Words of the Iliad 1732 Studios

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Words of the Iliad · 784 headwords

Each word with its meanings, its forms, and the lines it stands in.

πα~ς

all; everything 4 times

πᾶσι, πάντα, πάντ, πάντά

accusative plural neuter adjective; dative plural neuter adjective; nominative plural neuter adjective

πάλλω

shook; brandishing; swung 24 times

πάλλων, πάλλεν, πάλλε, πάλλον, πάλλειν, πῆλαι, πῆλέ, παλλομένων and 6 more

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active participle, nominative singular masculine; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb

πάμπρωτος

before all others; first of all 4 times

πάμπρωτα, πάμπρωτος

nominative singular masculine adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective; accusative plural neuter superlative adjective

Πάνδαρος

Pandarus 6 times

Πάνδαρος, Πάνδαρον, Πάνδαρε

nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; vocative singular masculine noun

Pandarus's bow, a gift from Apollo, sets up his treaty-breaking shot at Menelaus in Book 4.

Πάνθοος

Panthous 5 times

Πάνθου, Πάνθοον, Πάνθῳ

genitive singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

πάννυχος

all night; all-night 4 times

πάννυχοι, πάννυχον, πάννυχος

nominative plural masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

πάρδαλις

leopard; panthers 3 times

παρδαλίων, παρδάλιος, πάρδαλις

genitive plural feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun

πάρειμι

are here; are present; will be ready 23 times

πάρα, παρέσσεται, παρέασι, πάρεστι, πάρ, πάρεστέ, παρέσται, πάρεσαν and 6 more

present active indicative, 3rd singular verb; future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active indicative, 3rd plural verb

παρέσσεται is literally "will be at hand/present" (πάρειμι), rendered here as "shall be given" since the sense is that the gifts will come to Achilles.

πάρημαι

sit beside; sitting beside; sitting around 4 times

παρήμενος, παρήμενοι

present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine; present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine

παρήμενοι describes the counselors seated beside Achilles.

Πάρις

Paris; of Paris 11 times

Πάρις, Πάριν, Πάριος

nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun

The lot determines that Paris will throw the first spear.

πάσσω

spread; scattering; sprinkled 8 times

πάσσε, πάσσων, ἔπασσε, πάσσειν

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active participle, nominative singular masculine; present active infinitive

πάσχω

to suffer; may suffer; suffering 37 times

πάθον, ἔπασχον, πάθοι, παθέειν, πάθῃσι, πάσχων, πάσχειν, πάθοιμι and 14 more

aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb; aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb; aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb

πάθῃσθα is a finite second-person subjunctive, not an infinitive.

Πάτροκλος

Patroclus; of Patroclus; to Patroclus 141 times

Πάτροκλος, Πάτροκλον, Πατρόκλῳ, Πατρόκλοιο, Πάτροκλε, Πατρόκλου, Πατροκλῆος, Πατρόκλεες and 5 more

nominative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

πάτροκλος

Patroclus 11 times

Πατρόκλεες, Πατρόκλεις, Πάτροκλος, Πατροκλῆα

vocative singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

πᾶς

all; whole; of all 546 times

πάντες, πάντα, πάντας, πάντων, πᾶσι, πᾶσιν, πᾶσαν, πᾶν and 21 more

nominative plural masculine adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective; dative plural masculine adjective

πάντες modifies the Achaeans and does not mean 'all of you.'

παῖς

son; sons; children 168 times

πάϊς, παῖδες, παῖδα, παιδὸς, παῖδ, παιδὶ, παῖδας, παίδων and 8 more

nominative singular masculine noun; nominative plural masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

παιάν

paean; a victory hymn twice

παιήονα

παιήονα names the paean, a hymn sung to Apollo to avert or give thanks for divine anger — fitting here just after the plague he sent has been lifted.

παιπαλόεις

rugged 5 times

παιπαλοέσσης, παιπαλοέσσῃ, παιπαλόεντος, παιπαλόεσσαν

genitive singular feminine adjective; dative singular feminine adjective; genitive singular neuter adjective

παλάμη

hands; palms; at the hands 15 times

παλάμῃσι, παλάμῃσιν, παλάμηφιν, παλάμῃς, παλαμάων

dative plural feminine noun; genitive feminine noun; genitive plural feminine noun

The epic ending -φι(ν) gives an instrumental or locative sense: the spear fitted “in his palm.”

παλάσσω

was splashed; was spattered; when spattered 11 times

πεπάλακτο, παλάσσετο, πεπαλαγμένον, πεπάλασθε

pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; perfect medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine

Pluperfect middle-passive presents the axle as already thoroughly blood-spattered.

παλαιός

old; long ago; an old 6 times

παλαιός, παλαιοῦ, παλαιῷ, παλαιοτέρους

nominative singular masculine adjective; genitive singular masculine adjective; dative singular masculine adjective

παλίωξις

counter-pursuit; a counter-pursuit 3 times

παλίωξιν, παλίωξις

accusative singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun

παλύνω

blanketed; sprinkled; were scattering 3 times

ἐπάλυνεν, πάλυνε, πάλυνον

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb

παμφαίνω

all gleaming; blazes bright; shone 8 times

παμφαίνων, παμφαίνῃσι, πάμφαινον, παμφαίνοντας, παμφαῖνον, παμφαίνονθ

present active participle, nominative singular masculine; present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb

παμφανόων

all-shining; all gleaming; all-gleaming 14 times

παμφανόωντα, παμφανόωσαν, παμφανόωντος, παμφανόωσα

present active participle, accusative plural neuter; present active participle, accusative singular feminine; present active participle, genitive singular masculine

παναίολος

gleaming; shining 6 times

παναίολον, παναίολος

nominative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective

Παναχαιοί

of all the Achaeans; all Achaeans 9 times

Παναχαιῶν, Παναχαιοὺς

genitive plural masculine noun; accusative plural masculine noun

παναώριος

doomed to die young once

παναώριον

παναώριον describes Achilles as destined for an untimely death; he is not yet dead.

Πανέλληνες

the Hellenes once

Πανέλληνας

A rare early use of "Hellenes" as a name for all the Greeks together, alongside the poem's usual Danaans/Argives/Achaeans, not yet the later national term.

πανημέριος

all day long; andall 7 times

πανημέριοι, πανημέριος, πανημέριον, πανημερίοις

nominative plural masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective

Πανθοίδης

son of Panthous; Panthoos' son; Panthous' son 8 times

Πανθοΐδην, Πανθοΐδαο, Πανθοΐδης

accusative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun

παννύχιος

all night; the whole night 13 times

παννύχιοι, παννύχιον, παννύχιος, παννυχίη

nominative plural masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

παννύχιοι means lasting/sleeping through the whole night.

Πανοπεύς

Panopeus; of Panopeus 3 times

Πανοπῆα, Πανοπῆϊ, Πανοπῆος

accusative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun

παντοῖος

every; all kinds of; every kind 10 times

παντοίων, παντοίας, παντοίην, παντοίους, παντοίου, παντοῖοι, παντοίης

genitive plural masculine adjective; accusative plural feminine adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective

παπταίνω

looking about; searching; glanced about 17 times

παπταίνων, παπτήνας, πάπτηνεν, παπτήνασ, παπταίνετον, παπτήναντα

present active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb

παρά

beside; from; along 299 times

παρὰ, παρ, πὰρ, πάρα, παρά, παραὶ, πάρ

preposition; adverb

Postpositive preposition: beside the stern of his ship.

παράφημι

counsel; coaxing; persuading 3 times

παράφημι, παρφάμενος, παραιφάμενος

present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine; present active indicative, 1st singular verb

The participle describes Hector persuading the offender with words.

παραβαίνω

rode beside; stood beside; close beside 3 times

παρέβασκε, παρβεβαώς, παρβεβαῶτε

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine; perfect active participle, nominative dual masculine

παραβλήδην

with a side-thrust once

παραβλήδην

The adverb marks speech delivered obliquely, as a taunt aimed from the side.

παραβλώψ

cross-eyed once

παραβλῶπές

The personified Prayers look askance, an image of their humble, damaged condition.

παραίσσω

rushed past; darting past 4 times

παρήϊξεν, παρήϊξαν, παραΐσσοντος

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active participle, genitive singular masculine

genitive circumstantial participle referring to Polydorus as he darts past.

παραλέγω

lay beside; lay down; lie beside him 6 times

παρελέξατο, παρκατέλεκτο, παραλέξομαι

aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist middle subjunctive, 1st singular verb

The aorist middle subjunctive refers to Hera herself lying down beside Zeus.

παραμένω

remained beside; stand fast; remain beside you 3 times

παρέμεινεν, παρμένετ, παρμενέμεν

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active imperative, 2nd plural verb; present active infinitive

Epic infinitive in -men, completing 'i can no longer.'

παραμυθέομαι

counsel; to counsel 3 times

παραμυθησαίμην, παραμυθήσασθαι

aorist medio-passive optative, 1st singular verb; aorist medio-passive infinitive

παραπείθω

persuaded; swayed; having coaxed 5 times

παρέπεισεν, παραιπεπιθοῦσα, παρπεπιθόντες

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine; aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine

The compound participle adds the nuance of winning someone over by coaxing or persuasive speech.

παρατεκταίνομαι

contrive them once

παρατεκτήναιτο

The aorist middle optative with the modal particle means that not even Zeus could devise a different outcome.

παρατίθημι

he set before; we shall set 3 times

παρέθηκεν, παράθες, παραθήσομεν

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb; future active indicative, 1st plural verb

παρατρέχω

ran past; the two ran past; I outran 3 times

παρέδραμεν, παραδραμέτην, παρέδραμον

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd dual verb; aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb

The dual verb explicitly treats Hector and Achilles as the two runners.

παραφθάνω

he outstrips; racing past; having outstripped 3 times

παραφθαίησι, παραφθὰς, παραφθάμενος

aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine

παρέζομαι

sit beside; sat beside; sitting 3 times

παρέζεο, παρέζετο, παρεζόμενος

present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine

παρέρχομαι

pass by; get past 3 times

παρελεύσεαι, παρελθέμεν, παρέλθῃ

future middle indicative, 2nd singular verb; aorist active infinitive; aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb

παρέχω

has offered; were bringing; shall provide 5 times

παρασχέμεν, παράσχῃ, πάρεχον, παρέξει

aorist active infinitive; aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb

παρεῖπον

urging; won over; persuading 6 times

παρειπών, παρείπῃ, παρειποῦσ

aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb; aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine

παρειά

his cheeks; cheeks; from their cheeks 5 times

παρειαί, παρειάς, παρειάων, παρειῶν

nominative plural feminine noun; genitive plural feminine noun; accusative plural feminine noun

The genitive gives the place from which the tears streamed.

παρελαύνω

have passed; to pass; would have passed 4 times

παρέλασσ, παρελάσσαι, παρήλασαν

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active infinitive; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb

παρήορος

trace-horse; sprawling; wayward 4 times

παρήορος, παρήορον

nominative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

παρίστημι

standing beside; stood; came up beside 49 times

παραστάς, παρίστατο, παραστὰς, παρέστη, παριστάμενος, παρέστης, παρεστάμεναι, παρέστηκεν and 7 more

aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb

Perfect finite verb, not an infinitive.

παρίσχω

to keep ready; we offer twice

παρισχέμεν, παρίσχομεν

present active infinitive; present active indicative, 1st plural verb

The epic infinitive means to keep the horses and chariot standing ready beside him.

παροίχομαι

passed on; has passed 3 times

παρῴχετο, παροίχωκεν

imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb

πατάσσω

pounded; beats 3 times

πάτασσεν, πατάσσει, πάτασσε

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active indicative, 3rd singular verb

πατέομαι

had tasted; tasted; to eat 7 times

πάσαντο, πάσασθαι, πασάμην, πεπάσμην

aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist middle infinitive; aorist middle indicative, 1st singular verb

Tasting the σπλάγχνα (inner organs) right after they were roasted was itself a fixed ritual step, distinct from the shared feast that follows once the rest of the meat is cooked.

πατήρ

father; my father; the father 166 times

πατὴρ, πατρὸς, πατρὶ, πατρί, πατήρ, πατέρ, πατρός, πατέρα and 3 more

nominative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

πατρός specifies the person for whom Achilles longs to lament, not 'a father'.

πατρίς

native; native land; fatherland 36 times

πατρίδα, πατρίδος, πατρίδ, πατρίδι

accusative singular feminine adjective; genitive singular feminine adjective; accusative singular feminine noun

Πατροκλῆς

Patroclus 5 times

Πατρόκλεες, Πατροκλῆος, Πατροκλῆ

vocative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

πατρώιος

ancestral; father's; of my fathers 8 times

πατρώϊον, πατρώϊός, πατρώϊοι, πατρώϊόν

accusative singular neuter adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective

The scepter, imperishable and passed down through generations, is the physical emblem of royal authority Odysseus now wields to marshal the army.

παύω

to cease; ceased; stopped 56 times

παύσαντο, ἔπαυσε, παύσασθαι, παύσατο, ἐπέπαυτ, παῦσε, παύω, παυσάμενόν and 32 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb

The Greek dual verb marks both Xanthus and Hephaestus ceasing.

παῦρος

fewer; few; few words 13 times

παυρότεροι, παῦρα, παῦροι, παυροτέροισι, παῦρος, παυρότερον, παυροτέροισιν, παύροισι and 1 more

nominative plural masculine comparative adjective; dative plural masculine comparative adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective

Παφλαγών

of the Paphlagonians; Paphlagonians 4 times

Παφλαγόνων, Παφλαγόνες, Παφλαγόνεσσι

genitive plural masculine noun; nominative plural masculine noun; dative plural masculine noun

παχύς

stout; thick; strong 18 times

παχείῃ, παχύς, πάχιστος, παχέος, παχύ, παχὺ

dative singular feminine adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

πέζα

stop once

πέζῃ

The following adjective supplies 'foremost'.

πέλεκυς

axes; with axes; an axe 9 times

πελέκεας, πελέκεσσι, πέλεκυς, πέλεκυν

accusative plural masculine noun; dative plural feminine noun; nominative singular masculine noun

Πέλοψ

Pelops twice

Πέλοπι, Πέλοψ

dative singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun

Pelops, the mythical Lydian/Phrygian prince whose ivory shoulder and chariot race for Hippodameia begin the house of Atreus's long curse — the scepter genealogy roots Agamemnon's authority in this line.

πέλω

was; is; become 61 times

ἔπλετο, πέλεται, πέλει, πέλεν, ἔπλευ, πέλονται, ἔπλεο, πέληται and 10 more

imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb

The iterative imperfect expresses what Hector repeatedly or characteristically was.

πέμπτος

fifth 4 times

πέμπτης, πέμπτῳ, πέμπτος, πέμπτον

genitive singular feminine adjective; dative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

πέμπω

send; he sent; sent 32 times

πέμπε, ἔπεμπε, πέμψον, πέμπον, πέμπειν, πέμψεν, πέμψω, πέμπουσιν and 9 more

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb

πένθος

grief; sorrow; with grief 20 times

πένθος, πένθεϊ, πένθεος

nominative singular neuter noun; accusative singular neuter noun; dative singular neuter noun

πένθος is the second direct object of ἔθηκας, not an instrumental phrase.

πένομαι

were busy with; were preparing; attend to 4 times

πένοντο, πένεσθαι, ἐπένοντο

imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; present medio-passive infinitive

Finite verb; the prior gloss was shifted from the adverb.

πένταχα

in five divisions once

πένταχα

the adverb means “in five parts,” introducing the five-company catalogue

πέπλος

robe; robes; covers 11 times

πέπλον, πέπλοι, πέπλοιο, πέπλου, πέπλους, πέπλοισι

accusative singular masculine noun; nominative plural masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun

πέπνυμαι

wise; wise words; prudent 13 times

πεπνυμένος, πεπνυμένω, πεπνυμένα, πεπνυμένε, πέπνυσαί

perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine; perfect medio-passive participle, nominative dual masculine; perfect medio-passive participle, accusative plural neuter

The second-person perfect explicitly predicates wisdom of Hermes.

πέπων

friend; weaklings; dear, gentle 15 times

πέπον, πέπονες

vocative singular masculine adjective; vocative singular neuter adjective; vocative plural masculine adjective

πέρ

indeed; though; even 327 times

περ, πέρ

εἴ περ...καί, "even if... also," is a standard Homeric concessive idiom for granting a point while insisting the real difficulty remains — here, that a king's anger cools today but not permanently.

Πέργαμος

Pergamus; on Pergamus 4 times

Περγάμῳ, Περγάμου, Πέργαμον

dative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun

πέρθω

sacked; after sacking; being sacked 17 times

περθομένη, πέρσεν, πέρσας, πέρθετο, πέρθαι, πέρθοντε, ἔπραθον, πέρσε and 4 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine

The future passive supplies the complete prediction about the city.

πέρνημι

being sold; having been sold; selling 4 times

περνάμεν, πεπερημένος, περνὰς, πέρνασχ

present medio-passive participle, nominative plural neuter; perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine; present active participle, nominative singular masculine

πέσσω

broods over; to digest; nurse 6 times

πέσσει, πεσσέμεν, πέσσῃ, πέσσων, πέσσω

present active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active infinitive; present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb

πέσσω figuratively means to brood over griefs, not 'nurse.'

πέτομαι

flew; flew onward; flies 38 times

πετέσθην, ἔπτατο, πέτονται, πταμένη, πέτετο, πέτεται, πέτετ, ἐπέτοντο and 4 more

imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd dual verb; aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb

The dual verb agrees with the two horses.

πέτρα

rock; rocks; Rock 18 times

πέτρης, πέτρη, πέτρῃ, πέτραι, πέτρην, πέτρῃσιν

genitive singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun

πεδίον

plain; the plain; across the plain 100 times

πεδίον, πεδίοιο, πεδίῳ, πεδίου, πεδία

genitive singular neuter noun; accusative singular neuter noun; dative singular neuter noun

An epic genitive used with the motion participle: he rushes over or across the plain.

πεζός

on foot; footmen; of foot soldiers 20 times

πεζὸς, πεζοί, πεζῶν, πεζοὺς, πεζός, πεζοὶ

nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective; genitive plural masculine adjective

πείθω

trusting; obeyed; obey 141 times

πειθώμεθα, πεποιθὼς, πίθοντο, πιθήσας, πείσεις, πεποιθώς, ἐπείθετο, πείθεσθαι and 53 more

perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine; present medio-passive subjunctive, 1st plural verb; aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb

Future middle of πείθω is deponent, 'yield/obey,' not active 'persuade'; μιν πείσεσθαι literally means 'that he will yield [to me].' The published line recasts this as active 'I shall persuade him.'

πείρω

pierced; studded; passing through 12 times

πεπαρμένον, ἔπειραν, πεῖράν, πεπαρμένος, ἔπειρε, πεῖρεν, ἔπειρεν, πεπαρμένη and 1 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; perfect medio-passive participle, accusative singular neuter; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb

πεπαρμένον is a perfect passive participle of πείρω, "pierce/drive through" — the golden nails are literally driven into the wood.

Πείσανδρος

Peisander; Pisander 6 times

Πείσανδρος, Πείσανδρόν, Πείσανδρον, Πεισάνδρῳ

nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

πεῖραρ

bounds; cords; the cords 11 times

πείρατ, πείραθ, πεῖραρ, πείρατα

accusative plural neuter noun; nominative plural neuter noun; accusative singular neuter noun

πεινάω

being hungry; greatly hungry 3 times

πεινάων, πεινάοντε, πεινάοντα

present active participle, nominative singular masculine; present active participle, nominative dual masculine; present active participle, accusative singular masculine

πειράω

testing; will test; to make trial 40 times

πειρήσομαι, πειρώμενος, πειρηθῆναι, πειρᾶν, πειρᾷ, ἐπειρᾶτο, πειράτω, πειρήσεσθε and 16 more

present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist passive infinitive; future middle indicative, 1st singular verb

Agamemnon's plan to "test" the army by ordering a false retreat is his own idea, layered on top of the Dream's separate command to attack — the scheme that goes wrong later in Book 2.

πειρητίζω

testing; test; kept trying 4 times

πειρητίζων, πειρήτιζε, πειρήτιζον

present active participle, nominative singular masculine; present active imperative, 2nd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb

Πειρίθοος

Pirithous; of Pirithous 6 times

Πειριθόου, Πειρίθοόν, Πειριθόοιο, Πειριθόῳ, Πειρίθοον

genitive singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

πελάζω

he laid; bring near; to bring 22 times

πέλασε, πελάσσῃ, πέλασαν, πέλασεν, πέλασσεν, πελάσθη, πελάζειν, ἔπληντ and 8 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb

A second-person dual imperative addressed to the two captors.

Πελασγός

Pelasgians; the Pelasgian 4 times

Πελασγοῦ, Πελασγῶν, Πελασγοί

genitive singular masculine noun; genitive plural masculine noun; nominative plural masculine noun

πελεμίζω

shaken; quivered; shook 10 times

πελεμίχθη, πελεμίζετ, πελέμιζεν, πελεμίξαι, πελεμιζέμεν, πελέμιξεν

aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb

πελώριος

huge; monstrous; mighty 16 times

πελώριον, πελώριος, πελώρια

accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective

περάω

to cross; drove through; will pass through 18 times

περάαν, πέρησε, περησέμεναι, πέρησεν, ἐπέρησεν, περήσειν, περῆσαι, πέραον and 6 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active infinitive; future active infinitive

Depends on an adjective 'easy' (ῥηϊδίη) not included in this excerpt: '(not) easy to pass through.'

περί

around; for; about 241 times

περὶ, πέρι, περί

preposition; adverb

περί … ἐστέ ("you are around/beyond") is a periphrastic idiom for excelling, split by tmesis; the preposition περί does the real work of "surpass" both times it appears in this line.

περίδρομος

with a way round it; revolving; running around 3 times

περίδρομοι, περίδρομος

nominative plural feminine adjective; nominative singular feminine adjective

περιβαίνω

stood over; stand over; had gathered around 6 times

περίβη, περιβῆναι, περίβησαν, περιβὰς, περιβάντα

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active infinitive; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb

περιδείδω

I fear; greatly fearing; feared greatly 8 times

περιδείδια, περίδεισαν, περιδείσασα, περιδείσασ, περιδείσαντες

perfect active indicative, 1st singular verb; aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb

The perfect expresses an enduring state of fear: I am terribly afraid.

περιίστημι

stood around; surround 4 times

περιστήσαντο, περίστησαν, περιστήωσ, περιίσταθ

aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb

περικαλλής

beautiful; splendid; exceedingly beautiful 20 times

περικαλλέα, περικαλλέϊ, περικαλλέ, περικαλλὲς, περικαλλές, περικαλλέος, περικαλλὴς, περικαλλέας

accusative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective

περικλυτός

far-famed; renowned; glorious 12 times

περικλυτὸς, περικλυτὰ, περικλυτός, περικλυτὸν

nominative singular masculine adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

περικτίονες

those dwelling around; neighboring; peoplesto 4 times

περικτιόνεσσιν, περικτιόνων

dative plural masculine noun; genitive plural masculine noun

περιπροχέομαι

poured all around once

περιπροχυθεὶς

The passive participle pictures desire as a flood poured completely around Zeus's heart.

περιτέλλομαι

circling; wheel round 3 times

περιτελλομένους, περιτελλομένων

present medio-passive participle, accusative plural masculine; present medio-passive participle, genitive plural masculine

περονάω

pierced; fastened; clasped it on 4 times

περόνησεν, περονήσατο, περόνησε, περονᾶτο

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb

πετάννυμι

spread; stretching out; are spread 10 times

πετάσσας, πέτασσαν, πέπτανται, πέπτατο, πεπταμένας, πετασθεῖσαι

aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb

πεύθομαι

had heard; we used to hear; learned 4 times

ἐπευθόμεθα, πεύθετο, πεύθετ, ἐπεύθετο

imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st plural verb

πήγνυμι

fixed; lodged; was fixed 29 times

πάγη, πῆξε, πῆξεν, ἐπάγη, ἔπηξε, πέπηγεν, πήξας, πήξῃ and 9 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural verb

Passive aorist emphasizes the bronze point becoming lodged in his belly.

πήληξ

helmet; the helmet 9 times

πήληξ, πήληκι, πήληκα

nominative singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun

πῆμα

bane; ruin; sorrow 16 times

πῆμα, πήματ, πῆμά, πήματα

accusative singular neuter noun; nominative singular neuter noun; accusative plural neuter noun

πηγή

springs; fountains 5 times

πηγῇς, πηγὰς, πηγέων, πηγαὶ, πηγάς

accusative plural feminine noun; dative plural feminine noun; genitive plural feminine noun

Πηλείδης

son of Peleus; Peleus’ son; Peleus' son 53 times

Πηλεΐδης, Πηλεΐδῃ, Πηλεΐδη, Πηληϊάδεω, Πηλεΐδαο, Πηλεΐδην, Πηλεΐδεω, Πηλείδη and 1 more

nominative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

Πηλείων

son of Peleus; of Peleus’s son; Peleus's son 26 times

Πηλεΐωνα, Πηλεΐωνος, Πηλεΐωνι, Πηλείωνα

accusative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

Πηλεύς

Peleus; of Peleus; son of Peleus 63 times

Πηλεὺς, Πηλεΐωνα, Πηλῆος, Πηλῆϊ, Πηλεΐωνος, Πηλέος, Πηλεύς, Πηλεΐωνι and 9 more

genitive singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

Πηλεΐωνα is the patronymic for Achilles ("son of Peleus"), not a name of its own; Nireus was second in beauty only to him.

Πηληιάδης

son of Peleus; of Peleus' son 3 times

Πηληϊάδεω

genitive singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine adjective

A patronymic: -ϊάδεω names Achilles as "son of Peleus" without using the word for son.

Πηλιάς

Pelian 4 times

Πηλιάδα, Πηλιὰς

accusative singular feminine adjective; nominative singular feminine adjective; accusative singular feminine noun

“Pelian” identifies the spear by Mount Pelion, where Chiron cut and gave it to Peleus.

πημαίνω

should violate; brings harm to; do harm 3 times

πημήνειαν, πημαίνει, πημανέειν

aorist active optative, 3rd plural verb; present active indicative, 3rd singular verb; future active infinitive

Πηνέλεως

Peneleos; in Peneleos; of Peneleos 8 times

Πηνέλεως, Πηνέλεών, Πηνέλεῳ, Πηνελέωο

nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

πίμπλημι

filled; was filled; were filled 20 times

πλῆτο, πλῆσαν, πλῆσθεν, πίμπλαντ, ἔπληντ, πλῆθεν, πλησάμενος, πλῆσεν and 5 more

aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb

πίνω

drink; to drink; drinking 24 times

πίνοντες, πιέειν, πινέμεναι, πίνωσιν, πίνουσ, πίῃσθα, πιεῖν, ἔπιόν and 13 more

aorist active infinitive; present active participle, nominative plural masculine; present active infinitive

An epic infinitive ending in -μεναι.

πίπτω

fell; falling; fallen 131 times

πεσών, πεσόντα, πεσόντος, πέσε, πεσὼν, πέσεν, πῖπτε, πέσον and 26 more

aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine

The single Greek clause θνήσκοντες πίπτωσι ("falling, dying") is split by the translation across lines 242–243, since English needs a verb ("fall") where Homer's participle-plus-verb construction packs both ideas together.

πίων

rich; fat; fertile 21 times

πίονα, πίονι, πίονος, πιείρας, πίειραν, πιείρῃ, πίονες

dative singular masculine adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

πικρός

bitter 13 times

πικρὸς, πικρὸν, πικρὰς, πικρὴν, πικρὰ

nominative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; accusative plural feminine adjective

πιστός

trusty; faithful; trusted 21 times

πιστὰ, πιστὸν, πιστά, πιστὸς, πιστότατος

accusative plural neuter adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

πιφαύσκω

unfolded; was revealing; signaling 9 times

πιφαύσκων, πιφαύσκεο, πίφαυσκον, πίφαυσκε, πιφαυσκόμενος, πιφαύσκεται, πιφαύσκεαι

present active participle, nominative singular masculine; present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb

πλάζω

drive off course; I wander; glanced away 6 times

πλάζουσι, πλάζομαι, πλάγχθη, πλαγχθείς, πλάζων, πλάζ

present active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb; aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb

πλατύς

broad; wide-spread 6 times

πλατέ, πλατέος, πλατεῖ, πλατὺν

accusative plural neuter adjective; genitive singular masculine adjective; dative singular masculine adjective

πλέω

sailing; I sailed; was sailing 5 times

ἔπλεον, πλέων, πλεούσας, ἔπλεεν, πλῶον

imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb; present active participle, nominative singular masculine; present active participle, accusative plural feminine

πλέως

full; more; when full 8 times

πλεῖαί, πλεῖον, πλείοις, πλέων, πλείου

nominative plural feminine adjective; dative plural neuter adjective; nominative singular neuter adjective

The comparative form functions as 'fuller' or 'full,' contrasting his privileged cup with measured portions.

πλείων

more; more men; greater part 19 times

πλείονα, πλεόνεσσι, πλεόνων, πλεόνεσσιν, πλέονες, πλέονας, πλεῖον, πλέας and 1 more

accusative plural neuter comparative adjective; dative plural masculine comparative adjective; nominative plural masculine comparative adjective

πλέας ἔμμεναι, literally "to be more [numerous]," is the comparative construction behind the English verb "outnumber."

πλεῖστος

most numerous; most; the most 20 times

πλεῖστοι, πλεῖστον, πλείστους, πλεῖστα, πλεῖσται, πλείστη, πλείστην

nominative plural masculine adjective; nominative plural masculine superlative adjective; accusative plural masculine superlative adjective

πλήθω

in full flood; full; are filled 6 times

πλήθοντι, πλήθων, πλήθουσι, πλήθουσαν, πλήθει, πλῆθ

present active participle, dative singular masculine; present active participle, nominative singular masculine; present active indicative, 3rd plural verb

πλήσσω

struck; striking; after striking 31 times

πλῆξ, πλῆξεν, πεπλήγετο, πεπλήγων, πληγεὶς, πλήγη, πεπληγέμεν, πεπλήγοντο and 10 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine

πληγή

blows; the blow; the stroke 5 times

πληγῇσιν, πληγῆς, πληγῇ

dative plural feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun

πληθύς

the throng; throng; mass 15 times

πληθὺν, πληθύν, πληθύς, πληθύος, πληθὺς, πληθυῖ

accusative singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun

πληθύς, "the mass/throng," is a rare word for the common soldiers as a body — one of the few moments in the poem where the ordinary army's collective reaction is registered directly.

πλησίος

nearby; close; close beside 13 times

πλησίον, πλησίοι, πλησίαι

adverb; accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective

πλοῦτος

wealth; riches 6 times

πλούτῳ, πλοῦτον, πλούτοιο

dative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun

πλύνω

used to wash once

πλύνεσκον

The iterative imperfect describes a customary action in former peacetime.

πνέω

breathing; breathes; blowing 9 times

πνείοντες, πνείοντε, πνείει, πνεύσῃ, πεπνῦσθαι, πνείοντας, ἔπνευσ

present active participle, nominative plural masculine; present active participle, accusative dual masculine; present active indicative, 3rd singular verb

πνοή

blasts; breath; the breeze 15 times

πνοιῇ, πνοιῇς, πνοιῇσιν, πνοιὴ, πνοιὴν, πνοιῇσι, πνοιαὶ

dative singular feminine noun; dative plural feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun

πόλεμος

war; battle; from war 252 times

πολέμοιο, πόλεμον, πολέμου, πτολέμοιο, πολέμῳ, πόλεμος, πόλεμόν, πτόλεμός and 10 more

genitive singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun

This is the epic form of polemos, with initial pt-.

πόλις

city; the city; cities 133 times

πόλιν, πόλις, πόλιος, πτόλιν, πολίων, πόλει, πόληος, πόλεις and 9 more

accusative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun

πόλις is the subject of 'will be sacked.'

πόνος

toil; from their labor; the struggle 44 times

πόνον, πόνος, πόνοιο, πόνου, πόνοισι

accusative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun

πόνον ἀμέγαρτον, "toil not to be envied," is bitterly ironic: Zeus accepts the offering but withholds the victory it was meant to secure.

πόντος

sea; the sea; the deep 36 times

πόντον, πόντῳ, πόντος, πόντοιο, πόντου

accusative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun

πόποι

alas; shame; (untranslated) 29 times

πόποι

ὦ πόποι is a single interjection of dismay/wonder — the two words together are what "Ah" renders, not two separate exclamations.

πόρω

gave; had given; allotted 33 times

πόρε, πόρεν, πεπρωμένον, πόρον, πόρῃ, πόρωσιν, πορὼν, ἔπορον and 4 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb; perfect medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine

The gift that lets Calchas see the truth — Apollo's own art of prophecy — is exactly what will force him to expose Apollo's own priest-insulter, Agamemnon; the god who empowers him is the god whose anger he must now explain.

πόσις

husband; drink; for drink 31 times

πόσις, πόσιος, πόσιν, πόσεϊ, πόσιας

nominative singular masculine noun; genitive singular feminine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

πόσιος is genitive dependent on 'desire.'

πότνια

queenly; honored; lady 49 times

πότνια, πότνι

nominative singular feminine adjective; nominative singular feminine noun; vocative plural feminine noun

ποδήνεμος

wind-footed 10 times

ποδήνεμος

ποδήνεμος ὠκέα Ἶρις is the locked whole-formula opening epithet for Iris, "wind-footed swift Iris" — distinct from the shorter πόδας ὠκέα Ἶρις, "swift-footed Iris," used later in this scene.

ποδώκης

swift-footed; swift 27 times

ποδώκεα, ποδώκεος, ποδώκεας, ποδώκης, ποδώκεϊ, ποδώκεσιν, ποδώκεες

accusative singular masculine adjective; genitive singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

ποθέω

longed for; longing for; yearning for 11 times

πόθεόν, ποθέοντες, ποθέεσκε, ποθέοντε, ποθέουσα, πόθεσαν, πόθεον, ποθέων

imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active participle, nominative plural masculine; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb

ποθή

longing; loss; the lack 7 times

ποθὴ, ποθὴν, ποθῇ

nominative singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun

ποῖος

what sort of; what a; what word 11 times

ποῖον, ποῖόν

accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular neuter adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective

ποιέω

made; had made; making 38 times

ποιήσατο, ποίησε, ποίησαν, ποιήσαντες, ποίησεν, ἐποίησεν, ποίεον, ποίει and 14 more

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb

ποίησε is past indicative: Zeus made the people stones.

ποιήεις

grassy 4 times

ποιήεσσαν, ποιήενθ, ποιήεντα

accusative singular feminine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; accusative plural neuter adjective

ποιητός

fashioned; wrought; well-built 7 times

ποιητοῖο, ποιητοῖσιν, ποιητῇσι, ποιητήν, ποιητὰς

genitive singular masculine adjective; dative plural masculine adjective; dative plural feminine adjective

ποικίλος

richly wrought; ornate; richly worked 23 times

ποικίλα, ποικίλον, ποικίλ, ποικίλῃ, ποικίλου

accusative plural neuter adjective; nominative plural neuter adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

ποιμαίνω

while shepherding; were pastured 3 times

ποιμαίνων, ποιμαίνοντ, ποιμαίνοντο

present active participle, nominative singular masculine; present active participle, accusative dual masculine; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb

ποιμήν

shepherd; the shepherd; to shepherds 53 times

ποιμένα, ποιμένι, ποιμήν, ποιμὴν, ποιμέσιν, ποιμένος, ποιμένες

accusative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun

ποινή

recompense; blood-price; the blood-price 10 times

ποινὴν, ποινῆς, ποινὴ, ποινήν

accusative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun

ποιπνύω

ranging swiftly; bustling; bestirring himself 5 times

ποιπνύοντα, ποιπνύσαντι, ἐποίπνυον, ποίπνυον

present active participle, accusative singular masculine; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active participle, dative singular masculine

πολεμίζω

to fight; fight; to wage war 55 times

πολεμίζειν, πτολεμίζειν, πολεμιζέμεν, πολεμίζων, πολεμίζοι, πολέμιζον, πολέμιζε, πολεμίξων and 10 more

present active infinitive; future active participle, nominative singular masculine; present active participle, nominative singular masculine

πολεμιστής

warrior; a warrior; fighter 14 times

πολεμιστήν, πολεμιστής, πολεμιστὴς, πολεμιστὰ, πολεμιστὴν, πτολεμιστῇ

accusative singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun; vocative singular masculine noun

Πολίτης

Polites 4 times

Πολίτης, Πολίτῃ, Πολίτην

nominative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

πολίτης

countrymen; citizens; the citizens 3 times

πολιήτας, πολίτας, πολῖται

accusative plural masculine noun; nominative plural masculine noun

πολιός

gray; grey; of a gray 21 times

πολιῆς, πολιόν, πολιοῖο, πολιὴν, πολιὰς

genitive singular feminine adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

πολύδακρυς

tearful; tear-filled; bringing many tears 6 times

πολύδακρυν, πολύδακρυς

accusative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine noun; nominative singular feminine adjective

πολύμηλος

rich in flocks; rich in sheep 3 times

πολυμήλου, πολύμηλον

genitive singular masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

πολύμητις

of many wiles; resourceful 18 times

πολύμητις, πολυμήτιος

nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine adjective

πολύς

many; far; much 468 times

πολλὰ, πολὺ, πολλὸν, πολλοὶ, πόλλ, πολλά, πολέες, πολὺν and 33 more

accusative plural neuter adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective

The substantival plural adjective is the subject of 'drove bronze.'

πολύστονος

grievous; much-groaning; grief-bringing 3 times

πολύστονος, πολύστονα

accusative plural neuter adjective; nominative singular feminine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

Πολύφημος

Polyphemus once

Πολύφημον

This Polyphemus is a Lapith warrior, unrelated to the Cyclops Polyphemus of the Odyssey — a coincidence of naming, not the same figure.

πολύφλοισβος

loud-roaring 6 times

πολυφλοίσβοιο

πολυφλοίσβοιο is the standard Homeric epithet for the sea’s din, reused in the simile describing the army’s renewed roar.

πολύφορβος

all-nurturing; bountiful; all-nourishing 3 times

πολυφόρβου, πολυφόρβην

genitive singular feminine adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective

πολύχαλκος

rich in bronze; bronze-bound 3 times

πολύχαλκον, πολύχαλκος

accusative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective

πολύχρυσος

gold-rich; rich in gold 4 times

πολυχρύσοιο, πολύχρυσος, πολύχρυσον

genitive singular feminine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective

πολυδάκρυτος

cause of many tears once

πολυδάκρυτος

Predicative πολυδάκρυτος says Hector will bring Priam many tears.

πολυδαίδαλος

richly wrought; cunningly wrought; skilled craftsmen 7 times

πολυδαιδάλου, πολυδαίδαλον, πολυδαίδαλοι, πολυδαιδάλῳ

genitive singular masculine adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective

πολυκλήις

many-benched; many-oared 7 times

πολυκλήϊσι, πολυκλήϊδι

dative plural feminine adjective; dative singular feminine noun

πολυκοιρανία

the rule of many once

πολυκοιρανίη

οὐκ ἀγαθὸν πολυκοιρανίη, "the rule of many is not a good thing," is one of the poem’s most quoted political maxims, used here to justify single command under Agamemnon.

πολυπῖδαξ

many-fountained; many-springed 8 times

πολυπίδακος, πολυπίδακα

genitive singular feminine adjective; accusative singular feminine noun; genitive singular feminine noun

Πολυποίτης

Polypoetes 7 times

Πολυποίτης, Πολυποίτην, Πολυποίταο

nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun

πομπός

escort; escorts; guide 8 times

πομπὸν, πομποῖσιν, πομπὸς, πομπόν

accusative singular masculine noun; dative plural masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun

πονέω

to labor; toiled; labored 19 times

πονέοντο, πονέεσθαι, ἐπονεῖτο, πονεύμενον, πονεῖτο, πονήσατο, πονεώμεθα, πονεύμενος and 3 more

imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb; present medio-passive infinitive

ποντόπορος

seafaring; sea-crossing 12 times

ποντοπόροισι, ποντοπόροισιν, ποντοπόροιο

dative plural feminine adjective; genitive singular feminine adjective

πορφύρεος

purple; dark 15 times

πορφυρέην, πορφύρεον, πορφύρεος, πορφυρέοισιν, πορφυρέῳ, πορφυρέῃ, πορφύρε, πορφυρέοις

accusative singular feminine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular neuter adjective

“Purple death” is a Homeric formula evoking the dark blood and shadow of violent death.

Ποσειδεών

Poseidon; to Poseidon 41 times

Ποσειδάων, Ποσειδάωνι, Ποσειδάωνος, Ποσειδάωνα

nominative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun

Dative with a verb of pleasing (e.g. ἥνδανε, not in this excerpt): 'was pleasing to Poseidon.'

ποταμός

river; the river; of the river 80 times

ποταμοῖο, ποταμὸν, ποταμῷ, ποταμὸς, ποταμοῦ, ποταμῶν, ποταμοὶ, ποταμός and 3 more

genitive singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

ποτινίσσομαι

flows once

ποτινίσεται

The middle future is used intransitively here: wealth will flow in.

πού

perhaps; surely; somewhere 67 times

που, πού

Agamemnon credits Achilles' strength entirely to divine gift, quietly denying him any personal credit for it — a backhanded concession dressed up as praise.

πούς

feet; foot; his feet 192 times

πόδας, ποδῶν, πόδες, ποσσὶ, ποσὶ, ποσσὶν, ποσὶν, ποδὸς and 10 more

dative plural masculine noun; accusative plural masculine noun; genitive plural masculine noun

πόδας is an accusative of respect ('swift with respect to his feet'), the idiom behind the compound epithet 'swift-footed.'

πουλυβότειρα

all-nourishing; all-nurturing; rich-pastured 6 times

πουλυβοτείρῃ, πουλυβότειραν

dative singular feminine adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective; dative singular feminine noun

Πουλυδάμας

Polydamas; of Polydamas; to Polydamas 30 times

Πουλυδάμας, Πουλυδάμαντι, Πουλυδάμα, Πουλυδάμαντα, Πουλυδάμαντος, Πουλυδάμαντ

nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

πράσσω

gains; making their way; to accomplish 8 times

πρήσσει, πρήσσοντε, πρῆξαι, ἔπρηξας, πρήσσωμεν, πρήξεις

present active indicative, 3rd singular verb; present active participle, nominative dual masculine; aorist active infinitive

First-person plural subjunctive, not a third-person participial phrase.

πραπίδες

the midriff; beneath midriff; heart 9 times

πραπίδων, πραπίδεσσι, πραπίδεσσιν

genitive plural feminine noun; dative plural feminine noun

πρέσβυς

eldest; older; elders 7 times

πρεσβυτάτην, πρεσβύτατος, πρεσβύτερος, πρεσβυτέροισιν, πρεσβυτάτη

accusative singular feminine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective; dative plural masculine adjective

πρηνής

lying face down; face-down; headfirst 17 times

πρηνὴς, πρηνέες, πρηνής, πρηνέα, πρηνὲς, πρηνεῖς

nominative singular masculine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

Πρίαμος

Priam; of Priam; Priam's 144 times

Πριάμοιο, Πρίαμος, Πριάμῳ, Πρίαμον, Πριάμου, Πριάμοιό, Πρίαμόν, Πρίαμε and 2 more

genitive singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

The ending -οιο is an epic genitive singular.

πρίν

before; until; first 112 times

πρὶν, πρίν

adverb; conjunction

πρὶν here answers the second πρίν that opens the very next line — "nor will he ward off ruin... before we give her back": a single sentence split across two lines by the correlative.

Πριαμίδης

son of Priam; Priam's son; of Priam's son 33 times

Πριαμίδης, Πριαμίδην, Πριαμίδῃ, Πριαμίδαο, Πριαμίδη, Πριαμίδεω

nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; dative singular masculine noun

πρό

before; forward; forth 63 times

πρὸ, πρό

preposition; adverb

πρὸ...ἧκε is tmesis: the preposition πρό, "forth," is split from ἵημι ("send") — Hera sends Athena forth from heaven before Achilles' hand reaches his sword.

πρόθυρον

forecourt; porch; the doorway 6 times

προθύροισι, προθύρου, προθύροισιν, πρόθυρον, προθύροιο

dative plural neuter noun; genitive singular neuter noun; accusative singular neuter noun

πρόκροσσοι

in stepped rows once

προκρόσσας

The adjective is used adverbially of ships arranged like successive tiers or steps.

πρόμαχος

front ranks; front fighters; foremost fighters 38 times

προμάχων, προμάχοισι, προμάχοισιν, πρόμαχοι, προμάχοις, προμάχους

genitive plural masculine adjective; dative plural masculine adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective

Πρόμαχος

Promachus; of Promachus 3 times

Πρόμαχον, Πρόμαχος, Προμάχοιο

accusative singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun

πρός

toward; to; against 195 times

πρὸς, προτὶ, ποτὶ, πρός, πότι, προτί

preposition; adverb

ποτί here is an alternate form of πρός detached in tmesis from an implied verb of motion, reinforcing the direction "to(ward)" already given by γαίῃ.

πρόσειμι

approaching; as he came on 6 times

προσιόντα, προσιόντι

present active participle, accusative singular masculine; present active participle, dative singular masculine

πρότερος

first; the foremost; foremost 96 times

πρότερος, πρῶτον, πρώτοισι, πρότεροι, πρῶτος, προτέρων, πρῶτα, πρῶται and 17 more

nominative singular masculine adjective; dative plural masculine adjective; accusative singular neuter superlative adjective

πρόφασις

occasion; as pretext twice

πρόφασιν

Patroclus is the stated occasion for the communal lament, while each captive woman mourns her own losses.

πρόφρων

wholeheartedly; willingly; readily 20 times

πρόφρων, προφρονέως, πρόφρονι, πρόφρασσα, πρόφρονες

nominative singular masculine adjective; adverb; nominative singular feminine adjective

προβάλλω

cast forward; setting before them; surpass 5 times

προβάλοντο, προβαλόντες, προβαλοίμην

aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine; aorist middle optative, 1st singular verb

προβαίνω

have stepped beyond; have advanced; surpasses 4 times

προβέβηκας, προβέβηκε, προβεβήκῃ

perfect active indicative, 2nd singular verb; perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; perfect active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb

προβλής

jutting; projecting 3 times

προβλῆτι, προβλῆτας

dative singular masculine noun; accusative plural feminine adjective; dative singular feminine adjective

προβλώσκω

coming forward; come here; coming upon him 3 times

προμολοῦσα, πρόμολ, προμολών

aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine; aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine

προέχω

projecting; man ahead; leading 3 times

προὔχοντα, προὔχοντι

present active participle, accusative singular masculine; present active participle, dative singular masculine

προεῖδον

see approaching; having seen beforehand; seeing beforehand 3 times

προΐδωσιν, προϊδόντες, προϊδών

aorist active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb; aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine

προθέλυμνος

roots and all; by the roots; at the forefront 3 times

προθέλυμνα, προθελύμνους, προθελύμνῳ

accusative plural neuter adjective; accusative plural feminine adjective; dative singular neuter adjective

προθέω

rush forth; runs ahead; he always ran ahead 3 times

προθέουσιν, προθέῃσι, προθέεσκε

present active indicative, 3rd plural verb; aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb

The epic iterative imperfect emphasizes Hector's habitual conduct in battle.

Προθοήνωρ

Prothoenor; for Prothoenor 3 times

Προθοήνωρ, Προθοήνορα, Προθοήνορος

nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun

προίημι

hurled; sent; he sent forth 36 times

προΐει, προέηκε, πρόες, προέηκα, προέηκεν, προϊεῖσι, προέτω, προῆκε

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb

Προῖτος

Proetus; of Proetus 5 times

Προῖτος, Προίτου, Προῖτον, Προῖτ, Προίτοιο

genitive singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

προιάπτω

send down; hurled down; will send down 4 times

προϊάψειν, προΐαψεν, προϊάψει

future active infinitive; aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; future active indicative, 3rd singular verb

προκαλέω

challenge; challenged; may challenge 6 times

προκαλέσσατο, προκάλεσσαι, προκαλέσσεται

aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist middle imperative, 2nd singular verb; aorist middle subjunctive, 3rd singular verb

προμίγνυμι

to lie first once

προμιγῆναι

The passive form has a reciprocal sense here: 'to have intercourse with.'

προρέω

rushing onward; flow down; runs onward 5 times

προρέοντι, προρέουσι, προρέοντος, προρέειν, προρέει

present active participle, dative singular masculine; present active indicative, 3rd plural verb; present active participle, genitive singular neuter

προσαμύνω

defend; are of help 3 times

προσαμύνομεν, προσαμύνει, προσαμῦναι

aorist active subjunctive, 1st plural verb; present active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active infinitive

προσαυδάω

addressed; he addressed him; addressed him 91 times

προσηύδα, προσαυδήτην

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd dual verb

The imperfect and dual form present both parents repeatedly addressing him.

προσβαίνω

went up; planting; climbed up 5 times

προσεβήσετο, προσβὰς, προσβάς, προσέβαν

aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb

προσδέχομαι

awaiting; waiting; awaiting us 6 times

ποτιδέγμενοι, ποτιδέγμενος, ποτιδέγμεναι, ποτιδέγμενον

aorist medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine; aorist medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine; aorist medio-passive participle, nominative plural feminine

προσεῖπον

addressed; answered; spoke to 76 times

προσέειπε, προσέειπεν, προτιείποι

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb

προσέειπε is the formulaic verb 'addressed/spoke to,' not 'called out to.'

προσφύω

clinging to him once

προσφῦσα

Aorist participle describing Hecuba fastening herself upon Achilles.

προσφωνέω

addressed; called to; spoke 16 times

προσεφώνεε, προσεφώνεεν, προσεφώνεον

imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb; imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb

προφαίνω

when we appear; lie fully exposed; come forth 4 times

προφανέντε, προπέφανται

aorist passive participle, accusative dual feminine; perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist passive participle, accusative dual masculine

The perfect expresses the peaks' settled visibility: everything there stands revealed.

προφέρω

casting; carry before them; throw in my face 7 times

πρόφερε, προφέροις, προφέρονται, προφέρουσα, προφέρῃσι, προφέρωμεν

present active imperative, 2nd singular verb; present active optative, 2nd singular verb; present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb

προφεύγω

having escaped; to escape; escapes 4 times

προφυγόντα, προφυγεῖν, προφύγῃ

aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine; aorist active infinitive; aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb

πρύμνα

sterns; ships' sterns; stern 9 times

πρύμνῃσι, πρύμνῃσιν, πρύμνῃ, πρύμνας

dative plural feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun; accusative plural feminine noun

πρυλέες

foot fighters; foot soldiers 5 times

πρυλέες, πρυλέεσσ, πρυλέων, πρυλέεσσι

dative plural masculine noun; nominative plural masculine noun; genitive plural masculine noun

πρυμνός

the stern; at the sterns; stern 21 times

πρυμνῇσι, πρυμνὴν, πρυμνῇ, πρυμνῇσιν, πρυμνῆς, πρυμνὸν, πρυμνὸς, πρυμνοῖο and 2 more

dative plural feminine adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective; dative singular feminine adjective

πρών

headlands; a ridge 4 times

πρώονες, πρώονας, πρὼν

nominative plural masculine noun; accusative plural masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun

πρώτιστος

first; first of all 8 times

πρώτιστα, πρωτίστῳ, πρώτιστον, πρώτιστος

accusative plural neuter adjective; dative singular masculine adjective; accusative plural neuter superlative adjective

πρῶτος

first; the foremost; foremost 144 times

πρῶτον, πρῶτα, πρῶτος, πρώτῳ, πρώτοισιν, πρώτοισι, πρώτη, πρώτω and 9 more

accusative plural neuter adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

τὰ πρῶτα is a fixed adverbial idiom, "at first," not a noun phrase — the article τὰ has no separate translation here.

Πρωτεσίλαος

Protesilaus; Protesilaus' 6 times

Πρωτεσιλάου, Πρωτεσίλαος, Πρωτεσίλαον

genitive singular masculine noun; nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

Protesilaus is famous as the first Achaean to leap ashore at Troy and the first to be killed there — the loss the poem returns to two lines later.

πτελέα

elms; an elm 3 times

πτελέας, πτελέην, πτελέαι

accusative plural feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun; nominative plural feminine noun

πτερόεις

winged; feathered 67 times

πτερόεντα, πτερόεντ, πτερόεντες

accusative plural neuter adjective; nominative plural masculine adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective

ἔπεα πτερόεντα, "winged words," is Homer's standing speech-formula, held to this exact wording wherever it recurs.

πτερόν

wings 4 times

πτερὰ, πτερά

nominative plural neuter noun; accusative plural neuter noun

The armor feels like wings: its perfect fit makes Achilles seem buoyant rather than burdened.

πτολίεθρον

citadel; citadels; city 23 times

πτολίεθρον, πτολίεθρα

accusative singular neuter noun; accusative plural neuter noun; nominative singular neuter noun

πτολίπορθος

sacker of cities; city-sacking 10 times

πτολίπορθον, πτολίπορθος, πτολιπόρθῳ

accusative singular masculine adjective; dative singular masculine adjective; nominative singular masculine adjective

πτολίπορθος, "sacker of cities," is a martial byname for Odysseus, distinct from his counsel-praising epithets "of many wiles" and "of many devices."

πτώσσω

do you cower; to cower; cowering 6 times

πτώσσεις, πτώσσειν, πτώσσοντας, πτώσσοιμεν, πτώσσουσι, πτῶσσον

present active indicative, 2nd singular verb; present active infinitive; present active participle, accusative plural masculine

Potential optative with the preceding particle: “we would no longer shrink.”

πύλη

gates; the gates; at the gates 59 times

πύλας, πυλάων, πύλαι, πύλῃσιν, πύλῃσι, πύλῃς, πυλέων

accusative plural feminine noun; genitive plural feminine noun; dative plural feminine noun

Πύλιος

of the Pylians; the Pylians; Pylians 10 times

Πυλίων, Πύλιοί, Πυλίοισι, Πυλίοισιν

genitive plural masculine noun; dative plural masculine noun; nominative plural masculine noun

Genitive of comparison depending on ὁμοῖος ('my equal') in the preceding verse (23.632, 'no man proved my equal, neither among the Epeians'); coordinate with Ἐπειῶν there, its governing word does not appear in this segment.

Πύλος

Pylos 11 times

Πύλου, Πύλῳ, Πύλον, Πύλοιο

genitive singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; dative singular feminine noun

πύματος

rearmost; the last; outermost 11 times

πύματον, πυμάτης, πύματόν, πυμάτας, πυμάτη, πυμάτοισι, πυμάτην

accusative singular masculine adjective; genitive singular feminine adjective; accusative plural feminine adjective

πύργος

tower; towers; the tower 42 times

πύργων, πύργον, πύργου, πύργῳ, πύργους, πύργοι, πύργος, πύργοις and 1 more

genitive plural masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; genitive singular masculine noun

πῦρ

fire; with fire; of fire 111 times

πῦρ, πυρὶ, πυρὸς, πυρός, πυρί

dative singular neuter noun; genitive singular neuter noun; accusative singular neuter noun

The genitive supplies the possessor of μένος.

πυκάζω

covered; having wrapped; thickly hidden 9 times

πύκασε, πεπυκασμένα, πύκασεν, πεπυκασμένος, πυκάσασα, πυκάσας

aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb; perfect medio-passive participle, nominative plural neuter; perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine

The perfect participle presents Sleep as already and securely concealed among the branches.

πυκινός

tight-packed; close-woven; prudent 12 times

πυκινὸν, πυκινοῖσι, πυκίν, πυκινὴν, πυκινῇς, πυκινήν, πυκινῆς, πυκινῶς

accusative singular neuter adjective; dative plural masculine adjective; accusative singular feminine adjective

πυκνός

close-packed; shrewd; dense 49 times

πυκινὸν, πυκνὰ, πυκινὰς, πυκινὴν, πυκνά, πυκινῶς, πυκιναὶ, πυκναὶ and 10 more

accusative plural neuter adjective; accusative singular masculine adjective; accusative singular neuter adjective

πυκινή describes the delusion as strong or overwhelming in context, not physically close-packed.

Πυλαιμένης

Pylaemenes; of Pylaimenes 3 times

Πυλαιμένεος, Πυλαιμένεα

genitive singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun

πυνθάνομαι

he heard of; to learn; had learned 32 times

πυθέσθαι, ἐπύθοντο, πύθηαι, πεπύθοιτ, πύθοιτο, πέπυστο, πυθοίμην, πυθοίατο and 8 more

aorist middle infinitive; aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb; aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb

The pluperfect marks her continuing lack of knowledge before the moment when she hears the lamentation.

πυρή

pyre; of the pyre; pyres 20 times

πυρῆς, πυρὴν, πυρῇ, πυραὶ, πυρὴ, πυρήν

genitive singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun; dative singular feminine noun

The accusative is governed by ἀμφί; the genitive sense is not in this token.

πυρκαιά

pyre; the pyre 9 times

πυρκαϊῆς, πυρκαϊὴν, πυρκαϊὴ

genitive singular feminine noun; accusative singular feminine noun; nominative singular feminine noun

πυρκαϊή is the object being quenched.

πυρός

fire; wheat; grain 6 times

πυρὸς, πυρὸν, πυρῶν

nominative singular masculine noun; accusative singular masculine noun; genitive plural masculine noun

πυροφόρος

wheat-bearing 3 times

πυροφόροιο, πυροφόροι

genitive singular feminine adjective; nominative plural feminine adjective; genitive singular neuter adjective

πῶλος

foals 3 times

πῶλοι, πώλοισιν, πώλους

nominative plural masculine noun; dative plural feminine noun; accusative plural feminine noun

πωλέομαι

would go; range through; went repeatedly 3 times

πωλέσκετο, πωλήσεαι

imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb; aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 2nd singular verb

πως

somehow; perhaps; in any way 45 times

πως, πώς

πως, "somehow," softens ἐθέλῃσιν without a separate English word, folded into "might be willing."

Seen once or twice

πάλη

at wrestling once

Πάλμυς

Palmys once

Πάμμων

Pammon once

πάναγρος

all-ensnaring once

πάναιθος

all-gleaming once

Πάνδοκος

Pandocus once

Πάνθος

Panthous's once

πάντως

in any case once

πάομαι

you have suffered once

πάρα

beside; beside him twice

πάραντα

across slopes once

πάσσαλος

peg twice

πάτος

paths; the trodden way twice

παγχάλκεος

all-bronze once

παγχρύσεος

all of gold once

παι~ς

boys once

Παίονες

Paeonians; Paeonia twice

Παιάν

Paeon twice

παιδοφόνος

child-slaying once

Παιήων

Paeon once

Παιονία

Paeonia once

Παιονίδης

son of Paeon twice

Παισός

Paesus once

παιφάσσω

flashing once

παλαίω

wrestle; would have wrestled twice

παλαιγενής

aged twice

παλαισμοσύνη

wrestling once

παλίλλογος

gathered back once

παλίνορσος

starting backward once

παλιμπετής

back again once

παλιμπλάζομαι

driven back again once

παλινάγρετος

revocable once

παλλακίς

over concubine; with concubine twice

παμποίκιλος

richly patterned once

πανάποτμος

utterly ill-fated twice

παναφῆλιξ

utterly friendless once

πανδαμάτωρ

all-subduing once

Πανδίων

Pandion once

πανθοίδης

son of Panthous once

Πανόπη

Panope once

πανόψιος

in plain sight once

πανομφαῖος

lord of every voice once

πανύστατος

last of all twice

παππάζω

call him papa once

παράκειμαι

lay beside once

παράφασις

persuasion once

παραβάλλω

staking once

παραβάτης

fighters once

παραβλώσκω

stands beside twice

παραδαρθάνω

to lie beside once

παραδείκνυμι

received once

παραδύομαι

slip past once

παραείρω

hung aside once

παραίσιος

ill-omened once

παραίφασις

urging twice

παρακαταβάλλω

cast down beside; cast about twice

παρακλίνω

turning aside once

παρακοίτης

husband; husbands twice

παρακρεμάννυμι

letting hang once

παραλέχομαι

lay beside twice

παραπαφίσκω

tricked him once

παραπλάζω

veered aside once

παραρρητός

persuaded; to counsel twice

παρασταδόν

standing near once

παρασφάλλω

turned aside once

παρατρέπω

turned aside twice

παρατρέω

swerved aside once

παρατρωπάω

turn aside once

παρατυγχάνω

was present once

παρδαλέη

panther skin twice

παρεκπροφεύγω

escape once

παρεξέρχομαι

to pass us once

παρεξελαύνω

you pass once

παρηορία

trace-lines; side traces twice

Παρθένιος

Parthenius once

παρθένιος

born out of wedlock once

παρθενική

maidens once

παρθενοπίπης

girl-ogler once

παρίημι

fell once

παριαύω

lying once

παροίτερος

in front twice

Παρρασίη

Parrhasia once

Πασιθέη

Pasithea once

πατέω

trampled once

πατρόθεν

by his father once

πατροκασίγνητος

father's brother once

παυσωλή

respite once

παφλάζω

splashing once

παχνόω

grows chilled once

πέδη

yoke-bands once

πέδον

earth once

πέκω

having combed once

πέλαγος

sea once

πέλεθρον

measures once

πέλεκκον

the handle once

πέλλα

pails once

πέλωρ

monstrous god once

πέλωρον

portent; monster twice

πέλωρος

monstrous twice

Πέργαμον

from Pergamus twice

Πέριμος

Perimus once

πέταλον

leaves once

πείρινς

wicker body twice

Πείρως

Peirous once

Πεισήνωρ

Pisenor's once

Πελάγων

Pelagon twice

Πελασγικός

Pelasgian twice

πελειάς

doves twice

Πελίης

of Pelias once

Πελλήνη

Pellene once

πεμπώβολον

five-pronged forks once

πενθέω

to mourn; mourn twice

πενθερός

father-in-law once

πενταέτηρος

five-year-old twice

πεντηκοντόγυος

fifty ploughlands once

περ

though once

Περαιβοί

Perrhaebians once

Περγασίδης

son of Pergasus once

Περίβοια

Periboea once

περίκειμαι

remains laid up; clinging around twice

περίοιδα

excels; excel twice

περίτροχος

round once

περίφρων

wise once

περιάγνυμι

breaks all around once

περιβάλλω

surpass once

περιγίγνομαι

surpasses once

περιγλαγής

milk-brimming once

περιδέξιος

either-handed once

περιδίδομαι

let us wager once

περιδρύπτω

scraped once

περιδύω

stripped away once

περιέχω

stand by once

Περιήρης

Perieres once

περιηχέω

rang around once

Περιμήδης

Perimedes' once

περιμήκετος

towering once

περιμήκης

towering once

περιναιέτης

neighbors once

περιπέλομαι

besieging; revolving twice

περιπευκής

piercing once

περισείομαι

streamed around twice

περισταδόν

all around once

περιστένω

groans with fullness once

περιστρέφω

whirling once

περιτρέφομαι

thickens once

περιτρέχω

ran around once

περιτρέω

fled around once

περιτροπέω

revolving once

περιφαίνομαι

seen all round once

Περιφήτης

Periphetes twice

περιχέω

pouring over; heaping around twice

περιχώομαι

became enraged; raged twice

περιώσιος

beyond measure once

περιωπή

a vantage point twice

περκνός

black eagle once

περόνη

brooch once

Περσεύς

Perseus once

Περσεφόνεια

Persephone twice

Περσηιάδης

son of Perseus twice

Πετεών

Peteon once

πεύκη

pines; pine twice

πευκεδανός

bitter once

Πήδαιος

Pedaeus; Pedaeum twice

πηγεσίμαλλος

thick-fleeced once

πηγός

sturdy twice

πηκτός

jointed; well-jointed twice

Πηλήιος

Peleus' once

Πηλιακός

Pelian once

πηνίον

spool once

πηός

kinsmen once

Πηρείη

Pereia once

πηρός

maimed once

πίθος

jars once

πίναξ

tablet once

πίσσα

pitch once

πίτνημι

spread; spread out twice

πίτυς

pine twice

πῖαρ

fat twice

πῖδαξ

spring once

πῖλος

felt once

πῖος

richest once

πῖσος

meadows once

πιδήεις

many-springed once

Πιδύτης

Pidytes once

πιέζω

pressed once

Πιερία

Pieria once

πιλνάω

treads; drew near twice

πιμπλάνομαι

is filled once

πινύσκω

made wise once

πινυτή

wisdom once

πιστόω

pledged faith; made steadfast twice

Πιτθεύς

of Pittheus once

Πιτύεια

Pityeia once

Πλάκος

Mount Placus; Placus twice

Πλάταια

Plataea once

πλανάω

wander once

πλατάνιστος

plane-tree twice

πλέες

more numerous once

πλέκω

braided once

Πλειάδες

Pleiades once

πλεκτός

woven; braided twice

πλευρόν

ribs once

Πλευρώνιος

of Pleuron once

πλήμνη

naves; nave twice

πλῆθος

force; by numbers twice

πληκτίζομαι

to trade blows once

πλόκαμος

locks once

πλοχμός

braids once

πλυνός

washing basins once

πνεύμων

lung once

πόα

grass once

πόδαργος

Podargus once

Πόδαργος

Podargus once

πόθεν

from where once

πόθος

in longing once

πόκος

fleece once

Πόλυβος

Polybus once

πόρκης

spear ring twice

πόρπη

brooches once

πόρταξ

calf once

πόρτις

of a heifer once

πόσε

where to once

πότε

when once

πότερος

on which side once

Ποδάργη

Podarge; of Podarge twice

ποδάρκης

swift-footed twice

Ποδάρκης

Podarces twice

Ποδαλείριος

Podalirius twice

Ποδῆς

Podes twice

ποδώκεια

swiftness of foot once

ποθεν

from somewhere; perhaps twice

ποίκιλμα

in needlework once

ποικίλλω

adorned once

ποικιλομήτης

wily once

ποιμνήιος

shepherd's once

πολεῖς

many once

πολίζω

built; had been built twice

πολιοκρόταφος

gray-templed once

πολλός

many once

πολύαρνος

rich in flocks once

πολύβουλος

many-counseled once

πολύδωρος

richly dowered twice

Πολύειδος

Polyidus once

πολύζυγος

many-benched once

Πολύιδος

Polyidus once

πολύιππος

horse-rich once

πολύκεστος

embroidered once

πολύκλητος

called from many lands twice

πολύκνημος

craggy once

Πολύκτωρ

Polyctor once

Πολύμηλος

Polymelus once

πολύμυθος

long-winded once

Πολύξεινος

Polyxenus once

πολύπλαγκτος

far-wandering once

πολύπυρος

wheat-rich twice

πολύρρηνος

rich in sheep twice

πολύσκαρθμος

much-bounding once

πολύφρων

thoughtful; resourceful twice

πολυάιξ

from many charges; many-charging twice

Πολυαιμονίδης

son of Polyaemon once

πολυβενθής

deep once

πολυβούτης

rich in cattle twice

πολυγηθής

glad once

πολυδάκρυος

tear-filled once

Πολυδεύκης

Polydeuces once

πολυδίψιος

thirsty once

Πολυδώρη

Polydora once

πολυηγερής

thronging once

πολυηχής

much-echoing once

πολυθαρσής

steadfast; high twice

Πολυίδης

Polyidus once

πολυκαγκής

parching once

πολυκτήμων

rich in possessions once

πολυλήιος

rich in grain once

πολυμήλη

Polymele once

Πολυνείκης

Polynices once

πολυπάμων

rich in flocks once

πολυπενθής

much-grieving once

πολυσπερής

far-scattered once

πολυστάφυλος

rich in vines twice

πολυτλήμων

much-enduring once

πολυτρήρων

haunt of doves twice

πολυφάρμακος

skilled in remedies once

Πολυφήτης

Polyphetes once

Πολυφόντης

Polyphontes once

πομπή

escort once

ποντόθεν

from the deep once

ποντοπόρος

seagoing once

πορθέω

sacked once

Πορθεύς

to Portheus once

πορσύνω

tending once

πορφύρω

darkly heaves; churned twice

Ποσειδῶν

Poseidon twice

Ποσιδήιος

of Poseidon once

ποσσῆμαρ

for how many days once

ποτάομαι

flying; fly twice

ποτής

drink; with drink twice

Πράκτιος

Practius once

Πράμνειος

Pramnian once

πρᾶξις

gain once

πρακτήρ

doer once

πρέπω

stood out once

πρεσβεῖον

prize of honor once

πρεσβυγενής

elder-born once

πρήθω

filled; blew out twice

πρόβατον

sheep; flocks twice

πρόδομος

forehall twice

Πρόθοος

Prothous twice

πρόκλυτος

long-heard once

Πρόνοος

Pronoos once

πρόρριζος

root and branch; uprooted twice

πρόσθεϝ

before once

πρόσκειμαι

were attached once

πρόσφατος

freshly slain once

πρόσωθεν

ahead once

πρότμησις

lower belly once

πρότονοι

the forestays once

πρόφρασσα

willingly once

πρόφρονι

willing once

πρόχνυ

kneeling forward; prostrate twice

πρόχοος

pitcher once

προαλής

sloping once

προβέβουλα

prefer once

προβίβημι

stepping forward once

προβιβάζω

as he drove on twice

προβιβάω

striding once

προβοάω

calling aloud once

προγίγνομαι

came forward once

προδοκή

ambush once

προεέργω

held back once

προερέσσω

rowed ... forward once

προερύω

drew down; I drag down twice

Προθόων

Prothoon once

προθυμία

eagerness once

προίστημι

setting forth once

προιάλλω

sent me; sent twice

προκαθίζω

settle down once

προκυλίνδομαι

rolls forward once

προλέγω

chosen once

προλείπω

leaving once

προμάχομαι

to fight in front twice

προμαχίζω

strode as champion; challenge in front twice

προνοέω

foresaw once

προπάροιθεν

ahead twice

προπέμπω

sent him once

προποδίζω

moving beneath it; stepping ahead twice

προπρηνής

forward; face down twice

προπροκυλίνδομαι

rolling repeatedly once

προσάπτω

shall grant once

προσαραρίσκω

fitted over once

προσβάλλω

you confront; was striking twice

προσδέρκομαι

looks up at once

προσειλέω

keep driving once

προσερεύγομαι

belches against once

προσπλάζω

lapping once

προστέρπω

let tend once

προτέμνω

cutting first once

προτίθημι

cast before once

Προτιάων

Protiaon's once

προτιόσσομαι

I foresaw once

προτρέπω

were turned; to yield twice

προτροπάδην

headlong once

προφερής

better once

προχοή

river mouths once

πρύμνηθεν

by the stern once

Πρύτανις

Prytanis once

πρυμνήσιος

the stern-cables; stern-cables twice

πρυμνόν

base once

πρυμνώρεια

the foothills once

πρώην

recently once

πρώιος

only lately twice

πρωθήβης

in first youth once

πρωιζός

the day before once

πρωτοπαγής

newly fitted twice

πρωτοτόκος

first-calving once

Πρωτώ

Proto once

πτέρνη

heel once

Πτελεός

Pteleum; Pteleos twice

πτήσσω

made cower once

Πτολεμαῖος

of Ptolemaeus once

πτύγμα

fold once

πτύον

shovel once

πτύσσω

thrust out once

πτύω

spitting once

πτυκτός

folded once

πτώξ

hare; crouching twice

πτωσκάζω

to cower once

πύθω

will rot; he rots twice

Πύλων

Pylon once

πύξινος

of boxwood once

Πύρασος

Pyrasus twice

Πύρις

Pyris once

Πυγμαῖοι

Pygmies once

πυγμαχία

boxing twice

πυγμή

with fists once

πυθμήν

bases twice

Πυθοῖ

at Pytho once

Πυθών

Pytho once

πυλάρτης

gate-keeper twice

Πυλάρτης

Pylartes twice

Πυλαῖος

Pylaeus once

πυλαωρός

gatekeepers twice

Πυλήνη

Pylene once

Πυλόνδε

to Pylos once

Πυλοιγενής

Pylos-born twice

πυράγρα

tongs once

Πυραίχμης

Pyraechmes twice

πυρετός

fever once

πυρεύς

pyre twice

πυρίκαυστος

fire-charred once

πυρσός

beacon-fires once

πώποτε

ever once

πῶμα

lid twice

πωτάομαι

flew once

The particulars

The words
Every word of the text, parsed: its headword, its form and its meaning in the line. Source text: public domain (Homer, ancient; Greek per the Murray text via the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 3.0).
Translation
Public-domain Greek (Homer, ancient; text via the Perseus Digital Library). English translation © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC.
Data
JSON · A guide for agents
Two whoopie pies and a pine. An inside joke.