side; from every side 3 times
πάντοθεν
πάντοσε
in all directions; everywhere; on all sides 5 times
πάντοσε, πάντοσ
πάππας
papa once
πάππα
πάππα, an affectionate childlike vocative for 'father' — rare intimate register in epic
πάρειμι
being present; of what was at hand; passing by 30 times
παρεόντων, παρεῖναι, παρείη, πάρεστι, πάρεστιν, παρῆσθα, παριών, παρέμμεναι and 11 more
present active participle, genitive plural neuter; present active infinitive; present active indicative, 3rd plural verb
optative of πάρειμι in the 'if' clause, matching ἀμυναίμην for a contrary-to-fact wish.
πάρημαι
sitting beside; sitting there; sitting 8 times
παρήμενος, παρήμενον, παρήμενοι, παρημένω
present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine; present medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine; present active participle, nominative dual masculine
παρημένω, dual participle matching γῦπε
πάροιθε
before; in front of; in front 11 times
πάροιθεν, πάροιθε, πάροιθ
adverb; preposition
πάρος
before; before, formerly; before now 49 times
πάρος
adverb; conjunction
πάρος here functions as 'until' governing the infinitive ἱκέσθαι, a common epic construction.
πάσσαλος
on a peg; a peg; the peg 4 times
πασσαλόφι, πασσάλῳ, πασσάλου
dative plural masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun
πασσαλόφι, an old instrumental/locative case-form in -φι, archaic even for Homer.
πάσσων
broader; sturdier; stouter 5 times
πάσσονα
accusative singular masculine comparative adjective; accusative singular feminine comparative adjective
πάσσονα, comparative of παχύς, 'stouter/fuller' — divine enhancement of Penelope's stature.
πάσχω
suffering; having suffered; suffered 81 times
πάσχων, πάσχοντες, πάθον, πάσχειν, πάσχετε, παθὼν, πάθεν, πάσχομεν and 34 more
present active participle, nominative singular masculine; present active participle, nominative plural masculine; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine
subjunctive after μή in a negative purpose/fear clause: 'lest they suffer.'
πάτηρ
father; father (address); father (sir) 25 times
πάτερ
vocative πάτερ, direct address opening Telemachus's reply to Odysseus.
πάτρη
homeland; native land; from his homeland 6 times
πάτρης
Πάτροκλος
Patroklos; Patroclus; of Patroklos 4 times
Πάτροκλος, Πατροκλῆος, Πατρόκλοιο, Πάτροκλόν
genitive singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun
Πάφος
Paphos once
Πάφον
Aphrodite's famed cult site on Cyprus
πᾶς
all; to all; of all 537 times
πάντα, πάντες, πάντας, πάντων, πᾶσιν, πᾶσι, πάντ, πάντεσσι and 15 more
accusative plural neuter adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective; dative plural masculine adjective
πᾶσα agrees w/ ship, 'she wholly reeled' — the whole vessel shaken
παγχάλκεος
all-bronze; all bronze 4 times
παγχάλκεον, πάγχαλκος, πάγχαλκον
accusative singular neuter adjective; nominative singular feminine adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective
παίζω
began to play; play; playing 5 times
ἔπαιζον, παίζουσι, παιζούσας, παίσατε, παιζόντων
imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active participle, accusative plural feminine
παίζω imperative — command to begin the dance display for the guest
παῖς
son; sons; children 128 times
πάϊς, παιδὸς, παιδὶ, παῖδα, παῖδες, παῖδ, παῖς, παίδων and 13 more
nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun
παιδός genitive after ἐπί 'go with/attend upon' a daughter, i.e. bridal gifts accompanying her.
Παιήων
Paeon once
Παιήονός
Paeon, the healing god later merged with Apollo; genitive marks descent
παιπαλόεις
rugged; rugged, craggy 9 times
παιπαλόεσσαν, παιπαλοέσσης
accusative singular feminine adjective; genitive singular feminine adjective
παιπαλόεις, 'craggy, rugged' — vivid epithet for a rocky island's terrain
παλάμη
hands; in her hand; in his hand 7 times
παλάμῃσι, παλάμῃ, παλάμηφιν, παλαμάων
dative plural feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun; genitive plural feminine noun
παλάμηφιν: archaic -φι(ν) case ending (dative/locative/instrumental in force) attached to παλάμη "hand, palm" — a relic epic case form, here functioning as the fixed dative
παλάσσω
to draw lots; will spatter; caked 5 times
πεπαλαγμένον, πεπαλάσθαι, παλαξέμεν, πεπάλακτο
perfect medio-passive infinitive; future active infinitive; perfect medio-passive participle, accusative singular neuter
perfect middle infinitive πεπαλάσθαι, 'to have shaken/drawn lots' — used of casting lots in a helmet
παλαίφατος
long-foretold; of old fame 3 times
παλαίφατα, παλαιφάτου
nominative plural neuter adjective; genitive singular feminine adjective
epithet formed from πάλαι 'long ago' + φημί 'spoken', modifying θέσφατα
παλαιός
old; old things; of the women of old 12 times
παλαιά, παλαιοῦ, παλαιοί, παλαιαί, παλαιῶν, παλαιή
accusative plural neuter adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective; nominative plural feminine adjective
παλαιῶν implied 'women' from context — genitive of comparison/source, 'among the ancients.'
παλίντιτος
of requital; requital twice
παλίντιτα
παλίντιτα, 'paid back in turn' — a compound built on 'again' + 'pay', naming exact retributive justice.
παλίντονος
back-bent twice
παλίντονον
nominative singular neuter adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective
παλίντονος 'bent back', epic epithet for the recurved hunting bow
παλιμπετής
back again, foiled once
παλιμπετὲς
παλιμπετές, adverbial 'back the way they came' — captures the suitors' failed ambush
παλιμπλάζομαι
driven astray once
παλιμπλαγχθέντα
aorist passive participle of παλιμπλάζομαι, 'made to wander back off course' - echoes Odysseus's whole journey.
παλιρρόθιος
backwash; backward-rushing twice
παλιρρόθιον
παλιρρόθιον, 'the backward-rushing wave/undertow', vivid nautical term
Παλλάς
Pallas 25 times
Παλλὰς, Παλλάδ
nominative singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun
Παλλὰς Ἀθήνη, standard double-name formula for the goddess.
παλλάς
Pallas once
Παλλὰς
Epic epithet-name pair Παλλὰς Ἀθήνη forms a fixed formula filling the verse-end.
παλύνω
sprinkle; I sprinkled; sprinkled 4 times
παλύνειν, πάλυνον, πάλυνεν, παλύνας
present active infinitive; imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb
παμμέλας
all-black; all black 3 times
παμμέλαν, παμμέλανας
accusative singular masculine adjective; accusative plural masculine adjective
παμμέλας, an intensified compound ('all'+'black') suiting an offering to chthonic powers.
παμποίκιλος
richly embroidered once
παμποίκιλοι
παμποίκιλοι, superlative-force compound 'all-varied/richly patterned' describing Helen's woven robes.
παμφανόων
gleaming; all-blazing; shining 4 times
παμφανόωντα
present active participle, accusative plural neuter; present active participle, accusative singular masculine
epic compound epithet (πᾶν + φαίνω) with metrically lengthened -όωντα, formulaic of the sun.
Παναχαιοί
the Achaeans; Achaeans; all the Achaeans 3 times
Παναχαιοί
Παναχαιοί, 'all the Achaeans together', an epic compound emphasizing collective mourning.
πανδαμάτωρ
all-conquering once
πανδαμάτωρ
epic epithet of sleep, 'tamer of all' — formulaic personification.
πανδήμιος
common/public once
πανδήμιος
'of the whole people'—describes a beggar known to everyone in town; not a recurring Homeric formula (this exact phrase appears only here).
πανημέριος
all day long 5 times
πανημέριοι, πανημερίη, πανημερίης
nominative plural masculine adjective; nominative singular feminine adjective; genitive singular feminine adjective
πανημέριος 'the whole day' — a formulaic epic adverb marking sustained travel.
παννύχιος
all night long 4 times
παννύχιος, παννυχίη
nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular feminine adjective
Adjective used adverbially, agreeing with the (feminine) ship.
παντοῖος
of every kind; every kind of; of all kinds 20 times
παντοίην, παντοίων, παντοίοισι, παντοίῃς, παντοῖαι, παντοίοις, παντοίη, παντοῖοι and 1 more
accusative singular feminine adjective; dative plural masculine adjective; genitive plural neuter adjective
παπταίνω
glaring; peering; glancing about 9 times
παπταίνων, πάπτηνεν, παπταίνοντι, παπτήνας, παπτήνασα, παπταίνοντες, παπταίνοντε
present active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active participle, dative singular masculine
vivid participle παπτήνας, 'looking around searchingly', typical epic vividness
παρά
beside; from; along 207 times
παρὰ, πὰρ, παρ, πάρα, παραὶ, πάρ, παρά
preposition; adverb
πάρα stands for πάρεστι, 'is available'—the verb εἰμί is understood (ellipsis), with anastrophe shifting the accent onto the preposition. Not elision (which is vowel-dropping, e.g. ἀλλ᾽).
παράκειμαι
lay ready; lay; lies open 3 times
παρεκέσκετ, παρέκειτο, παράκειται
imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb
παράκειμαι 'lie beside/ready', iterative imperfect (-σκ-) marks a habitual spare cloak.
παράκοιτις
wife; bedmate, wife; the wife 9 times
παράκοιτιν, παράκοιτις, παρακοίτι
accusative singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun
παράκοιτις, "bedfellow, wife" — Polydamna, wife of the Egyptian Thon, source of Helen's exotic drug lore.
παράφημι
beguiling; win over; put off 3 times
παρφάσθαι, παρφάμενος
present middle infinitive; present participle, nominative singular masculine
παράφημι 'speak amiss/beside the point,' i.e. mislead with words — accuses the seer of manipulating Telemachus.
παραδαρθάνω
lay beside once
παρέδραθεν
παραδαρθάνω 'lie down beside' — a dream-figure lying near the sleeper, a stock epic way of describing dream visitation.
παραδράω
serve once
παραδρώωσι
epic verb παραδράω, 'wait upon/serve alongside'
παρακλιδόν
evasively; aslant, evasively twice
παρακλιδόν, παρακλιδὸν
Rare adverb παρακλιδόν, 'aslant, evasively'—echoes παρὲξ, doubling the idea of speaking around the truth.
παραμείβω
passing by once
παραμειψάμενος
aorist middle participle παραμείβω, 'having passed beside'
παρανήχομαι
I swim along once
παρανήξομαι
παρανήξομαι: subjunctive with short vowel, epic aorist subjunctive spelled like a future — 'if I swim on further.'
παραπείθω
having persuaded, beguiled; persuade, win over; persuading 3 times
παρπεπιθὼν, παραιπεπίθῃσιν, παρπεπιθόντες
aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb; aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine
παρα- prefix nuance: 'led astray by persuasion,' not honest persuasion
παραπλάζω
forced astray; blowing off course; warped 3 times
παρέπλαγξεν, παραπλάγξασα
aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine
παρέπλαγξεν, aorist of παραπλάζω 'make go astray', here of minds: 'unhinged'.
παραπνέω
leak out once
παραπνεύσῃ
Subjunctive of purpose; vivid physical image of wind escaping the bag.
παρασταδόν
standing beside 3 times
παρασταδὸν
preposition; adverb
παρασταδόν, 'standing near,' a vivid formulaic detail of Odysseus moving man to man as he rouses each one.
παρατεκταίνομαι
would frame up once
παρατεκτήναιο
παρατεκτήναιο, aorist middle optative — 'fabricate/invent,' a rare compound verb built on τέκτων 'craftsman.'
παρατίθημι
set beside; set before; set before them 25 times
παρέθηκε, παρέθηκεν, παρθέμενοι, παραθεῖτο, παραθείμην, παρτιθεῖ, πάρθεσαν, παρέθηχ and 1 more
aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist participle, nominative plural masculine; aorist middle optative, 1st singular verb
παρθέμενοι, aorist middle participle of παρατίθημι 'set beside/risk', vivid metaphor of staking one's own life.
παρατροπέω
turning aside/evading once
παρατροπέων
παρατροπέω 'turn (someone) aside/mislead' — accuses Proteus of deflecting with a rhetorical question
παραυδάω
console; addressing kindly; speaking fair 4 times
παραύδα, παραυδήσας, παραυδῶν
present active imperative, 2nd singular verb; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; present active participle, nominative singular masculine
παραύδα, present imperative 'do not keep consoling' — Achilles rejects Odysseus's comfort.
παραφεύγω
to have fled past once
παρφυγέειν
παρφυγέειν, epic aorist infinitive of παραφεύγω — 'boast to have escaped', completing εὐχετόωνται.
παρέζομαι
sitting beside twice
παρεζόμενος
Middle participle παρεζόμενος: 'seating himself beside' — the middle voice stresses his own posture/action.
παρέλκω
she drew out; delay, put off twice
παρέλκετο, παρέλκετε
imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active imperative, 2nd plural verb
παρέλκετο 'drew along/out' = strung suitors along for gifts, epic irony of Penelope's ruse
παρέξ
past; aside; alongside, outside 14 times
παρὲξ, παρὲκ, παρέξ
preposition; adverb
παρέξ + μεμνώμεθα, 'let us remember other things beside [this]' — a gentle deflection from painful talk
παρέρχομαι
passed by; might pass; pass by 5 times
παρῆλθε, παρέλθῃ, παρέρχεται, παρέλθοι, παρερχομένην
aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb
Aorist optative expressing potential: 'could slip past you', i.e. deceive you.
παρέχω
they furnish; to provide; will provide 11 times
παρέξω, παρέχουσιν, παρασχεῖν, παρεῖχον, παράσχῃ, παρέχει, παρέχωσι, παρέχοιμι and 2 more
future active indicative, 1st singular verb; present active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active infinitive
subjunctive in a general temporal clause, 'as long as gods provide'
παρειά
cheeks; her cheeks; his cheeks 14 times
παρειάων, παρειῶν, παρειὰς, παρειάς, παρειαί
genitive plural feminine noun; accusative plural feminine noun; nominative plural feminine noun
closes the simile: her cheeks 'waste' just as Odysseus wept - the tenor returns next line
παρεξέρχομαι
to slip past; to evade; passing by 3 times
παρεξελθεῖν, παρεξελθοῦσα
aorist active infinitive; aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine
παρεξέρχομαι 'go past/beside,' i.e. evade — a vivid compound for outwitting Zeus's plan.
παρευνάζομαι
you lay with once
παρευνάζεσθε
παρευνάζεσθε, 'you bedded' — middle voice, forceful accusation.
παρθένος
a maiden; maiden; the maiden 3 times
παρθένος
predicate nominative with ἔσσεαι: 'you will be a maiden'
παρίστημι
standing beside; stood beside; stand beside 41 times
παρισταμένη, παρέστη, παραστὰς, παρίστατο, παραστάς, παρεστάμεναι, παρίσταται, παριστάμενος and 9 more
aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb
Root aorist παρέστη (παρίστημι) — an intransitive 'stood' form, common formulaic verb for a servant's arrival.
Παρνασός
to Parnassus; Parnassus 6 times
Παρνησόνδ, Παρνησοῦ, Παρνησῷ
adverb; genitive singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun
directional -δε suffix on the place name, functioning as 'to/toward Parnassus' without a preposition.
πατέομαι
having tasted; we tasted; to taste 8 times
πάσαντο, ἐπασσάμεθ, πασσάμενος, πασσαμένω, πάσασθαι, πάσσασθαι
aorist middle indicative, 1st plural verb; aorist middle infinitive; aorist participle, nominative singular masculine
πασσάμενος, 'having partaken of,' reflects the Homeric convention that guests eat before speaking of their business.
πατήρ
father; father's; of father 196 times
πατρὸς, πατὴρ, πατέρ, πατρὶ, πατρός, πάτερ, πατέρα, πατρί and 5 more
genitive singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun
Vocative πάτερ addressing Zeus — Athena's formal opening address in the divine council speech.
πατρίς
native; homeland; fatherland 94 times
πατρίδα, πατρίδος, πατρίδ, πατρίδι, πατρὶς
accusative singular feminine adjective; accusative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun
πατροκασίγνητος
father's brother twice
πατροκασίγνητον, πατροκασιγνήτῳ
accusative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun
πατροκασίγνητον refers to Poseidon, brother of Athena's father Zeus.
πατροφονεύς
his father's slayer; his father's killer; his father's murderer 3 times
πατροφονῆα
πατροφονεύς, a compound noun 'father-killer' coined for exactly this situation — Aegisthus as murderer of Agamemnon.
πατρώιος
ancestral; his father's; ancestral, hereditary 16 times
πατρώϊα, πατρώιός, πατρώια, πατρωΐῃ, πατρώιοι, πατρώιόν, πατρώιος, πατρώιοί and 2 more
accusative plural neuter adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective
πατρώιος ξεῖνος, 'guest-friend of the father,' names the institution of xenia inherited across generations — key to why Athena-as-Mentes is welcomed.
παύω
stopped; ceased; to stop 39 times
παύσασθαι, ἐπαύσατο, παῦσαν, παύσεσθαι, παύσειε, παῦσεν, παύσαντο, παῦσαι and 17 more
aorist middle infinitive; aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; future middle infinitive
optative παύσειε after ἧος expresses purpose in secondary sequence — 'so that it might stop.'
παῦρος
few; fewer; little 8 times
παῦροι, παύρους, παυρότεροι, παῦρα, παύροισι
nominative plural masculine adjective; accusative plural masculine adjective; nominative plural masculine comparative adjective
παχύς
stout; thick; strong 9 times
παχείῃ, παχέος, παχὺν, παχὺς
dative singular feminine adjective; genitive singular masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective
παχύς literally 'thick/stout', used of a strong hand
πέδιλον
sandals; his sandals 12 times
πέδιλα, πέδιλ
πέλαγος
the sea; the deep; sea 6 times
πέλαγος, πελάγει, πελάγεσσι
accusative singular neuter noun; dative singular neuter noun; dative plural neuter noun
πέλεια
doves; a dove 4 times
πέλειαι, πέλειαν
nominative plural feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun
πέλεκυς
axes; axe; an axe 10 times
πέλεκυν, πελέκεων, πελέκεας, πέλεκυς, πελέκεάς
accusative singular masculine noun; accusative plural feminine noun; genitive plural feminine noun
πελέκεας — the famous axe-contest of Odyssey 19, the trial only Odysseus can pass with his bow.
πέλω
is; are; was 48 times
ἔπλετο, πέλονται, πέλει, πέλεν, πέλεται, πέλοντο, ἔπλετ, πέλοιτο
imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active indicative, 3rd singular verb
ἔπλετο, here parsed as imperfect medio-passive of πέλω ('be, come to be'), is a favorite Homeric verb rare outside epic.
πέλωρ
monster twice
πέλωρ
πέλωρ 'monstrous thing' — predicate noun paired with κακόν, a stock Homeric horror-tag.
πέλωρον
monster; monsters 3 times
πελώρου, πέλωρα
genitive singular neuter noun; accusative plural neuter noun
πέλωρα, the men's own fear-driven perception of the wolves/lions as 'monsters' despite their tameness.
πέλωρος
monstrous; huge, monstrous twice
πέλωρον
accusative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective
πέλωρον 'monstrous, huge' underscores the Cyclops's terrifying, unnatural size.
πέμπτος
fifth; fifth day 3 times
πέμπτῳ, πέμπτος, πέμπτον
dative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular neuter adjective
πέμπω
sent; I will send; send 62 times
πέμψω, πέμπε, πέμποιεν, πέμψαι, πέμψει, πέμψον, πέμπωμεν, πέμψουσιν and 23 more
imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; future active indicative, 1st singular verb; present active infinitive
optative of remote possibility — 'who could send him,' condition unfulfilled
πένθος
grief; sorrow; grief, sorrow 15 times
πένθος, πένθεϊ
accusative singular neuter noun; nominative singular neuter noun; dative singular neuter noun
πένομαι
busied themselves; to prepare; to be prepared 12 times
πένεσθαι, πένοντο, πενώμεθα
present medio-passive infinitive; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; present medio-passive subjunctive, 1st plural verb
πένεσθαι 'to busy oneself with/prepare' — epic verb for domestic labor
πέπλος
robes; a robe; robe 5 times
πέπλοι, πέπλον, πέπλους
nominative plural masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; accusative plural masculine noun
πέπνυμαι
wise; thoughtful; prudent 68 times
πεπνυμένος, πεπνυμένα, πεπνυμένον, πεπνυμένῳ, πεπνυμένω, πέπνυσο
perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine; perfect medio-passive participle, accusative plural neuter; perfect medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine
Perfect participle of πέπνυμαι ('be wise/prudent'); this fixed epithet formula for Telemachus recurs verbatim across the poem.
πέπων
friend; dear, gentle 3 times
πέπον
vocative singular neuter adjective; vocative singular masculine adjective
πέπον — an affectionate epithet, poignant since Polyphemus tenderly addresses the ram hiding his enemy
πέρ
indeed; though; even 206 times
περ, πέρ
περ attached to participle gives concessive force 'eager AS HE WAS'.
πέρθω
having sacked; he sacked; sacked 4 times
πέρσαντες, ἔπερσεν, ἔπραθον
aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine; aorist active indicative, third singular; aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb
πέτομαι
flew; to fly; were flying 13 times
ἔπτατο, πετέσθην, ἐπέτοντο, ἔπτατ, πέτεσθαι, πέτετο
aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd dual verb; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb
dual verb πετέσθην 'the two flew' — dual subject, dual verb ending -σθην.
πέτρα
rock; rocks; the rock 42 times
πέτρη, πέτρης, πέτρας, πέτρην, πέτρῃ, πετράων, πέτρῃσι, πέτραι and 2 more
nominative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun; dative plural feminine noun
genitive of separation, 'free from rocks' with λεῖος
πεδάω
shackles; binds/fetters; bound fast 7 times
πεδάᾳ, πέδησε, ἐπέδησ, ἐπέδησε, πεδάασκον
aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb
πεδάω 'fetter', vivid metaphor of sleep as chains
πεδίον
plain; the plain; of a plain 14 times
πεδίον, πεδίῳ, πεδίοιο, πεδίου
dative singular neuter noun; accusative singular neuter noun; genitive singular neuter noun
Ἠλύσιον πεδίον, earliest literary mention of the Elysian afterlife-paradise
πεδίονδε
to the plain; toward the plain twice
πεδίονδ, πεδίονδε
πεδίονδε: directional -δε suffix 'to/toward the plain' attached right onto the noun.
πεδόθεν
from the depths once
πεδόθεν
πεδόθεν, 'from the foundation/depths', vivid Homeric adverb meaning 'deep-rooted'.
πεζός
on foot; foot soldiers; footmen 12 times
πεζὸν, πεζῶν, πεζός, πεζοὶ, πεζὸς, πεζοί
accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective
πεζός, 'on foot/by land,' a predicate adjective describing how Telemachus would travel, contrasted with going by ship.
πείθω
obeyed; trusting; persuaded 63 times
ἐπίθοντο, ἔπειθεν, πίθοντο, πειθώμεθα, πεποίθεα, πεποιθότες, ἔπειθον, πέποιθα and 34 more
aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; perfect active indicative, 1st singular verb
κλύον...ἐπίθοντο pairs 'heard' and 'obeyed', a common formulaic doublet for instant compliance.
Πείραιος
Peiraeus; Peiraeus (voc.); Piraeus 8 times
Πείραιον, Πείραιος, Πείραιε, Πείραι
accusative singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun; vocative singular masculine noun
πείρινς
the wicker basket once
πείρινθα
πείρινς, a rare epic word for a wagon's storage basket—used only in travel scenes.
πείρω
pierced; passing through; cut through 13 times
ἔπειραν, πείρων, πειρώμεσθα, πεῖρε, ἔπειρον, πείροντες, ἔπειρεν, πεῖράν
aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active participle, nominative singular masculine; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb
ἔπειρον from πείρω 'pierce/skewer', vivid detail of spitting meat on skewers over the fire.
Πείσανδρος
Peisander 3 times
Πεισάνδροιο, Πείσανδρός, Πείσανδρον
genitive singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun
πεῖραρ
rope-ends; the cords; gear, means 11 times
πείρατ, πείρατα, πεῖραρ, πείρασι, πείραθ
accusative plural neuter noun; nominative plural neuter noun; accusative singular neuter noun
πεῖραρ literally 'ends/bounds'; here idiomatically 'the means/gear' of a craft
πεῖσμα
cables; of a mooring-rope; cables, hawsers 7 times
πεῖσμα, πείσματα, πείσματός, πείσματ
accusative plural neuter noun; accusative singular neuter noun; genitive singular neuter noun
πειράζω
to test; testing 3 times
πειράζειν, πειράζων
present active infinitive; present active participle, nominative singular masculine
πειράζων marks this as a deliberate trap, not innocent curiosity
πειράω
I will try; will make trial; tested 35 times
πειρήσομαι, πειρήσαιτο, πειρήσεται, πειρήσαντο, πείρησαι, πειρήσεσθαι, πειρήσω, πεπείρημαι and 19 more
aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb; future middle indicative, 1st singular verb; aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb
πειράω + genitive, 'make trial of' a person—the games test Odysseus.
πειρητίζω
testing; made trial of; she kept testing 7 times
πειρητίζων, πειρήτιζεν, πειρήτιζε
present active participle, nominative singular masculine; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb
πειρητίζων: Odysseus is craftily testing Eumaeus, typical of his disguised probing.
Πειρίθοος
Peirithous; of Peirithous 3 times
Πειριθόοιο, Πειρίθοόν
genitive singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun
Πεισηνορίδης
son of Peisenor; of Pisenor's line 3 times
Πεισηνορίδαο
patronymic in -ίδης attached to her father Ops, giving a full genealogical epithet typical of epic introductions.
Πεισίστρατος
Peisistratus; Peisistratos; Pisistratus 10 times
Πεισίστρατος, Πεισίστρατον, Πεισίστρατε
nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; vocative singular masculine noun
πελάζω
brought near; store, stow; let us store, bring near 15 times
πέλασσε, πέλασαν, ἐπέλασσε, πέλασσεν, πελάσσατε, πελάσσομεν, πελάσσαι, πελάσῃς and 5 more
aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active infinitive
πελάζω 'bring near/to land' — describes Odysseus washing up on Calypso's island.
πελώριος
monstrous; monstrous, huge 5 times
πελώριον, πελώρια, πελώριος
accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative plural neuter adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective
πελώριος, recurring epithet for the Cyclops, marking his terrifying, superhuman size.
πεμπάζω
numbers by fives once
πεμπάσσεται
πεμπάζω, 'count by fives,' reflects counting on fingers — a vivid folk detail
πεμπταῖος
on the fifth day once
πεμπταῖοι
πεμπταῖος, an ordinal-adjective used adverbially of time — 'being in one's fifth day' rather than a plain adverb.
πεμπώβολον
five-pronged forks once
πεμπώβολα
πεμπώβολα, a compound noun (five + spit) naming the ritual tool used to handle sacrificial meat.
πενθέω
to grieve; to mourn twice
πενθήμεναι
Epic infinitive ending -μεναι (πενθήμεναι) instead of -ειν, a common Homeric infinitive variant.
πενταέτηρος
five years old; five-year-old twice
πενταέτηρον
πενταέτηρος 'five-year-old' — a compound numeral adjective marking the prime sacrificial age for cattle.
πενταετής
five years once
πεντάετές
compound numeral adjective πεντα-ετής 'of five years', used adverbially like an accusative of duration
πεντήκοντα
fifty 9 times
πεντήκοντα, πεντήκοντά
περάω
cross; I crossed; pierced through 15 times
περόωσι, περάασκε, περάαν, περόωσιν, ἐπέρησα, περήσῃς, περῆσαι, περάσειε and 4 more
present active indicative, 3rd plural verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb
iterative-imperfect form περάασκε 'used to pierce', epic -σκε suffix marks repeated past action
περί
around; beyond; about 151 times
περὶ, πέρι, περί
preposition; adverb
the repeated περὶ μὲν ... περὶ δ᾽ ('beyond in this ... beyond in that') is a balanced Homeric μέν/δέ contrast praising Odysseus in two respects: mind and piety.
περίδρομος
with room around it once
περίδρομος
περίδρομος, a compound epithet ('running-around'), Homeric formula for an open enclosure.
περίμετρος
vast in size; vast; oversized 3 times
περίμετρον
accusative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective
περίμετρος 'of great compass' — the huge, endless web that lets her stall the suitors
περίοιδα
he knew well once
περιῄδη
pluperfect of οἶδα used as simple past 'knew, was skilled at'
περίρρυτος
sea-girt once
περίρρυτος
περίρρυτος 'flowed-around'; a compound adjective describing Crete as surrounded by sea.
περίσκεπτος
open to view; with a view all around; far-seen 4 times
περισκέπτῳ
περίσκεπτος 'visible all around' — Circe's palace is set in a clearing, conspicuous, unlike a hidden lair.
περίφρων
wise; prudent; wise, prudent 55 times
περίφρων, περίφρονι, περίφρον
nominative singular feminine adjective; nominative singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun
περίφρων is Penelope's standing epithet, 'circumspect/very wise', used almost every time she is introduced by name.
περιβάλλω
surpasses, outdoes; putting on themselves; flung around 3 times
περιβάλλει, περιβαλλομένους, περίβαλλε
present active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive participle, accusative plural masculine; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb
περιβάλλει, 'throws around/outdoes' — vivid verb for outbidding rivals with gifts.
περιγίγνομαι
we surpass twice
περιγιγνόμεθ
περιγίγνομαι + genitive, 'excel/surpass others' — object clause after ἐνίσπῃ.
περιγνάμπτω
rounding once
περιγνάμπτοντα
περιγνάμπτω, rare compound 'bend around,' vivid for navigating the treacherous cape.
περιέχω
we protected once
περισχόμεθ
περιέχω 'hold around' — i.e. shielded Maron's family when the Greeks sacked Ismaros, explaining his gratitude.
περιίστημι
stood around; stood arched 3 times
περιστάθη, περίστησάν, περισταῖεν
aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active optative, 3rd plural verb
περιστάθη, aorist passive of περιίστημι, 'was made to stand around' — the sea itself forms a concealing wall.
περικαλλής
very beautiful; lovely; very lovely 34 times
περικαλλέα, περικαλλέ, περικαλλέας, περικαλλέος, περικαλλὲς, περικαλλές
accusative plural neuter adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective; accusative plural masculine adjective
περικαλλής, 'exceedingly beautiful' (περί- intensifying prefix + καλός), a common Homeric superlative-by-compounding for prized objects.
περικήδομαι
cared for twice
περικήδετο
περικήδομαι 'be greatly concerned about', intensive περι- prefix stresses depth of loyalty.
περικλυτός
far-famed; famous; glorious 12 times
περικλυτός, περικλυτόν, περικλυτὸς, περικλυτοῦ
nominative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective; genitive singular masculine adjective
περικλυτός is a stock epic epithet for craftsmen/singers, here for the bard Phemius.
περιμαιμάω
groping about once
περιμαιμώωσα
περιμαιμώωσα, a rare lengthened epic participle form of περιμαιμάω 'grope around greedily'.
περιμήκης
very long; long; towering 7 times
περιμήκεα, περιμήκεϊ, περιμήκεες, περίμηκες
dative singular feminine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative plural feminine adjective
περι- 'around/exceedingly' + μήκης 'long/tall', an epic compound for vastness
περιμηχανάομαι
are devising; began contriving twice
περιμηχανόωνται, περιμηχανόωντο
present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb
περιμηχανόωνται: uncontracted epic middle form of -άομαι, 'contrive/scheme around'.
περιναιετάω
dwell around; lie round about; dwell nearby 4 times
περιναιετάουσι, περιναιετάουσιν
περιναιετάω, compound of ναίω 'dwell' with περι- 'around', describing outlying settlers near the city.
περιπέλομαι
as they wheeled round; coming round twice
περιπλομένων, περιπλομένου
present participle, genitive plural masculine; present participle, genitive singular masculine
περιπλομένων ἐνιαυτῶν is a genitive absolute: 'as the years/seasons revolved,' idiomatic for time passing.
περιπλέκω
clinging around; embraced twice
περιπλεχθεὶς, περιπλέχθη
aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb
aorist passive participle, lit. 'having been wrapped around' the mast
περιρρηδής
sprawling once
περιρρηδὴς
περιρρηδής 'falling headlong around' — rare, vivid adjective for his collapse over the table.
περισαίνω
fawning; fawned around; fawn around 3 times
περισσαίνοντες, περίσσαινον, περισσαίνουσι
present active participle, nominative plural masculine; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active indicative, 3rd plural verb
περισαίνω 'wag around/fawn' — describes wolves/lions acting like tame dogs, an uncanny image.
περισθενέω
in great strength once
περισθενέων
περισθενέων, a rare epic participle: 'being overpowering in strength.'
περιστέλλω
wrapping once
περιστείλασα
περιστέλλω 'wrap/lay out' the corpse — the ritual act of preparing a body for burial.
περιστέφω
is crowning once
περιστέφει
περιστέφει 'wreathes around' — vivid image of Zeus ringing the sky with storm clouds.
περιστεναχίζομαι
resounded around once
περιστεναχίζετο
περι- prefix 'all around' + στεναχίζομαι 'groan/resound' — the house reverberates with dancing feet.
περιστεναχίζω
echoes once
περιστεναχίζεται
Compound περιστεναχίζεται 'groans/resounds all around' evokes the noise of feasting.
περιτέλλομαι
as it came round; turning round, revolving twice
περιτελλομένου
aorist middle participle, genitive singular neuter; aorist participle, genitive singular neuter
genitive absolute construction: 'the year having come round' — ἔτεος περιτελλομένου.
περιτέμνω
cutting off twice
περιταμνόμενον, περιταμνομένους
present medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine; present medio-passive participle, accusative plural masculine
circumstantial participle describing Agamemnon as raider, 'while cutting off cattle'
περιτίθημι
might place around once
περιθεῖεν
optative of wish (περιθεῖεν), 'might clothe me in'
περιτρέφομαι
crusted over once
περιτρέφετο
περιτρέφετο: 'was formed/thickened around,' describing ice literally caking the shield-rims.
περιτροπέω
turning about once
περιτροπέοντες
περιτροπέοντες: they circle the sheep round repeatedly, herding them zigzag to the ship.
περιφράζομαι
let us take counsel once
περιφραζώμεθα
Subjunctive hortatory 1st plural περιφραζώμεθα, 'let us all plan together' — a formal deliberative proposal among gods.
περιφύομαι
embracing; clinging; embrace 4 times
περιφύς, περιφῦσ, περιφῦναι, περιφὺς
aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine; aorist active infinitive
περιφύς, literally 'having grown around' — a physically intense verb for clinging embrace.
περιχέω
overlays; having gilded, overlaid; pour over 7 times
περίχευεν, περιχεύεται, περιχεύας, περιχεύῃ, περίχευε
imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine
περιχεύας 'pouring around' aorist participle, describing gold poured over the horns.
περόνη
brooch; brooches 3 times
περόναι, περόνη, περόνην
nominative plural feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun
Περσεφόνεια
Persephone; of Persephone; to Persephone 11 times
Περσεφόνεια, Περσεφονείης, Περσεφονείῃ
nominative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun
Genitive singular epithet-name marking the goddess of the underworld who owns these groves.
πεσσεύω
they hurried; has hurled twice
ἐπεσσεύοντο, ἐπέσσευεν
imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb
ἐπέσσευεν from ἐπισεύω 'drive/hurl upon', not related to πεσσεύω (board-game) despite similar lemma spelling
πεσσός
with draughts once
πεσσοῖσι
πεσσοῖσι, 'gaming pieces/draughts,' shows the suitors idling at board games before Odysseus's house.
πετάννυμι
spreading; spread out; spreading out 12 times
πετάσσας, πέτασσαν, πέτασ, πέπταται, πέτασαν, πετάσειε, πετάσθησαν
aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb
πετάσσας (aorist participle of πετάννυμι) pictures the action as completed just before the seating — a vivid Homeric touch of household ceremony for a guest.
πετρήεις
rocky once
πετρήεσσα
πετρήεσσα, 'rocky/craggy' — a common landscape epithet in epic geography
πεύθομαι
had overheard; would hear; we have learned 12 times
πευθοίαθ, ἐπεύθετο, πεύθεσθαι, πευθόμεθ, πεύθομαι, πευθέσθω, πεύθετο, πευθόμενος
present medio-passive optative, 3rd plural verb; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive infinitive
the optative after ἵνα μὴ expresses purpose in secondary sequence — 'so that they might not hear.'
πη
anywhere; somewhere; where 11 times
πῃ, πη, πῆ
πῃ...ἄλλῃ 'somewhere else,' an indefinite adverb pair spanning the line to ask where Menelaus was.
πήγνυμι
fasten; fix; having planted 6 times
πῆξαι, πῆξαί, πήξας, πήξαμεν, πῆξε, πήξαντ
aorist middle imperative, 2nd singular verb; aorist active infinitive; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine
πήξας 'having fixed/planted' — the ritual act that ends Odysseus's wandering with the oar.
πήρα
pouch; wallet; wallet, beggar's bag 6 times
πήρην, πήρης
accusative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun
πήρην, Odysseus' beggar's pouch, filling as he collects alms
πῆ
where; where?; how 8 times
πῇ, πῆ
pronoun; adverb
πῆμα
hardships; harm; calamity 31 times
πῆμα, πήματα, πήματ, πῆμ, πήματος
accusative singular neuter noun; accusative plural neuter noun; nominative singular neuter noun
πῆμα ('woe') here forms the phrase 'depth of misery' with δύης, a vivid epic pairing.
πῆχυς
arms; the bow-bridge; her two arms 4 times
πήχεε, πήχει
accusative dual masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun
πήχεε, dual number for a natural pair (forearms) — Homeric Greek keeps the dual for body parts.
πηγός
heaving/surging; swollen twice
πηγῷ
πηγός here 'strong/heaving' describing the swelling sea that tosses Odysseus for two days and nights.
πηδάλιον
steering-oar; a steering-oar; with the steering-oar 5 times
πηδάλιον, πηδαλίῳ, πηδάλι
accusative singular neuter noun; dative singular neuter noun; nominative plural neuter noun
πηδάλιον, object of the verb in the next line (προέηκε), a run-on across lines typical of Homer.
Πηλείων
son of Peleus 3 times
Πηλεΐωνα, Πηλεΐωνος
accusative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun
patronymic Πηλείων for Achilles, echoing l467's Πηληϊάδεω
Πηλεύς
of Peleus; Peleus; son of Peleus 5 times
Πηλῆος, Πηλεΐωνι, Πηλέος
genitive singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun
Patronymic epithet for Achilles, dative after περί 'around'.
Πηληιάδης
son of Peleus once
Πηληϊάδεω
Patronymic Πηληϊάδεω, in apposition/parallel with Ἀχιλῆος - doubled naming typical of epic solemnity.
πημαίνω
to be harmed; came to harm twice
πημανθῆναι, πημάνθη
aorist passive infinitive; aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb
aorist passive infinitive of πημαίνω, 'harm/hurt'
πημί
you suppose once
φάσθε
φάσθε, 2nd plural of φημί, opens Odysseus's warning speech — he corrects their false assumption of heading straight home.
Πηνελόπεια
Penelope; to Penelope; for Penelope 83 times
Πηνελόπεια, Πηνελοπείῃ, Πηνελόπειαν, Πηνελοπείης
nominative singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun
Dative of comparison after ὁμοῖα: 'thoughts like Penelope's.'
πηός
kinsman; kinsmen 3 times
πηὸς, πηῷ, πηούς
nominative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun; accusative plural masculine noun
πηός: 'in-law/kinsman by marriage,' Eurylochus was Odysseus's brother-in-law.
πίμπλημι
was filled; having filled; were filled 16 times
πλῆτο, πλῆσθεν, πίμπλαντο, πλησάμενος, πίμπλαντ, πλήσασα, πλῆντο, πλησάμενοι and 2 more
aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural verb
πλήσασα governs the genitive ἀμβροσίης — 'filling (the table) with ambrosia,' a genitive of material.
πίναξ
platters; planks 4 times
πίνακας, πίνακάς
πίνω
drinking; to drink; drank 66 times
πῖνε, πίνων, πίεν, ἔπιόν, πινέμεν, ἔπιον, πίνειν, πῖνέ and 27 more
aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active infinitive
3rd person imperative πινόντων ('let them drink') — Greek can command a third party directly, no 'let' verb needed.
πίπτω
fell; falling; falls 46 times
πέσε, πέσεν, πέσον, ἔπιπτεν, ἔπεσον, ἔπεσ, ἔπιπτον, πέσῃσιν and 15 more
aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb
ἔπιπτεν: imperfect 'was falling'; negated by οὐδέ earlier in the clause, giving 'did not fall'
πίσυνος
trusting once
πίσυνος
πίσυνος + dative, 'relying on' - explains the reckless deeds of the previous line
πίτνημι
stretching once
πιτνὰς
πιτνάς, 'stretching out (hands),' a gesture of yearning to embrace — poignant since ghosts cannot be touched.
πίων
fat; rich; rich, fat 28 times
πίονα, πίονας, πίονι, πίειραν
accusative plural neuter adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; accusative plural masculine noun
πιέζω
pressed shut; press, squeeze; pressed 6 times
πιέζειν, πίεζον, πίεζεν, πιεσθεὶς
present active infinitive; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculine
ἐπὶ...πίεζεν is a tmesis: preposition separated from its verb, split across the line by μάστακα χερσὶ.
πικρόγαμος
bitterly-wed; bitter-wed 3 times
πικρόγαμοί
πικρός
bitter 5 times
πικρὸν, πικρήν, πικρὴν
accusative singular neuter adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective
πινυτή
good sense twice
πινυτήν, πινυτὴ
accusative singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun
πινυτή 'prudence, sound mind' personified as reaching the mind
πινυτός
prudent; sensible; of sense 6 times
πινυτή, πινυτός, πινυτούς, πινυτῇ
nominative singular feminine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; accusative plural masculine adjective
πινυτή 'prudent, sound-minded' — the key word praising Penelope's character.
πιστός
trustworthy; trusty, faithful; faithful 3 times
πιστὰ, πιστὸν
nominative plural neuter adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective
predicate adjective with implied verb 'are' - Agamemnon's bitter generalization about women after Clytemnestra
πιστόω
to be pledged; be convinced twice
πιστωθῆναι, πιστωθῆτόν
aorist passive infinitive; aorist passive subjunctive, 2nd dual verb
Passive infinitive πιστωθῆναι: 'to be given assurance,' i.e. she asks them to swear to her.
πιφαύσκω
declaring; means to declare; do I declare 11 times
πιφαύσκομαι, πιφαυσκόμενος, πιφαύσκων, πιφαύσκεται, πιφαυσκέμεν, πίφαυσκον
present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb; present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine; present active participle, nominative singular masculine
πιφαύσκω, 'make known/proclaim' — reduplicated present stem, an epic-flavored verb of announcing.
πλάζω
wandering; was driven wandering; drives astray 16 times
πλαζομένου, πλάζετ, πλάγχθη, πλάζει, πλάζε, πλαζόμενοι, πλάζετο, πλαγχθέντα and 6 more
present medio-passive participle, genitive singular masculine; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist passive indicative, third singular
πλάζει, 'makes wander/buffets' — root of Odysseus's whole wandering plot, echoing the poem's opening πλάγχθη.
Πλαγκταί
Wandering Rocks; Wandering twice
Πλαγκτὰς
Πλαγκταί, the mythic Symplegades-like hazard Circe warns against as an alternative route.
πλαγκτοσύνη
vagrancy once
πλαγκτοσύνης
πλαγκτοσύνη, an abstract noun for wandering/homelessness, rare and pointed word
πλατύς
broad 3 times
πλατέ, πλατεῖ
accusative plural neuter adjective; nominative plural neuter adjective; dative singular masculine adjective
πλέκω
plaiting once
πλεξάμενος
πλεξάμενος, aorist middle participle 'having plaited for himself'—precedes συνέδησα, the main verb.
πλέω
we sailed; sailing; do you sail 23 times
πλέομεν, πλέων, πλεῖθ, πλέον, ἔπλεον, πλώοιεν, πλέεν, πλεύσεσθ and 4 more
imperfect active indicative, 1st plural verb; present active participle, nominative singular masculine; present active indicative, 2nd plural verb
Present participle 'sailing' frames the whole journey as background to the main verb 'came' (κατήλυθον) — a classic circumstantial use.
πλέως
full; fuller; full of 6 times
πλείη, πλεῖος, πλειοτέρῃ, πλεῖοι, πλεῖον
nominative singular feminine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; dative singular feminine comparative adjective
πλείων
more; more numerous; with more 19 times
πλεόνεσσι, πλέονες, πλέονας, πλεῖον, πλέονάς, πλείονα, πλείοσί, πλέονές and 2 more
dative plural comparative adjective; nominative plural masculine comparative adjective; accusative plural masculine comparative adjective
comparative πλείων used as predicate: 'though being more' concessive.
πλεῖστος
most; most, abundantly; greatest 8 times
πλεῖστα, πλεῖστον, πλεῖστοι
accusative plural neuter adjective; nominative plural neuter adjective; nominative singular neuter adjective
πλεῖστοι 'most/very many' implicitly refers to the Trojans, supplied from context (elided head).
πλεκτός
braided; woven 3 times
πλεκτὴν, πλεκτοῖς
accusative singular feminine adjective; dative plural masculine adjective
This whole line repeats verbatim at l192 — a formulaic Homeric line-block reused in the narrated fulfillment.
πλήθω
are laden; laden, full; run full 3 times
πλήθωσι, πληθούσας, πλήθουσι
present active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb; present active participle, accusative plural feminine; present active indicative, 3rd plural verb
πλήθω 'to be full of' + genitive of the stuff (σίτου, κρειῶν) in the next line.
πλήσσω
struck; having struck; striking 15 times
πεπληγυῖα, πληγεῖσα, πλήξας, πλῆξεν, πέπληγον, πλῆξα, πλῆξε, πεπλήγετο and 3 more
perfect active participle, nominative singular feminine; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist passive participle, nominative singular feminine
πέπληγον, reduplicated aorist of πλήσσω 'strike', a vivid Homeric form for a single blow
πληγή
with blows; blows; of blows 4 times
πληγῇσιν, πληγέων, πληγῇσι
dative plural feminine noun; genitive plural feminine noun
genitive of blows/missiles governed by ἀδαήμων 'unversed in'; a beggar's grim boast of experience.
πλησίος
nearby; near; close together 13 times
πλησίον, πλησίαι, πλησίω
accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative plural feminine adjective; nominative dual masculine adjective
dual adjective πλησίω agrees with the pair of eagles, 'near (to each other)'
πλύνω
to wash; washed; as she washed 5 times
πλυνέουσαι, πλυνέουσα, πλῦνάν, πλυνούσῃ, πλύνασ
future active participle, nominative plural feminine; future active participle, nominative singular feminine; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb
future participle expressing purpose, 'in order to wash'
πλυνός
the washing-places; washing-basins twice
πλυνοί, πλυνοὶ
πλυνός, 'washing place/trough' — a rare, concrete Homeric noun tied to this scene.
πλωτός
floating once
πλωτῇ
πλωτός 'floating island' is a marvel detail unique to Aeolus's home.
πνέω
blowing; smelling; blows 8 times
πνείοντες, πνείουσαν, πνείοντος, πνέει, πνείουσα, πεπνῦσθαι, πνείει
present active participle, nominative plural masculine; present active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active participle, accusative singular feminine
πνοή
breath; breaths; the gusts 7 times
πνοιῇς, πνοιὴ, πνοιῇ, πνοιὰς, πνοιὴν
dative plural feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun
πόα
of the grass; the meadow grass; grass 4 times
ποίης, ποίῃ, ποίη
genitive singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun
πόθεν
from where; whence 13 times
πόθεν
πόθι
where 6 times
πόθι
πόθος
longing 3 times
πόθος
πόλεμόνδε
to war twice
πόλεμόνδε
πόλεμόνδε, directional -δε suffix meaning 'to/toward war.'
πόλεμος
war; wars; the war 27 times
πόλεμον, πολέμῳ, πολέμοιο, πόλεμόν, πτολέμους, πτολέμου, πολέμου, πόλεμοι
accusative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun
πτολέμους, epic form with inserted τ (metrical lengthening) of πόλεμος
πόλινδε
to the city; to town; to the town 11 times
πόλινδε, πόλινδ
-δε suffix on πόλιν means 'to/toward the city', an adverbial motion ending common in Homer.
πόλις
city; the city; cities 92 times
πόλιν, πόλις, πόληος, πτόλιν, πόλει, πόλιος, πτόλιος, πόλιας and 8 more
accusative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun
Epic form πτόλιν (with extra π) for πόλιν, common metrical variant.
Πόλυβος
of Polybus; Polybus 12 times
Πολύβου, Πολύβοιο, Πόλυβος, Πόλυβός, Πόλυβον
genitive singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun
πόλυτλας
much-enduring twice
πολύτλας
nominative singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine adjective
πολύτλας δῖος Ὀδυσσεύς is a recurring Homeric formula-epithet pair for Odysseus.
πόνος
toil; trouble; toils 12 times
πόνον, πόνου, πόνος, πόνων, πόνοισι, πόνοις
accusative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun
πόντονδε
into the sea; seaward twice
πόντονδε
πόντονδε: directional -δε suffix, 'toward the sea', built onto the noun like a case ending.
πόντος
sea; the sea; on the sea 98 times
πόντον, πόντῳ, πόντος, πόντου, πόντοιο, ποντόφιν
accusative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun
ποντόφιν, archaic -φιν instrumental/ablatival ending on πόντος, a Homeric case relic
πόποι
alas; for shame; well now 22 times
πόποι
ὢ πόποι, a stock exclamation of shock/indignation opening direct speech in Homer.
πόρω
gave; offers; granted 35 times
πόρε, πόρεν, πόροι, πόρον, πόρῃσιν, πόροις, ἔπορον, πορόντες and 3 more
aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb
πόρον, root aorist of defective πόρω 'give/grant' — has no present stem, only used in aorist.
πόσις
husband; of drink; drink 67 times
πόσιν, πόσιος, πόσις, πόσει, πόσιός
accusative singular masculine noun; genitive singular feminine noun; genitive singular masculine noun
πόσις 'husband' — Odysseus formally addresses Arete before Alcinous, an unusual suppliant strategy (appeal to the queen first).
πότμος
doom; fate; doom, fate 22 times
πότμον
πότνα
lady 3 times
πότνα
vocative singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine adjective
πότνια
honored; queenly; lady 20 times
πότνια, πότνι
nominative singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine adjective
πότνια: fixed honorific epithet for goddesses, formulaic epic diction
ποδάνιπτρον
foot-washings; foot-water twice
ποδάνιπτρα
nominative plural neuter noun; accusative plural neuter noun
ποδάνιπτρα, a concrete compound noun ('foot-washing water/rite') built from πούς + νίπτω.
ποδώκης
swift-footed twice
ποδώκεος
standard epithet of Achilles, ποδώκης
ποθέω
longing for; I long for; misses me 12 times
ποθέοντες, ποθέσαι, ποθέουσα, ποθέω, ποθέεις, ποθέων, ποθήμεναι, πόθει
present active participle, nominative plural masculine; aorist active infinitive; present active participle, nominative singular feminine
ποθήμεναι, epic infinitive of ποθέω 'to miss/lose' — completes the comparison begun by φέρτερον in the previous line.
ποθεν
from somewhere; from anywhere 11 times
ποθεν, ποθὲν
ποθή
longing; lack; lack, want 5 times
ποθὴ, ποθὴν, ποθή
nominative singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun
ποθή, 'longing/need,' rare noun giving the idiom 'may lack of this sword never come to you.'
ποθι
somehow; somewhere; anywhere 13 times
ποθι, ποθ, ποθί
ποῖος
what sort of; what kind of; what a thing 12 times
ποῖόν, ποῖον, ποίης, ποίῃ, ποῖοί
nominative singular neuter adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective; genitive singular feminine adjective
ποιέω
made; to make; would have made 40 times
ποίησε, ἐποίησαν, ποιῆσαι, ποίει, ποίησαν, ποιήσαντες, ποιήσατ, ποιήσασθαι and 13 more
aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb
ποιῆσαι τελευτήν, 'make an end' — an idiom for bringing a marriage decision to actual conclusion.
ποιήεις
grassy 4 times
ποιήεντα, ποιήεντος
accusative plural neuter adjective; genitive singular neuter adjective
ποιητός
well-built 8 times
ποιητοῖο, ποιητοῖσι
genitive singular neuter adjective; genitive singular masculine adjective; dative plural masculine adjective
πύκα ποιητοῖο 'closely/well built' — a formulaic pairing describing sturdy Homeric architecture.
ποικίλος
inlaid, ornate; inlaid; intricate 7 times
ποικίλον, ποικίλ
accusative singular masculine adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective
ποικίλος 'richly decorated, inlaid' — describes a finely worked chariot, a mark of status.
ποικιλομήτης
of many wiles; cunning-minded; schemer 6 times
ποικιλομήτην, ποικιλομῆτα
accusative singular masculine adjective; vocative singular masculine noun
ποικιλομήτης, epithet unique to Odysseus, 'of many-colored/crafty wits'
ποιμήν
shepherd; herdsman; to the shepherd 15 times
ποιμένι, ποιμένα, ποιμὴν
dative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun
ποιμένι λαῶν, classic Homeric epithet 'shepherd of the people' for kings
ποιπνύω
bustled about; tidying up twice
ἐποίπνυον, ποιπνύσασαι
imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active participle, nominative plural feminine
ποιπνύω, a vivid reduplicated epic verb for eager, busy activity
πολεμίζω
we were fighting; we made war; we fought 3 times
πολεμίζομεν
Πολίτης
Polites once
Πολίτης
A named companion of Odysseus who speaks up here, urging the men to approach Circe's house.
πολιός
gray; grey; gray-haired 20 times
πολιὴν, πολιῆς, πολιόν, πολιοῖο, πολιοί
accusative singular feminine adjective; genitive singular feminine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective
πολιός 'gray/hoary' — the standard Homeric epithet for the sea, evoking foam and old age together.
πολλάκις
often 5 times
πολλάκι, πολλάκις
πολύαινος
much-praised once
πολύαιν
πολύαινος 'much-praised' is an epithet unique to Odysseus in the epics, flattering him by name-fame.
πολύβουλος
of many counsels once
πολύβουλος
πολύβουλος: epithet of Athena, 'of many counsels/plans'
πολύδενδρος
many-treed; with many trees; well-wooded 3 times
πολυδένδρεον
πολυδένδρεον is a compound epithet, 'rich in trees' — typical Homeric descriptive compound.
πολύδεσμος
many-lashed; close-bound; many-fastened 3 times
πολυδέσμου
πολύδεσμος, 'of many bindings,' describing Odysseus's makeshift raft.
πολύιδρις
full of cunning; shrewd twice
πολύϊδρις, πολύϊδριν
nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular feminine noun
πολύϊδρις, a striking compound epithet 'much-knowing', marking the Phoenician trader as wily.
πολύκλυστος
surging; much-washed 3 times
πολυκλύστῳ
compound epithet "wave-beaten," typical of Homeric sea descriptions
πολύκμητος
well-wrought; much-wrought 3 times
πολυκμήτου, πολύκμητόν, πολύκμητός
genitive singular masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective
πολύκμητος 'worked with much toil', epic compound adjective for iron
Πολύκτωρ
Polyctor once
Πολύκτωρ
three eponymous founder-figures named for local landmarks; local aetiology inserted mid-narrative.
πολύλλιστος
much-prayed-to once
πολύλλιστον
πολύλλιστον, rare compound epithet, 'much invoked in prayer'
πολύμητις
resourceful; of many wiles; of many counsels 65 times
πολύμητις, πολυμήτις
nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine noun
epithet 'of many wiles/counsels' (πολύ + μῆτις) — Odysseus's signature Homeric formula.
πολύμυθος
full of words once
πολύμυθον
πολύμυθος 'full of speeches' — a compound epithet, here used dismissively of Telemachus's talkativeness.
Πολύνηος
of Polyneos once
Πολυνήου
Genitive of parentage stacked twice (Polyneos son of Tekton) — a common Homeric patronymic chain.
πολύπλαγκτος
far-roaming; much-traveled; much-wandering 3 times
πολυπλάγκτοισιν, πολυπλάγκτῳ, πολυπλάγκτους
dative plural masculine adjective; dative singular masculine adjective; accusative plural masculine adjective
πολυπλάγκτῳ is the dative complement of ἔοικε ('he seems like a much-wandering man') — describing the stranger himself, not Odysseus by name.
πολύπους
octopus once
πουλύποδος
πουλύποδος, epic form of πολύπους 'octopus'; opens a long Homeric simile
πολύπυρος
rich in wheat 4 times
πολύπυρον, πολύπυρος, πολυπύρου
accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular feminine adjective; genitive singular neuter adjective
a stacked run of compound epic adjectives describing an idealized island, formulaic praise-style
πολύρρηνος
rich in flocks once
πολύρρηνος
epithet describing Pelias' wealth, in apposition to the subject
πολύς
many; much; by far 402 times
πολλὰ, πολὺ, πόλλ, πολλοὶ, πολλὸν, πολλά, πολὺν, πολλὴν and 36 more
accusative plural neuter adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective
Epic form πολέας for πολλούς, common metrical variant.
πολύστονος
full of grief once
πολύστονος
πολύστονος 'much-groaning' — a compound epithet of sorrow, predicate of εἰμί
πολύτλας
much-enduring 30 times
πολύτλας
nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine noun
πολύτλας is Odysseus's standing epithet, 'much-enduring' — a fixed epic formula.
πολύτλητος
toil-worn once
πολύτλητοί
triple τε...τε...τε links three classes of dead in one rolling catalogue line, a common epic listing device
πολύτρητος
porous; full of holes 3 times
πολυτρήτοισι
πολυτρήτοισι, 'many-holed,' a vivid compound adjective for sponges, showing Homeric love of precise compound epithets even for mundane objects.
πολύτροπος
of many turns twice
πολύτροπον, πολύτροπος
accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective
The adjective shares ἄνδρα's accusative singular masculine form, tying Odysseus' identity to the object of the invocation.
Πολύφημος
Polyphemus 4 times
Πολύφημος, Πολύφημον, Πολύφημ
nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; vocative singular masculine noun
formulaic epithet-name pairing κρατερὸς Πολύφημος fills the verse end, classic Homeric line-shape
πολύφημος
loud-voiced; renowned twice
πολύφημον, πολύφημος
accusative singular feminine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective
πολύφημος 'famed among many' modifies the bard, an ironic touch given the singer's spared life.
πολύφλοισβος
loud-roaring twice
πολυφλοίσβοιο
πολυφλοίσβοιο θαλάσσης 'loud-roaring sea' is a stock Homeric epithet for the sea's sound
πολύφρων
wise; cunning; of many wits 8 times
πολύφρονα, πολύφρονος, πολύφρονά
accusative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine adjective; genitive singular masculine noun
πολύφρων, 'much-thinking/resourceful' — a recurring epithet marking Odysseus's cunning intelligence.
πολύχαλκος
bronze/brazen; rich in bronze twice
πολύχαλκον, πολυχάλκου
accusative singular masculine adjective; genitive singular feminine adjective
πολύχαλκος, a formulaic epithet marking Sidon's famed metalwork.
πολύχρυσος
rich in gold once
πολυχρύσοιο
πολύχρυσος, standard epithet of Mycenae reflecting its legendary wealth.
πολυάρητος
much-prayed-for; much prayed-for twice
πολυάρητος
πολυάρητος, 'long prayed for', imagines Odysseus as a god sent in answer to Nausicaa's prayers.
πολυβενθής
deep 4 times
πολυβενθέος
genitive singular masculine adjective; genitive singular feminine adjective
πολυβενθής: compound epithet 'very deep,' typical of Homer's stock descriptive adjectives for harbors
πολυβότειρα
bountiful once
πουλυβότειραν
πολυβότειρα 'much-nourishing' — stock Homeric epithet for the earth.
πολυδάκρυτος
much-tearful; tearful; much-wept 3 times
πολυδακρύτοιο
πολυδαίδαλος
richly wrought 3 times
πολυδαίδαλον, πολυδαίδαλος
accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective
πολυδαίδαλος 'of much skilled craft', from δαίδαλα - the same root behind Daedalus, praising intricate workmanship.
πολυήρατος
much-longed-for; lovely; much-desired 4 times
πολυήρατον, πολυηράτῳ, πολυηράτου
accusative singular feminine adjective; dative singular feminine adjective; genitive singular masculine adjective
ironic epithet given the horrors just described in this city
Πολυθερσείδης
son of Polytherses once
Πολυθερσεΐδη
Patronymic vocative -είδης 'son of'; addressed mockingly before the killing blow.
πολυιδρεία
shrewdness; in the shrewdness twice
πολυϊδρείῃσιν, πολυϊδρείῃσι
dative of manner/means, 'with the many-wiled cunning of her mind' — a formulaic praise-phrase for Eurycleia.
Πολυκάστη
Polycaste once
Πολυκάστη
Polycaste, Nestor's youngest daughter, performs the guest-bath, a standard Homeric hospitality scene.
πολυκέρδεια
with great cunning once
πολυκερδείῃσιν
dative of manner: 'in his shrewd craftiness'
πολυκερδής
full of cunning once
πολυκερδέα
πολυκερδής, a compound epithet ('much-gainful') marking Odysseus' craftiness.
πολυκηδής
grievous; grief-laden twice
πολυκηδέ, πολυκηδέα
πολυκηδής, compound epithet ‘full of many cares,’ describing his hard-won return.
πολυκλήις
many-benched; many-oared 4 times
πολυκλήιδι, πολυκληῗδι, πολυκλήϊσι, πολυκλήϊδι
dative singular feminine noun; dative plural feminine noun
πολυκλήιδι, 'many-oarlocked,' a stock epithet for a well-manned ship.
πολυμήχανος
resourceful; of many devices; resourceful, of many wiles 16 times
πολυμήχαν, πολυμήχανός
vocative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective
πολυμήχανος 'of many devices' is a signature epithet of Odysseus (cf. πολύτροπος, πολύμητις) — his defining trait of cunning ingenuity.
πολυμηχανία
cunning wiles once
πολυμηχανίην
πολυμηχανία 'much-deviceness,' an abstract noun echoing Odysseus's own epithet πολυμήχανος.
πολυμνήστη
much-wooed; much-courted 3 times
πολυμνήστην, πολυμνήστη
nominative singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine adjective
epithet playing on μνηστήρ 'suitor' — 'the much-suited-for' queen
πολυπαίπαλος
crafty once
πολυπαίπαλοι
πολυπαίπαλος 'much-wily', reinforcing the stereotype of scheming Phoenician traders
πολυπενθής
grief-laden once
πολυπενθέα
πολυπενθής, compound adjective 'full of much grief', modifying θυμὸν
Πολυπημονίδης
son of Polypemon once
Πολυπημονίδαο
A patronymic chain (son of Apheidas, son of Polypemon) — invented genealogy strengthens the fictitious identity.
πολυτλήμων
very enduring once
πολυτλήμων
πολυτλήμων used as predicate noun/adjective — Odysseus boasts of his own epithet-quality.
πολυφάρμακος
rich in drugs once
πολυφαρμάκου
πολυφάρμακος 'of many drugs' — recurring epithet marking Circe as sorceress
πομπεύς
escorts; as escorts, guides; with escort 6 times
πομπῆες, πομπῇ, πομπῆας
nominative plural masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun; accusative plural masculine noun
πομπεύς, 'one who conducts/escorts'—here of favorable winds personified as guides for ships.
πομπή
escort; an escort; safe passage 24 times
πομπῆς, πομπήν, πομπὴν, πομπὴ, πομπῇ, πομπή
accusative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun
πομπή 'safe conduct/escort' — the Phaeacians' magical ships that carry guests home, a central plot device in this book.
πομπός
escorts; as escort; escort 4 times
πομποὶ, πομπὸν, πομπὸς
nominative plural masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun
πονέω
having worked at; having worked at, finished; finishing (his labor) 11 times
πονησάμενος, πονέοντο, πονησάμενοι, πονεῖτο, ἐπονεῖτο, πονήσομαι
aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist middle participle, nominative plural masculine
middle participle stresses his own laborious effort on his own tasks.
Ποντόνοος
Pontonous; set 5 times
Ποντόνοος, Ποντόνοε
nominative singular masculine noun; vocative singular masculine noun
Vocative addressing the herald by name — a formulaic direct-address opening to a command speech.
ποντοπόρος
seafaring; sea-faring 5 times
ποντοπόρος, ποντοπόροιο
nominative singular feminine adjective; genitive singular feminine adjective
ποντοπόρος, compound epithet 'sea-crossing,' typical Homeric noun-epithet for ships
ποντοπορεύω
to sail; voyaging; sea-faring 3 times
ποντοπορεύων, ποντοπορευέμεναι
present active participle, nominative singular masculine; present active infinitive
ποντοπορεύω: 'travel over the sea', compound built from πόντος + πόρος
πορθέω
began to ravage; began ravaging twice
πόρθεον
πόρθεον picks up across the line-break from ἀγροὺς in l432: 'they began sacking...fields.'
πορφύρεος
purple; dark; dark-purple 13 times
πορφυρέην, πορφύρεον, πορφύρε, πορφύρεα, πορφυρέους
accusative singular feminine adjective; nominative singular neuter adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective
πορφυρέην 'purple' marks costly, high-status dye — gives us English 'porphyry.'
πορφύρω
churned darkly; darkened, brooded; darkened, seethed 3 times
πόρφυρε
πορφύρω 'to surge, seethe' (of the sea before a storm, and by extension of the heart) — the color-word πορφύρα 'purple dye' likely derives from this verb, not the other way around; a vivid metaphor for inner turmoil.
Ποσειδεών
Poseidon; to Poseidon; with Poseidon 38 times
Ποσειδάων, Ποσειδάωνι, Ποσειδάωνος, Ποσειδάωνα
nominative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun
Epic form Ποσειδάων(ι) for Attic Ποσειδῶν — dative object of the explicit infinitive μάχεσθαι ('to fight') later in the line, not an implied one.
Ποσιδήιος
Poseidon's temple once
Ποσιδήιον
Ποσιδήιον, a temenos of Poseidon; sea-god fittingly honored by this seafaring people.
ποτάομαι
flutters away; flit, fly about twice
πεπότηται, ποτέονται
perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb
Perfect tense marks the soul's departure as a completed, lasting state.
ποταμός
river; of the river; of rivers 33 times
ποταμοῖο, ποταμοῦ, ποταμῷ, ποταμῶν, ποταμὸν, ποταμοὶ, ποταμόν
genitive singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun
ποτέ
ever; once; someday 105 times
ποτ, ποτε, ποτέ, ποτὲ, ποθ
οὐδέ ποτ᾽ 'and never' — negative frames the whole following image of unceasing weeping
ποτής
drink; of drink 8 times
ποτῆτος, ποτῆτα
genitive singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun
ποτιδόρπιος
for supper twice
ποτιδόρπιον
ποτιδόρπιον 'for a relish with supper' is a rare compound tied to the shepherd's evening meal.
ποτιπτύσσω
I would press my plea; shall I greet; he pressed 6 times
προσπτύξομαι, ποτιπτυσσοίμεθα, προσπτύξατο, προσπτύξεται
future middle indicative, 1st singular verb; present medio-passive optative, 1st plural verb; aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb
optative of ποτιπτύσσω, lit. 'approach/entreat,' vivid image of pleading door to door.
ποτός
drink; with drink; once 8 times
ποτοῖο, ποτὸν, ποτόν, ποτέ
genitive singular masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective
πού
perhaps; somewhere; I suppose 94 times
που, πού, που—
πού here is the enclitic modal particle 'I suppose/perhaps' (not the accented locative 'somewhere'), matching the translation's parenthetical 'I think'.
πούς
feet; with feet; of feet 95 times
πόδας, ποσὶν, ποσσὶ, ποδῶν, πόδες, πόδεσσι, πόδεσσιν, ποσσὶν and 8 more
dative plural masculine noun; accusative plural masculine noun; genitive plural masculine noun
ποσίν dative of means/instrument: swimming 'with his feet' toward setting foot on land.
ποῦ
where 5 times
ποῦ
adverb; pronoun
πουλυβότειρα
bountiful; bountiful, life-giving twice
πουλυβοτείρῃ
πουλυβότειρα 'much-nourishing', an epic epithet for the earth.
Πράμνειος
Pramnian once
Πραμνείῳ
Πράμνειος: a famed strong wine, named for Pramnos — a realistic culinary detail in the spell.
πράσσω
to accomplish; we may press on; having accomplished 10 times
πρῆξαι, πρήσσωμεν, πρήξαντα, πρήσσῃσιν, πρήσσεσκον, πρήσσοντες, πρήσσουσι, πρήξει
aorist active infinitive; present active subjunctive, 1st plural verb; aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine
aorist participle πρήξαντα, 'having done/accomplished (our business)' — modifies both Telemachus and 'me'
πρᾶξις
business, errand; business; good/profit 5 times
πρῆξις, πρῆξιν
nominative singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun
πρᾶξις 'accomplishment, result' — here 'no good came of it', a proverbial-sounding Homeric turn of phrase.
πρακτήρ
traders once
πρηκτῆρες
πρηκτῆρες, 'men of business/traders' — Euryalos frames Odysseus as a mere merchant, an insult to a hero's status.
πρηνής
face-forward; face-down twice
πρηνὴς, πρηνής
πρηνής predicate adjective describing how he fell — vivid physical detail typical of Homeric battle death scenes.
πρίαμαι
bought 4 times
πρίατο
imperfect indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect middle indicative, 3rd singular verb
πρίατο is an athematic aorist middle of πρίαμαι — root aorist with no thematic vowel.
Πρίαμος
of Priam; Priam's 8 times
Πριάμοιο, Πριάμου
πρίν
before; until; formerly 83 times
πρὶν, πρίν
adverb; conjunction
τὸ πρίν, 'the before-time' — article + adverb fused into a temporal phrase, 'formerly.'
πριστός
sawn twice
πριστοῦ
πριστοῦ ἐλέφαντος, 'sawn ivory,' a vivid simile-like image for polished whiteness.
πρό
before; beforehand; before/in front 11 times
πρὸ, πρό
preposition; adverb
Ἰλιόθι πρό, formulaic 'before Troy', locative adverb + preposition
πρόδομος
forecourt; the porch; forecourt, porch 6 times
προδόμῳ
πρόθυρον
the forecourt; forecourt; the doorway 18 times
προθύροιο, προθύροισι, πρόθυρον, προθύρου, προθύροις, πρόθυρόν
genitive singular neuter noun; dative plural neuter noun; accusative singular neuter noun
πρόκειμαι
set before them; lying before them; lying before 11 times
προκείμενα
Participle of πρόκειμαι, literally 'lying before' — describes food already laid out.
πρόπας
whole; the whole; all 7 times
πρόπαν
πρός
to; toward; against 182 times
πρὸς, ποτὶ, προτὶ, ποτ, πρός
preposition; adverb
πρὸς μῦθον ἔειπεν 'spoke a word to', a standing Homeric formula introducing direct speech
πρόσθεν
before; formerly; before him 18 times
πρόσθεν, πρόσθε, πρόσθ
adverb; preposition
πρόσφημι
spoke to; said; spoke 115 times
προσέφη, προσέφης, προσέφην, προσφάσθαι
imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 2nd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb
προσέφη is an old athematic form of φημί, common in Homer's speech-introductions but rare later.
πρόσω
forward 3 times
πρόσω, πρόσσω
πρόσσω καὶ ὀπίσσω 'forward and backward' - formula for prophetic vision of future and past
πρόσωπον
face; faces; her face 6 times
πρόσωπα, προσώπατα, πρόσωπά
accusative plural neuter noun; nominative plural neuter noun
Neuter plural πρόσωπα used for a single face, a common epic idiom.
πρότερος
first; the elder; the foremost 30 times
πρῶτον, πρότερος, προτέρη, πρότερός, προτέρῃ, προτέροισι, προτέρῳ, πρώτοισιν and 8 more
nominative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective; nominative singular feminine adjective
πρώτην (fem. acc.) 'first' agrees with an implied 'you', i.e. 'to you first'.
πρότονοι
forestays; with the forestays 3 times
προτόνοισιν, προτόνους
dative plural masculine noun; accusative plural masculine noun
πρόφρασσα
goodwill; wholeheartedly twice
πρόφρασσ
πρόφρασσα 'with willing/favorable spirit'; feminine adjective used adverbially describing Athena's manner of helping.
πρόφρων
kindly; willingly; kindly, gracious 14 times
πρόφρων, πρόφρασσα, πρόφρονι
nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular feminine adjective; dative singular adjective
πρόφρων 'eager/willing,' adverbial predicate describing his readiness
πρόχοος
pitcher; from a pitcher; jug 7 times
προχόῳ, πρόχοος
dative singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun
πρόχοος: the wine-jug he was holding, knocked from his hand by the blow.
προβάλλω
scattered forward; would fling, toss twice
προβάλοντο, προβάλεσκε
aorist indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb
προβάλοντο, the ritual casting of grain toward/onto the victim before the killing blow
προβλής
jutting 3 times
προβλῆτες
nominative plural feminine adjective; nominative plural feminine noun
προβλώσκω
come forth; coming forward; had gone out 6 times
προβλώσκειν, προμολὼν, πρόμολον, προβλωσκέμεν, προμολοῦσα
present active infinitive; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb
προβλώσκω survives in epic almost only in this aorist participle προμολών, 'having come forward'.
προγενής
older; elder, senior; eldest 6 times
προγενέστερος, προγενέστεροί, προγενέστεροι
nominative singular masculine comparative adjective; nominative plural masculine comparative adjective
comparative προγενέστερος, "more advanced in years" — praising Telemachus as speaking wisely beyond his age.
προδαῆναι
learning beforehand once
προδαεὶς
προδαεὶς: participle of προδάω, 'having learned in advance'
προέχω
jutting; held out; jut out, stand forth 6 times
προύχοντο, προὐχούσας, προύχουσιν, πρόεχ, προὔχοντι, προὐχούσῃ
imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active participle, accusative plural feminine; present active indicative, 3rd plural verb
προεῖδον
seeing beforehand; looking ahead; catch sight of 3 times
προϊδὼν, προϊδών, προΐδωνται
aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd plural verb
προϊδών, 'having seen before/ahead' — the moment Odysseus first spots land after two days adrift.
προερύω
rowed forward once
προέρυσσαν
προερύω 'hauled/rowed forward,' a nautical term for pulling the ship in.
προήκης
tapered once
προήκεα
προήκης 'sharp-pointed, tapered' — a technical epithet for the oar blades
προθέω
were setting out; he ran ahead twice
πρότιθεν, προθέεσκε
imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb
iterative -σκ- suffix (προθέεσκε) marks habitual/repeated past action, a Homeric feature
προίημι
sent forth; sent; sending out 27 times
προέηκε, προέηκεν, πρόεσαν, προΐειν, προΐει, προϊεῖσα, προέμεν, προΐησι and 1 more
aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb
προϊεῖσα: present participle of προΐημι, vivid picture of Penelope dispatching private word to each suitor.
προίξ
without return; as a gift twice
προικὸς
προικός, 'freely given,' underscoring Odysseus expects charity without payment
προιάλλω
kept sending; she sent twice
προΐαλλε
προΐαλλε, imperfect 'sent forth repeatedly' — Eumaeus's recurring obligation to supply the suitors.
προλείπω
leaving behind; has failed; to abandon 5 times
προλιπὼν, προλέλοιπεν, προλιπεῖν
aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active infinitive
Nom. participle agrees with the 'you' of ἀλάλησο (wander) two lines back—epic sentences run long across lines.
προμνηστῖνοι
one by one twice
προμνηστῖναι, προμνηστῖνοι
nominative plural feminine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective
προμνηστῖναι, 'one after another, in succession' — an adverbial word for an orderly procession (no notion of social rank), not a chaotic crowd.
προπάροιθε
before; in front of; in front 16 times
προπάροιθε, προπάροιθεν, προπάροιθ
preposition; adverb
τοτὲ μὲν...τοτὲ δὲ 'at one time...at another' correlative pattern describing the god's shifting appearances.
προπέμπω
sent ahead; sent forth; I sent ahead 3 times
προὔπεμψα, προὔπεμψε, προὔπεμψ
aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb
The προ- prefix marks sending onward/ahead. προὔπεμψε contracts the prefix vowel with the augment (προ + ἔπεμψε); that is ordinary contraction within a compound verb, not crasis (which joins two separate words, e.g. καὶ ἐγώ → κἀγώ).
προπροκυλίνδομαι
tumbling forward once
προπροκυλινδόμενος
προπροκυλινδόμενος, a rare reduplicated compound, mimics the beggar's exaggerated groveling in its very form.
προρέω
streaming forth; flow forth twice
προρέοντα, προρέουσι
present active participle, accusative singular masculine; present active indicative, 3rd plural verb
προρέοντα, participle describing the river 'flowing out (to sea)'
προσαίσσω
rushing at; rushing toward 3 times
προσαΐξας
προσαΐξας: aorist participle of προσαίσσω, vivid 'darting toward' — the bard's desperate lunge to supplicate.
προσαυδάω
addressed; spoke to; spoke 88 times
προσηύδα, προσηύδων, προσαυδάτω
imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb
Imperfect προσηύδα, the standard formulaic verb introducing direct speech in Homer.
προσβάλλω
was striking once
προσέβαλλεν
προσβάλλω 'strike upon' of sunlight hitting the fields — a common Homeric image for dawn.
προσβαίνω
went up; climbed; stepped onto 4 times
προσεβήσετο, προσέβη, προσέβαν
aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb
προσβαίνω 'go toward/up'; aorist marks the completed climb from the shore.
προσδέχομαι
expecting; awaiting; waiting 9 times
ποτιδέγμενοι, ποτιδέγμενος, ποτιδεγμένω
aorist medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine; aorist medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist medio-passive participle, nominative dual masculine
sarcastic jab: the seer is accused of angling for a bribe/gift, not offering honest prophecy.
προσεῖπον
answered; addressed; spoke to 114 times
προσέειπε, προσέειπεν, προσέειπον
aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb
Formulaic Homeric speech-introduction verb (προσέειπε), opening the standard 'spoke to him/her' line.
προσκλίνω
leans close; leaned; he leaned 3 times
προσέκλινε, ποτικέκλιται
perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb
perfect προσκλίνω, 'is placed/leaning near' — describes fixed furniture
προσπίπτω
crouching toward once
ποτιπεπτηυῖαι
ποτιπεπτηυῖαι, perfect participle 'crouching down' — vivid image of cliffs leaning protectively over the harbor
προσφυής
attached once
προσφυέ
προσφυές = 'grown onto' — a vivid compound describing joinery, treated as one solid piece.
προσφωνέω
addressed; spoke to; spoke to him 24 times
προσεφώνεε, προσεφώνεεν, προσεφώνεον
imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb
προτέμνω
I could cut; cutting off twice
προταμοίμην, προταμὼν
aorist middle optative, 1st singular verb; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine
προταμοίμην, middle aorist optative of προτέμνω, 'cut a furrow ahead of myself' — vivid boast of plowing skill.
προτέρω
onward; further in; further 13 times
προτέρω
προτιόσσομαι
foresaw; look at 4 times
προτιόσσεο, προτιόσσετ, προτιόσσετο
imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb
προτιόσσετο, 'looked ahead to' — vivid compound suggesting the heart 'seeing' doom before it arrives.
προτρέπω
turns; turned twice
προτράπηται, προτραποίμην
aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb; aorist middle optative, 1st singular verb
προτράπηται: aorist subjunctive passive, 'turns himself' — describes the sun's westward descent back toward earth.
προφαίνω
showed itself; shine; kept showing 5 times
προυφαίνετ, προύφαινε, προύφαινον, προὐφαίνετο, προφανέντ
imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb
Impersonal-like use: 'nothing appeared beforehand to be seen' — darkness so total nothing was visible.
προφέρω
vying; offers; carrying 3 times
προφέρουσαι, προφέρηται, προφέρουσα
present active participle, nominative plural feminine; present medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb; present active participle, nominative singular feminine
προφέρω 'bring forth/put forward' idiomatic with ἔριδα = 'competing with each other,' a playful image of girls racing to wash fastest.
προφερής
foremost; superior; mightier 3 times
προφερέστατος, προφερέστερον, προφερέστεροί
nominative singular masculine superlative adjective; accusative singular masculine comparative adjective; nominative plural masculine comparative adjective
comparative προφερέστερον 'more preeminent' — Odysseus ranks himself above all living men, just below the heroic dead
προφεύγω
escaping; you shall escape twice
προφυγὼν, προφύγοισθα
aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active optative, 2nd singular verb
Optative + ἄν in a future-vivid sense, Homeric idiom for 'you will not escape'.
προχοή
outflow; outpourings; outlets 3 times
προχοῇς, προχοάς
dative plural feminine noun; accusative plural feminine noun
πρύμνα
stern; the stern 3 times
πρύμνῃ, πρύμνη
dative singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun
πρυμνήσιος
stern-cables; stern cables 11 times
πρυμνήσια, πρυμνήσι
τε...τε pairs the two infinitives (ἀμβαίνειν, λῦσαι) as parallel commands.
πρυμνός
stern; of the stern; lowest part of 6 times
πρυμνῇ, πρυμνῆς, πρυμνότατον, πρυμνὸν
dative singular feminine adjective; genitive singular feminine adjective; accusative singular masculine superlative adjective
πρώτιστος
first of all; first; very first 13 times
πρώτιστα, πρώτιστον, πρώτισθ, πρώτιστος
accusative plural neuter adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective
adverbial neuter plural used as adverb, epic idiom for 'firstly'
πρῷρα
of the prow once
πρῴρης
πρῴρης genitive modifying ἴκρια from the line above — enjambment across lines
πρῶτος
first; outer, front; first, at first 93 times
πρῶτον, πρῶτα, πρῶτος, πρῶτ, πρώτην, πρώτῃσι, πρώτοισιν, πρῶτόν and 8 more
accusative plural neuter adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective
πολὺ πρώτη 'by far first' — adverbial accusative πολύ intensifying an ordinal, common epic idiom.
πρωθήβης
in first youth; in first bloom of youth twice
πρωθήβην, πρωθῆβαι
accusative singular feminine adjective; nominative plural masculine noun
πρωθήβης, compound epithet 'first-youth', vivid Homeric coinage
πταίρω
sneezed once
ἔπταρεν
ἔπταρεν, a sneeze at this moment is taken as a divine omen confirming her words
πτερόεις
winged 63 times
πτερόεντα, πτερόεντ
ἔπεα πτερόεντα, 'winged words,' a famous Homeric formula introducing direct speech.
πτερόν
wings; a wing; feathers 6 times
πτερὰ, πτερὸν
accusative plural neuter noun; nominative plural neuter noun; nominative singular neuter noun
ὡς εἰ + noun, a Homeric simile formula 'as if a wing,' comparing ship speed to flight and thought.
πτοέω
were terrified once
ἐπτοίηθεν
φρένες ἐπτοίηθεν 'their hearts/wits were panicked' — the aegis causes psychological rout, not physical harm.
πτολίεθρον
citadel; city 8 times
πτολίεθρον
πτολίπορθος
sacker of cities 6 times
πτολίπορθος, πτολίπορθον, πτολιπόρθῳ
nominative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; dative singular masculine adjective
πτολίπορθος, Odysseus's recurring epithet from his role at Troy.
πτολιπόρθιος
sacker of cities twice
πτολιπόρθιον
formulaic epithet πτολιπόρθιος: Odysseus proudly names himself in full heroic terms as he taunts the Cyclops.
πτύσσω
having folded; folding 4 times
πτύξασα, πτύξασά, πτύξασ
πτύξασ(α): feminine participle agreeing with Penelope, describing how she prepared the garments
πτώσσω
cringing, cowering; to skulk, cringe; cowering 3 times
πτώσσων, πτώσσειν, πτώσσουσαι
present active participle, nominative singular masculine; present active infinitive; present active participle, nominative plural feminine
πτώσσειν implies cowering/begging, contrasted sharply with honest ἔργον — the taunt's core insult.
πτωχεύω
to go begging; may beg; to beg 5 times
πτωχεύσων, πτωχεύῃ, πτωχεύειν, πτωχεύεσκ, πτωχεύω
future active participle, nominative singular masculine; present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb; present active infinitive
future participle expressing purpose, 'in order to beg'
πτωχός
beggar; beggars; a beggar 21 times
πτωχῷ, πτωχὸς, πτωχῶν, πτωχοί, πτωχὸν, πτωχοὶ, πτωχοὺς
dative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective
dative of comparison-like resemblance governed by ἐναλίγκιον, 'like a beggar'
πύθω
are rotting; rotting twice
πύθεται, πυθομένων
present passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; present passive participle, genitive plural masculine
πυθομένων, 'decaying/rotting' — grim image reinforcing the Sirens' meadow of death.
πύκα
firmly, closely; closely, tightly; stoutly 7 times
πύκα
πύκα 'closely, snugly' modifies ποιητοῖο, describing tightly-built construction.
πύλη
gates 4 times
πύλῃσιν, πύλῃσι, πύλαι, πύλας
dative plural feminine noun; nominative plural feminine noun; accusative plural feminine noun
'gates of dreams' — a Homeric image for the threshold between sleep and waking.
Πύλιος
of Pylos; to the Pylians; of Pylians 4 times
Πυλίων, Πυλίοισιν, Πυλίοισι
genitive plural masculine adjective; dative plural masculine noun
Πύλιος, 'man of Pylos' — ethnic adjective used as noun, dative plural in -οισιν (epic ending)
Πύλος
Pylos; of Pylos; in Pylos 26 times
Πύλον, Πύλου, Πύλῳ
accusative singular feminine noun; genitive singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun
Pylos, Nestor's kingdom, one of the two possible refuges named for Telemachus/Odysseus.
πύματος
last; final; for the last 6 times
πύματον, πύματα, πυμάτῳ, πύματόν
accusative singular neuter adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective; dative singular masculine adjective
grim 'reward' promised for the trick name: Noman eaten last, a hollow favor
πύξ
in boxing; boxing; with the fist 4 times
πὺξ, πύξ
πύξ, adverb 'in boxing' — marks Polydeuces as the boxer twin.
πύργος
a wall; tower (of strength) twice
πύργος
πύργος + περί, 'a tower/wall (runs) around'; postponed preposition (anastrophe) typical of Homeric verse.
πύρνον
a crust of bread; a crust; bread, loaves 3 times
πύρνον, πύρνα
accusative singular neuter noun; accusative plural neuter noun
πῦρ
fire; of fire; the fire 55 times
πῦρ, πυρὶ, πυρὸς, πυρί, πυρός
accusative singular neuter noun; dative singular neuter noun; genitive singular neuter noun
πυρὸς genitive after comparative adverb ἀσσοτέρω, 'closer of/to the fire'
πυγούσιος
a cubit twice
πυγούσιον
πυγούσιον, a rare measure-word (about 1.5 feet) giving the pit's precise ritual size.
πυθμήν
the trunk; the trunk, base 3 times
πυθμέν
dative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun
Πυθώ
in Pytho once
Πυθοῖ
Πυθοῖ, locative dative naming Delphi's older cult-name, site of Apollo's oracle.
Πυθώδε
to Pytho once
Πυθώδ
Πυθώδε, directional -δε suffix 'to/toward Pytho'
πυκάζω
thicken; should huddle; wrapped 3 times
πυκάσαι, πυκάζοιεν, πεπυκασμένος
aorist active infinitive; present active optative, 3rd plural verb; perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine
the two infinitives ἀνθῆσαι/πυκάσαι depend on the same 'before' clause, describing the beard that never got to grow.
πυκιμηδής
wise, shrewd once
πυκιμηδέος
πυκιμηδής 'shrewd-minded' echoes the same πυκ- root as πύκα in l436, both praising careful, competent craftsmanship/thought.
πυκινός
dense; strong-built; well-built 9 times
πυκινὸν, πυκινοῖσι, πυκινοῖσιν, πυκινῶς, πυκινοῦ
accusative singular neuter adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; dative plural masculine adjective
πυκνός
thick; dense; tightly, firmly 41 times
πυκινῶς, πυκνὰ, πυκινὰ, πυκιναὶ, πυκινὸν, πυκνά, πυκινοῖσιν, πυκνοὶ and 10 more
adverb; accusative plural neuter adjective; nominative plural feminine adjective
πυκινῶς 'closely, shrewdly' (from πυκνός 'dense') — Homer's stock word for wise counsel, echoed in πυκινὴ βουλή elsewhere.
πυλάρτης
gate-fastener once
πυλάρταο
epithet for Hades as 'holder/closer of gates,' the underworld gatekeeper
Πυλόνδε
to Pylos; toward Pylos 6 times
Πύλονδε, Πύλονδ
-δε suffix = 'to/toward', directional ending on the place name
πυλόνδε
to Pylos once
Πύλονδε
Πύλονδε: directional -δε suffix on a place name, 'to/toward Pylos' — no preposition needed.
πυνθάνομαι
to learn; to inquire; learned of it 37 times
πυθέσθαι, πευσόμενος, πυθόμην, πευσόμενον, πυθοίμην, πέπυσται, πύθηαι, πύθηται and 8 more
aorist middle infinitive; future middle participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist middle indicative, 1st singular verb
Future participle of πυνθάνομαι expressing purpose ('go in order to learn') — a common Homeric use of the future participle.
πυρακτέω
hardened in fire once
ἐπυράκτεον
πυρακτέω, 'to harden by fire' — a technical craft term, describing fire-hardening the stake's tip
πυρή
pyre 3 times
πυρήν, πυρὴν
πυρηφόρος
wheat-bearing once
πυρηφόρον
πυρηφόρος 'wheat-bearing' — a stock epithet for fertile farmland.
Πυριφλεγέθων
Pyriphlegethon once
Πυριφλεγέθων
Underworld river name meaning 'blazing with fire' — one of Homer's mythic river-names.
πυρός
wheat 6 times
πυρὸν, πυροί, πυροὶ, πυροὺς
accusative singular masculine noun; nominative plural masculine noun; accusative plural masculine noun
πυρπολέω
tending fires once
πυρπολέοντας
πυρπολέω 'fire-tend': a compound verb turned into a participle noun, men glimpsed by their fires.
πω
yet; ever yet; ever 60 times
πω, πώ
πω 'yet/ever' with negation οὐ makes 'never yet' — common epic emphatic pairing.
πῶμα
lid; with lids; lid, cover 4 times
πῶμα, πώμασιν, πῶμ
accusative singular neuter noun; dative plural neuter noun
πῶς
how; somehow 27 times
πῶς, πώς
adverb; pronoun
πῶυ
flocks; among flocks; flock 6 times
πώεα, πώεσι, πῶυ
accusative plural neuter noun; dative plural neuter noun; nominative plural neuter noun
πωλέομαι
frequenting, haunting; frequents; you used to visit 7 times
πωλεύμενοι, πωλεῖταί, πωλέ, πωλεῖτ, πωλέσκετο, πωλεύμην
present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb
πωλεύμενοι, 'coming and going repeatedly' — iterative-feeling middle participle showing the suitors' constant, unwelcome presence.
πως
somehow; in any way; at all 36 times
πως, πώς
οὔ πως together = emphatic 'there's no way'
Seen once or twice
Π́ερση
Perse once
π͂ας
all once
πα~ς
all once
πάγος
crags twice
πάλη
wrestling once
Πάνδαρος
of Pandareus twice
πάννυχος
all night long; all night twice
πάντως
utterly; altogether twice
πάρδαλις
a leopard once
πάροιθεϝ
before once
πάσσω
tasted once
πάτος
track once
πάχετος
thicker; thick twice
πάχνη
hoarfrost once
πάχος
thickness once
παίς
children once
παιδνός
a boy; being a child twice
παλαίω
wrestled twice
παλαιγενής
aged once
παλαισμοσύνη
in wrestling; of wrestling twice
παλαιστής
wrestlers once
παλλακίς
concubine once
πανάπαλος
delicate once
πανάργυρος
all silver; all-silver twice
πανῆμαρ
all day long once
πανθυμαδόν
with all their spirit once
Πανοπεύς
Panopeus once
πανύστατος
very last once
πανυπέρτατος
highest up once
παραγίγνομαι
attended, was present once
παραείδω
to sing before once
παρακλίνω
tilting aside once
παραλέγω
lay with her once
παραμίμνω
lingered; staying on twice
παρανηνέω
heaped up twice
παραπέμπω
sent past once
παραπλέω
sailed past once
παραπλήξ
shelving; shelving, sloping twice
παρελαύνω
passed by; rowed past twice
παρεξελαύνω
drive past once
παρήιον
cheeks twice
παρήμαι
sitting beside once
παρθένιος
maiden once
παρθενική
maidens once
παρθενικός
a young girl once
παρίζω
sat beside once
πατηρ
father once
Πατροκλῆς
Patroclus once
πέδονδε
down to the plain once
πέκω
comb once
πέλας
close; near twice
πέλεθρον
acres, plethra once
πέντε
five twice
πέσσω
ripens once
πέταλον
the leaves once
πεῖνα
famine once
πεῖσα
obedience once
πεινάω
to hunger once
πειραίνω
fastening twice
Πεισήνωρ
Pisenor once
Πελασγός
Pelasgians once
πελεκάω
trimmed once
πελεμίζω
made quiver once
Πελίης
Pelias twice
πενθερός
father-in-law once
πενία
to poverty once
πενιχρός
poor once
πεντακόσιοι
five hundred once
περ
although / even once
περάτη
its setting once
περαιόω
having crossed over once
Περίβοια
Periboia once
περίειμι
you surpass; I surpass twice
περίκειμαι
lay around once
περίκηλος
well-seasoned twice
περιδίδομαι
will stake once
Περικλύμενος
Periclymenus once
περικτίονες
neighboring; neighbors twice
Περιμήδης
Perimedes twice
περιμήκετος
towering once
περιξεστός
polished once
περιπληθής
very crowded once
περιρρέω
ran round once
περιστείχω
you circled once
περιστρέφω
whirling round once
περιτρομέω
trembled all over once
περιφαίνομαι
open clearing once
περιφραδής
skillfully; carefully twice
περιώσιος
excessively once
περιωπή
lookout point once
Περσεύς
Perseus twice
πετεινός
of winged things; fledged twice
πετραῖος
of the rock once
πήληξ
a helmet once
Πήλιον
Pelion once
πηγή
springs once
πηγυλίς
freezing once
πηδόν
with the oar-blade; with oar-blade twice
πηκτός
jointed, fitted once
Πηλείδης
son of Peleus twice
Πηρώ
Pero once
πίειρα
rich once
πίθος
jars; of jars twice
πίτυς
pines once
πῖαρ
rich soil once
πῖσος
meadows once
Πιερία
Pieria once
πλαγκτός
you fool once
πλέος
full once
Πλειάδες
the Pleiades once
πλευρά
ribs once
πλήν
except once
πληθύς
throng; by numbers twice
πλημυρίς
flood-tide once
πλησίον
near once
πλησίστιος
sail-filling twice
πλίσσομαι
stepped out once
πλόος
voyage once
πλοῦτος
wealth twice
πνοιή
breaths once
πόρις
calves once
πόρος
paths once
πόσε
where to; where twice
πόστος
how many once
πότε
when once
ποίκιλμα
in embroidery once
ποίμνη
by flocks once
Ποιάντιος
son of Poias once
ποιμαίνω
shepherded once
ποινή
penalty once
πολεμήιος
warlike once
πολεμιστής
warriors once
πολεύω
go about, walk once
πολίτης
townspeople; townsfolk twice
Πολύδαμνα
Polydamna once
πολύδωρος
richly-dowered once
πολύκαρπος
fruitful twice
πολύκληρος
of much property once
πολύπικρος
very bitter once
πολυάιξ
furious once
πολυανθής
richly blooming once
Πολυδεύκης
Polydeuces once
πολυηχής
many-toned once
πολυθαρσής
bold once
Πολυκτορίδης
son of Polyctor twice
πολυμενθης
of many sorrows once
πολυσπερής
widely scattered once
Πολυφείδης
Polypheides twice
πολυωπός
fine-meshed once
πομπεύω
escorted once
Ποντεύς
Ponteus once
ποντόπορος
seafaring once
ποντοπορέω
crossing the sea once
πορθμεύς
ferrymen once
πορθμός
the strait; strait twice
πορσύνω
prepared twice
Ποσειδάων
Poseidon twice
Ποσειδῶν
Poseidon twice
ποταμόνδε
riverward once
ποτή
in flight once
ποτητός
flying things once
πραπίδες
wits/skill; understanding twice
πρασιά
garden beds; garden bed twice
πρέπω
stands out; was known for twice
πρέσβα
eldest once
πρέσβυς
the eldest once
πρήθω
filled once
πρόβασις
livestock once
πρόβολος
a headland once
πρόγονος
firstborn once
πρόειμι
sent forth once
Πρόκρις
Procris once
πρόμαχος
front fighters; front-fighters twice
πρόμος
champion once
πρόξ
deer once
πρόσειμι
approaching once
πρόχνυ
utterly once
προβιβάω
his feet; striding forward twice
προερέσσω
we rowed forward; rowed twice
προίκτης
who begs; beggar twice
προκαλέω
challenge! once
προκαλίζομαι
challenged; challenge twice
προνοέω
to plan ahead once
προπάροιθεν
ahead twice
προπίπτω
bending forward; falling to it twice
προπρηνής
bent forward once
προσάγω
brought once
προσαλείφω
anointed once
προσδέρκομαι
gazes at; kept watching twice
προσθέω
answered once
προσκηδής
heartfelt once
προσλέγω
reclined beside once
προσμυθέομαι
to speak to once
προσπελάζω
driving near once
προσπίλναμαι
drew near once
προσπλάζω
lapped against once
προσστείχω
was climbing once
προστίθημι
had set, placed once
προσφύω
clinging fast once
προσφωνήεις
able to speak once
προτύπτω
surged once
Πρυμνεύς
Prymneus once
πρῶτον
first once
πρωί
early, too soon once
Πρωρεύς
Proreus once
Πρωτεύς
of Proteus; Proteus twice
πρωτόπλοος
newly launched once
πτέρυξ
wings once
πτήσσω
they cowered once
πτόρθος
branch once
πτύξ
folds/glens once
πύλος
Pylos; to Pylos twice
πυγμάχος
boxers once
πυέλος
the trough once
Πυλόθεν
from Pylos once
πυράγρα
tongs once
πυργόω
walled once
πυριηκής
fire-pointed once
πῶλος
colts once
The particulars
- The words
- Every word of the text, parsed: its headword, its form and its meaning in the line. Source text: public domain (Homer, ancient; Greek per the Murray/Allen text via the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 3.0).
- Translation
- Public-domain Greek (Homer, ancient; text via the Perseus Digital Library). English translation © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC.
- Data
- JSON · A guide for agents